C

1. Abbreviation or symbol for large calorie; carbon; cathodal; cathode; celsius; cervical vertebra (C1 to C7); closure (of an electrical circuit); congius (gallon); contraction; coulomb; curie; cylinder; cylindrical lens; cytidine; cysteine; cytosine; component of complement (C1 1/N C9); third substrate in a multisubstrate enzyme-catalyzed reaction. 2. When followed by subscript letters, e.g., C_In, indicates renal clearance of a substance (e.g., inulin). When followed by subscript numbers, e.g., C₁₉, indicates the number of carbon atoms in a molecule, e.g., 19.

12C ¹²C

Symbol for carbon-12.

13C ¹³C

Symbol for carbon-13.

11C ¹¹C

Symbol for carbon-11.

14C ¹⁴C

Symbol for carbon-14.

c c

1. Abbreviation or symbol for centi-; small calorie; centum; concentration; speed of light in a vacuum; circumference. Abbreviation for curie. 2. As a subscript, refers to blood capillary.

c c

Abbreviation for L. cum, with.

CA CA

Abbreviation for carcinoma; cardiac arrest; cancer; chronologic age; cytosine arabinoside.

CA-125 CA-125

Abbreviation for cancer antigen 125 test.

CA125 CA125

Abbreviation for cancer antigen 125 test.

Ca Ca

1. Abbreviation for cathode. 2. Symbol for calcium.

45Ca ⁴⁵Ca

Symbol for calcium-45.

47Ca ⁴⁷Ca

Abbreviation for calcium-47.

ca. ca.

Abbreviation for L. circa (about, approximately).

caapi caapi (ka´pe)

A hallucinogenic preparation obtained from Banisteria caapi (family Malpighaceae), a South American jungle vine; contains harmine and other psychotomimetic principles.ayahuasca;

cabbage tree cabbage tree (kab´ij tre)

andira

Cabot Cabot

Richard, U.S. physician, 1868-1939. See C.'s ring bodies, under body; C.-Locke murmur.

Cabot-Locke murmur Cabot-Locke murmur

See under murmur.

cac- cac-

See caco-.

cacao cacao (ka-ka´o)

Prepared c., or cocoa, a powder prepared from the roasted cured kernels of the ripe seed of Theobroma cacao Linné (family Sterculiaceae); the tree yields a fat, theobroma oil.theobroma; [native Mexican origin]
c. oil theobroma oil

CaCC CaCC

Abbreviation for cathodal closure contraction.

Cacchione Cacchione

Aldo, 20th century Italian psychiatrist. See De Sanctis-C. syndrome.

caché caché (kah-sha´)

An obsolete device consisting of a lead cone covered with several layers of paper, having a mica window at the bottom, used as an applicator in radiotherapy, the radium or other radioactive substance being at the apex of the cone and filters being placed below as required. [Fr. hidden, covered]

cachectic cachectic (ka-kek´tik)

Relating to or suffering from cachexia.

cachectin cachectin (kak-hek´tin)

A polypeptide hormone, produced by endotoxin-activated macrophages, which has the ability to modulate adipocyte metabolism, lyse tumor cells in vitro, and induce hemorrhagic necrosis of certain transplantable tumors in vivo.tumor necrosis factor; [G. kakos, bad, + hexis, condition of body]

cachet cachet (ka-sha´)

A seal-shaped capsule or wafer for enclosing powders of disagreeable taste. [Fr. a seal]

cachexia cachexia (ka-kek´se-a)

A general weight loss and wasting occurring in the course of a chronic disease or emotional disturbance. [G. kakos, bad, + hexis, condition of body]
c. aphtho´sa sprue (1)
c. aquo´sa an edematous form of ancylostomiasis.
diabetic neuropathic c. a clinical syndrome seen almost exclusively in elderly diabetic males, consisting of the rather sudden onset of severe limb pain, marked weight loss, depression, and impotence. These patients appear to have a combination of a severe diabetic polyneuropathy, diffuse bilateral diabetic polyradiculopathy, and diabetic autonomic neuropathy.
hypophyseal c. panhypopituitarism
c. hypophys´eopri´va a condition following total removal of the hypophysis cerebri resulting in panhypopituitarism marked by a fall of body temperature, electrolyte imbalance, and hypoglycemia, followed by coma and death.
hypophysial c. Simmonds' disease, panhypopituitarism
malarial c. chronic malaria
pituitary c. Simmonds' disease
c. strumipri´va c. thyropriva
c. thyroid´ea c. thyropriva
c. thyropri´va signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism (with or without myxedema) resulting from the loss of thyroid tissue, either from surgery, radiotherapy, or disease.c. strumipriva, c. thyroidea;

cachinnation cachinnation (kak-i-na´shun)

Laughter without apparent cause, often observed in schizophrenia. [L. cachinno, to laugh immoderately and loudly]

caco- caco- , caci- , cac-

Bad; ill. Cf. mal-. [G. kakos]

cacodemonomania cacodemonomania (kak-o-de´mon-o-ma´ne-a)

A mental condition in which the patient believes himself to be inhabited by or possessed by an evil spirit. [caco- + G. daimon, spirit, + mania, frenzy]

cacodyl cacodyl (kak´o-dil)

(CH₃)₂As-As(CH₃)₂;an oil resulting from the distillation together of arsenous acid and potassium acetate.dicacodyl, tetramethyldiarsine; [G. kakodes, foul-smelling]

cacodylate cacodylate (kak´o-dil-at)

A salt or ester of cacodylic acid. See cacodylic acid.

cacodylic cacodylic (kak-o-dil´ik)

Relating to cacodyl; denoting especially c. acid.

cacodylic acid cacodylic acid

(CH₃)₂AsOOH;prepared by treating cacodyl and cacodyl oxide with mercuric oxide, and forms cacodylates with various bases which were used in skin diseases, tuberculosis, malaria, and other affections in which arsenic was considered of value.dimethylarsinic acid;

cacogeusia cacogeusia (kak-o-gu´se-a)

A bad taste. [caco- + G. geusis, taste]

cacomelia cacomelia (kak-o-me´le-a)

Congenital deformity of one or more limbs. [caco- + G. melos, limb]

cacoplastic cacoplastic (kak-o-plas´tik)

1. Relating to or causing abnormal growth. 2. Incapable of normal or perfect formation. [caco- + G. plastikos, formed]

cacosmia cacosmia (ka-koz´me-a)

A subjective perception of nonexistent disagreeable odors; a variety of parosmia. [G. kakosmia, a bad smell, fr. kakos, bad, + osme, the sense of smell]

cactinomycin cactinomycin (kak´ti-no-mI´sin)

Produced by Streptomyces chrysomallus. A mixture of actinomycins C₁ (dactinomycin), C₂, and C₃ used as an antineoplastic, immunosuppressive agent. See also actinomycin.actinomycin C;

cacumen cacumen , pl. cacumina (kak-yu´men, -mi-na)

The top or apex of a plant or an anatomical structure. [L. summit]

cacuminal cacuminal (kak-yu´mi-nal)

Relating to a top or apex, particularly of a plant or anatomical structure.

cadaver cadaver (ka-dav´er)

A dead body.corpse; [L. fr. cado, to fall]

cadaveric cadaveric (ka-dav´er-ik)

Relating to a dead body.

cadaverine cadaverine (ka-dav´er-in)

H₂N(CH₂)₅NH₂; 1,5-pentanediamine; 1,5-diaminopentane;a foul-smelling diamine formed by bacterial decarboxylation of lysine; poisonous and irritating to the skin.

cadaverous cadaverous (ka-dav´er-us)

Having the pallor and appearance resembling a corpse.

cade oil cade oil (kad)

juniper tar

cadherins cadherins

A family of integral-membrane glycoproteins that has a role in cell-cell adhesion and is important in morphogenesis and differentiation; E-c. is also known as uvomorulin and is concentrated in the belt desmosome in epithelial cells; N-c. is found in several cells, most notably in the nervous system and the neural ectoderm; N-c. helps maintain the integrity of neuronal aggregates; P-c. is expressed in many different types of cells. [cell + adhere + -in]

cadmium (Cd) cadmium (Cd) (kad´me-um)

A metallic element, atomic no. 48, atomic wt. 112.411; its salts are poisonous and little used in medicine. Various compounds of c. are used commercially in metallurgy, photography, electrochemistry, etc.; a few have been used as ascaricides, antiseptics, and fungicides. [L. cadmia, fr. G. kadmeia or kadmia, an ore of zinc, calamine]

CaDTe CaDTe

Abbreviation for cathodal duration tetanus.

caduca caduca (ka-du´ka)

deciduous membrane [L. fem. of caducus, fallen, falling]

caduceus caduceus (ka-du´se-us)

A staff with two oppositely twined serpents and surmounted by two wings; emblem of the U.S. Army Medical Corps. For veterinary medicine the double serpent was changed in 1972 to its present form with a single serpent. See also staff of Aesculapius. [L. the staff of Mercury; G. keryx herald, the staff of Hermes]

CAE CAE

Abbreviation for caprine arthritis-encephalomyelitis.

cae- cae-

For words so beginning, see under ce-.

caffearine caffearine (kaf´e-a-rin)

trigonelline

caffeine caffeine (kaf´en)

1,3,7-trimethylxanthine;an alkaloid obtained from the dried leaves of Thea sinensis, tea, or the dried seeds of Coffea arabica, coffee; used as a central nervous system stimulant, diuretic, circulatory and respiratory stimulant, and as an adjunct in the treatment of headaches.guaranine, thein;
c. citrate citrated c., a mixture of equal parts of c. and citric acid.
c. hydrate monohydrate of c., a central nervous system stimulant.
c. and sodium benzoate a mixture of equal parts of sodium benzoate and c., used to meet the indication of c.
c. and sodium salicylate a mixture of sodium salicylate and c. used for the relief of headache and neuralgia.

caffeinism caffeinism (kaf´en-izm)

Caffeine intoxication characterized by restlessness, tremulousness, nervousness, excitement, insomnia, flushed face, diuresis, and gastrointestinal complaints, brought on by the ingestion of substances containing caffeine.

Caffey Caffey

John Patrick, U.S. physician, radiologist, and peditrician, the "the father of pediatric radiology", 1895-1978. See C.'s disease, syndrome; C.-Kempe syndrome; C.-Silverman syndrome.

cage cage (kaj)

1. An enclosure made partly or completely of open work and commonly used to house animals. 2. A structure resembling such an enclosure. [M.E., fr. O.Fr., fr. L. cavea, hollow, stall]
thoracic c. the skeleton of the thorax consisting of the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, and sternum.compages thoracis [NA] , skeleton thoracicus;

Cajal Cajal , Ramón y Cajal

Santiago, Spanish histologist and Nobel laureate, 1852-1934. See C.'s cell; horizontal cell of C.; C.'s astrocyte stain; interstitial nucleus of C.

cajeput oil cajeput oil , cajuput oil (kaj´e-put, -yu-put)

A volatile oil distilled from the fresh leaves of Cajuputi viridiflora, a tree of tropical Asia and Australia; a stimulant, counterirritant, and expectorant.

cajeputol cajeputol , cajuputol (kaj´e-pyu-tol, -u-pyu-tol)

cineole

Cal Cal

Abbreviation for large calorie.

cal cal

Abbreviation for small calorie.

Calabar bean Calabar bean (kal´a-bar ben)

physostigma

calamine calamine (kal´a-mIn)

Zinc oxide with a small amount of ferric oxide or basic zinc carbonate suitably colored with ferric oxide; used in dusting powders, lotions, and ointments, as a mild astringent and protective agent for skin disorders. [Mediev. L. calamina, fr. L. cadmia, fr. G. kadmia, Theban (earth), fr. Kadmos, founder of Thebes]

calamus calamus (kal´a-mus)

1. The dried, unpeeled rhizome of Acorus calamus (family Araceae), cultivated in Burma and Sri Lanka, a carminative and anthelminthic. 2. A reed-shaped structure. [L. reed, a pen]
c. scripto´rius inferior part of the rhomboid fossa; the narrow lower end of the fourth ventricle between the two clavae.Arantius' ventricle; [L. writing pen]

calcaneal calcaneal , calcanean (kal-ka´ne-al, kal-ka´ne-an)

Relating to the calcaneus or heel bone.

calcaneo- calcaneo-

The calcaneus. [L. calcaneum, heel]

calcaneoapophysitis calcaneoapophysitis (kal-ka´ne-o-a-pof-i-sI´tis)

Inflammation at the posterior part of the os calcis, at the insertion of the Achilles tendon.

calcaneoastragaloid calcaneoastragaloid (kal-ka´ne-o-as-trag´a-loyd)

Relating to the calcaneus, or os calcis, and the talus, or astragalus.

calcaneocavus calcaneocavus (kal-ka´ne-o-ka´vus)

Combination of talipes calcaneus and talipes cavus.

calcaneocuboid calcaneocuboid (kal-ka´ne-o-kyu´boyd)

Relating to the calcaneus and the cuboid bone.

calcaneodynia calcaneodynia (kal-ka´ne-o-din´e-a)

painful heel [calcaneo- + G. odyne, pain]

calcaneonavicular calcaneonavicular (kal-ka´ne-o-na-vik´yu-lar)

Relating to the calcaneus and the navicular bone.calcaneoscaphoid;

calcaneoscaphoid calcaneoscaphoid (kal-ka´ne-o-skaf´oyd)

calcaneonavicular

calcaneotibial calcaneotibial (kal-ka´ne-o-tib´e-al)

Relating to the calcaneus and the tibia.

calcaneovalgocavus calcaneovalgocavus (kal-ka´ne-o-val´-go-ka´vus)

Combination of talipes calcaneus, valgus, and cavus.

calcaneovalgus calcaneovalgus (kal-ka´ne-o-val´gus)

See talipes calcaneovalgus.

calcaneovarus calcaneovarus (kal-ka´ne-o-va´rus)

See talipes calcaneovarus.

calcaneum calcaneum (kal-ka´ne-um)

calcaneus (1) [L. the heel]

calcaneus calcaneus , gen and pl. calcanei (kal-ka´ne-us, -ka´ne-I)

1. [NA] The largest of the tarsal bones; it forms the heel and articulates with the cuboid anteriorly and the talus above.calcaneal bone, calcaneum, heel bone, os calcis; 2. talipes calcaneus [L. the heel (another form of calcaneum)]

calcar calcar (kal´kar)

1. A small projection from any structure; internal spurs (septa) at the level of division of arteries and confluence of veins when branches or roots form an acute angle. See also vascular spur. 2. A dull spine or projection from a bone. 3. Archaic term for a horny outgrowth from the skin.spur; [L. spur, cock's spur]
c. a´vis [NA] the lower of two elevations on the medial wall of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, caused by the depth of the calcarine sulcus.Haller's unguis, hippocampus minor, minor hippocampus, Morand's spur, unguis avis;
c. femora´le a bony spur springing from the underside of the neck of the femur above and anterior to the lesser trochanter, adding to the strength of this part of the bone.Bigelow's septum;
c. pedis calx (2)

calcareous calcareous (kal-ka´re-us)

Chalky; relating to or containing lime or calcium, or calcific material. [L. calcarius, pertaining to lime, fr. calx, lime]

calcarine calcarine (kal´ka-ren)

1. Relating to a calcar. 2. Spur-shaped.

calcariuria calcariuria (kal-kar-e-yu´re-a)

Excretion of calcium (lime) salts in the urine. [L. calcarius, of lime, + G. ouron, urine]

calcergy calcergy (kal´ser-je)

Local calcification of soft tissue occurring at the site of injection of certain chemical compounds, such as lead acetate or cerium chloride; hydroxyapatite deposits are found in the calcified areas. [L. calx, chalk, calcium, + G. ergon, work, production]

calces calces (kal´sez)

Plural of calx.

calcic calcic (kal´sik)

Relating to lime.

calcicosis calcicosis (kal-si-ko´sis)

Pneumoconiosis from the inhalation of limestone dust.

calcidiol calcidiol (kal-sI-dI´ol)

25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a 3,25-diol);the first step in the biological conversion of vitamin D₃ to the more active form, calcitriol; it is more potent than vitamin D₃.25-hydroxycholecalciferol, calcifediol;
c. 1a-hydroxylase, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 1a-hydroxylase the monooxygenase that forms calcitriol from c. using O₂ and NADPH; a deficiency in this enzyme can result in features of a vitamin D deficiency.

calcifediol calcifediol (kal-sI-fe-dI´ol)

calcidiol

calciferol calciferol (kal-sif´er-ol)

ergocalciferol

calciferous calciferous (kal-sif´er-us)

1. Containing lime. 2. Producing any of the salts of calcium.calcophorous;

calcific calcific (kal-sif´ik)

Forming or depositing calcium salts.

calcification calcification (kal´si-fi-ka´shun)

1. Deposition of lime or other insoluble calcium salts. 2. A process in which tissue or noncellular material in the body becomes hardened as the result of precipitates or larger deposits of insoluble salts of calcium (and also magnesium), especially calcium carbonate and phosphate (hydroxyapatite) normally occurring only in the formation of bone and teeth.calcareous infiltration; [L. calx, lime, + facio, to make]
dystrophic c. c. occurring in degenerated or necrotic tissue, as in hyalinized scars, degenerated foci in leiomyomas, and caseous nodules.
eggshell c. a thin layer of c. around an intrathoracic lymph node, usually in silicosis, seen on a chest radiograph.
metastatic c. c. occurring in nonosseous, viable tissue (i.e., tissue that is not degenerated or necrotic), as in the stomach, lungs, and kidneys (and rarely in other sites); the cells of these organs secrete acid materials, and, under certain conditions in instances of hypercalcemia, the alteration in pH seems to cause precipitation of calcium salts in these sites.
Mönckeberg's c. Mönckeberg's arteriosclerosis
Mönckeberg's medial c. Mönckeberg's arteriosclerosis
pathologic c. c. occurring in excretory or secretory passages as calculi, and in tissues other than bone and teeth.
pulp c. endolith

calcify calcify (kal´si-fI)

To deposit or lay down calcium salts, as in the formation of bone.

calcigerous calcigerous (kal-sij´er-us)

Producing or carrying calcium salts. [calcium + L. gero, to bear]

calcination calcination (kal-si-na´shun)

The process of calcining.

calcine calcine (kal´sen)

To expel water and volatile matter by heat.

calcinosis calcinosis (kal-si-no´sis)

A condition characterized by the deposition of calcium salts in nodular foci in various tissues other than the parenchymatous viscera; the two well-known forms, c. circumscripta and c. universalis, are not associated with tissue damage or demonstrable metabolic disease; other forms are the result of abnormal calcium and/or phosphorous metabolism. [calcium + -osis, condition]
c. circumscrip´ta localized deposits of calcium salts in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, usually surrounded by a zone of granulomatous inflammation; clinically, the lesions resemble the tophi of gout.
c. cu´tis a deposit of calcium in the skin; usually occurs secondary to a preexisting inflammatory, degenerative, or neoplastic dermatosis, and is frequently seen in scleroderma.dystrophic c., skin stones;
dystrophic c. c. cutis
c. intervertebra´lis calcium deposit in vertebral disk.
reversible c. a form of c. sometimes observed in patients who constantly ingest large quantities of milk and alkaline medicines, as in the treatment of peptic ulcer.
tumoral c. calcification of collagen, chiefly at the site of large joints, in South African Negros; probably genetic.
c. universa´lis diffuse deposits of calcium salts in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, connective tissue, and other sites; may be associated with dermatomyositis, occurs more frequently in young persons, and is often fatal; serum levels of calcium and phosphorus are generally within normal limits.

calciokinesis calciokinesis (kal´se-o-ki-ne´sis)

Mobilization of stored calcium. [calcium + G. kinesis, motion]

calciokinetic calciokinetic (kal´se-o-ki-net´ik)

Pertaining to or causing calciokinesis.

calciol calciol (kal´se-ol)

cholecalciferol

calciorrhachia calciorrhachia (kal´se-o-ra´ke-a)

The presence of calcium in the cerebrospinal fluid. [calcium + G. rhachis, spine + -ia]

calciostat calciostat (kal´se-o-stat)

Rarely used term denoting a postulated mechanism by which the parathyroid hormone production is increased when serum calcium is low and decreased when it is high. [calcium + G. statos, standing]

calciotraumatic calciotraumatic (kal´se-o-traw-mat´ik)

Relating to the line of disturbed calcification that appears in the dentin of the incisor teeth of young rats placed on a rachitogenic diet: high in calcium and low in phosphorus, with no vitamin D.

calcipectic calcipectic (kal-si-pek´tik)

Pertaining to calcipexis.

calcipenia calcipenia (kal-si-pe´ne-a)

A condition in which there is an insufficient amount of calcium in the tissues and fluids of the body. [calcium + G. penia, poverty]

calcipenic calcipenic (kal-si-pe´nik)

Pertaining to calcipenia.

calcipexic calcipexic (kal-si-pek´sik)

Related or pertaining to calcipexis.

calcipexis calcipexis , calcipexy (kal-si-pek´sis, kal´si-pek-se)

Fixation of calcium in the tissues, an occasional cause of tetany in infants. [calcium + G. pexis, a fixing]

calciphilia calciphilia (cal-si-fil´e-a)

A condition in which the tissues manifest an unusual affinity for, and fixation of, calcium salts circulating in the blood. [calcium + G. phileo, to love]

calciphylaxis calciphylaxis (kal´si-fI-lak´sis)

A condition of induced systemic hypersensitivity in which tissues respond to appropriate challenging agents with a sudden, but sometimes evanescent, local calcification.

calciprivia calciprivia (kal-si-priv´e-a)

Absence or deprivation of calcium in diet.

calciprivic calciprivic (kal-si-priv´ik)

Deprived of calcium.

calcite calcite (kal´sIt)

CaCO₃;a naturally occurring mineral found in several forms, e.g., chalk, Iceland spar, limestone, marble. See also calcium carbonate.calcspar;

calcitetrol calcitetrol (kal-si-tet´rol)

The 1,24,25-triol (thus, a 1,3,24,24-tetrol) of cholecalciferol.

calcitonin calcitonin (kal-si-to´nin)

A peptide hormone, of which eight forms in five species are known; composed of 32 amino acids and produced by the parathyroid, thyroid, and thymus glands; its action is opposite to that of parathyroid hormone in that c. increases deposition of calcium and phosphate in bone and lowers the level of calcium in the blood; its level in the blood is increased by glucagon and by Ca²⁺, and thus opposes postprandial hypercalcemia.thyrocalcitonin; [calci- + G. tonos, stretching, + -in]

calcitriol calcitriol (kal-si-trI´ol)

1a,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (thus, a 1,3,25-triol );formation of c. is the second step in the biological conversion of vitamin D₃ to its active form; it is more potent than calcidiol.

calcitroic acid calcitroic acid (kal-si-tro´ik)

Rarely used term for a metabolite of calcitriol, involving the loss of carbons 24, 25, 26, and 27 and the oxidation of carbon 23 to a carboxylic acid; its function is unknown.

calcium (Ca) calcium (Ca) , gen. cal´cii (kal´se-um, -se-I)

A metallic bivalent element; atomic no. 20, atomic wt. 40.078, density 1.55, melting point 842°C. The oxide of c. is an alkaline earth, CaO, quicklime, which on the addition of water becomes c. hydrate, Ca(OH)₂, slaked lime. For some organic c. salts not listed below, see the name of the organic acid portion. Many c. salts have crucial uses in metabolism and in medicine. C. salts are responsible for the radiopacity of bone, calcified cartilage, and arteriosclerotic plaques in arteries. Cathode electrons are fed from their source (battery or generator); in an x-ray or cathode ray tube, contains the filament from which electrons are accelerated toward the anode by the tube voltage. Cf. anode. [Mod. L. fr. L. calx, lime]
c. alginate a topical hemostatic.
c. aminosalicylate the c. salt of p-aminosalicylic acid, with the same uses.
c. benzoylpas calcium 4-benzamidosalicylate;an antituberculous agent.
c. bromide used to meet the same indications as potassium bromide.
c. carbide CaC₂;blackish crystalline lumps which when in contact with water yield acetylene gas.
c. carbimide Ca=N-C=N;a fertilizer and weed seed killer that also exhibits antithyroid activity; like disulfiram, it impairs ethanol metabolism; workers in cyanamide-producing plants exhibit systemic symptoms ("Monday-morning illness") after ingestion of alcohol.c. cyanamide;
c. carbonate CaCO₃;an astringent and antacid. See also calcite.chalk, creta;
c. caseinate the form of casein present in cow's milk; used in dietetic preparations; has been used for diarrhea in infants.
c. chloride used to correct calcium deficiencies and in the treatment of magnesium intoxication and cardiac failure.
citrated c. carbimide a mixture of two parts citric acid to one part c. carbimide; in the metabolism of ethanol, it slows the conversion of acetaldehyde to acetate; used in the treatment of alcoholism.
crude c. sulfide used externally in the treatment of acne, scabies, and ringworm.sulfurated lime;
c. cyanamide c. carbimide
dibasic c. phosphate CaHPO₄. 2H₂O;used as a c. and phosphorus dietary supplement.c. monohydrogen phosphate, secondary c. phosphate;
c. folinate leucovorin calcium
c. glubionate calcium d-gluconate lactobionate monohydrate;a calcium replenisher.
c. gluceptate used as a nutrient.c. glucoheptonate;
c. glucoheptonate c. gluceptate
c. gluconate a salt of c. more palatable than the chloride, sometimes used as a calcium supplement.
c. glycerophosphate a c. and phosphorus dietary supplement.
c. hippurate said to be a solvent of uratic gravel and calculi.
c. hydroxide Ca(OH)₂;used as a carbon dioxide absorbent.
c. hypophosphite has been used for rickets and impaired nutrition.
c. iodate used as a dusting powder and, in lotion and ointment, as an antiseptic and deodorant.
c. iodobehenate a c. salt, (C₂₁H₄₂ICOO)₂Ca, formerly used to meet the indications of the ordinary iodides.
c. ipodate calcium salt of 3-[(dimethylaminomethylene)amino]-2,4,6-triiodohydrocinnamic acid;a radiopaque medium used in cholangiography and cholecystography.
c. lactate used as a calcium replenisher.
c. lactophosphate a mixture of c. lactate, c. acid lactate, and c. acid phosphate; used as a c. and phosphorus dietary supplement.
c. leucovorin See leucovorin calcium.
c. levulinate a hydrated c. salt of levulinic acid; it has the usual effects of c. administered orally or intravenously.
c. mandelate c. salt of mandelic acid; a urinary anti-infective agent.
milk of c. densely calcified fluid, most often found radiographically in the gallbladder in association with chronic obstruction.
c. monohydrogen phosphate dibasic c. phosphate
c. oxalate CaC₂O₄;found as sediment in the urine and in urinary calculi.
c. oxide lime (1)
c. pantothenate the c. salt of pantothenic acid; a vitamin B filtrate factor.
precipitated c. carbonate CaCO₃;used as an antacid in the management of peptic ulcers and other conditions of gastric hyperacidity.
c. propionate the c. salt of propionic acid; an antifungal agent.
racemic c. pantothenate a mixture of the c. salts of the dextrorotatory and levorotatory isomers of pantothenic acid; same uses as c. pantothenate.
c. saccharate c. d-saccharate;used as an antacid in dyspepsia and flatulence, as an antidote in carbolic acid poisoning, and as a stabilizer for c. gluconate solution for parenteral administration.
secondary c. phosphate dibasic c. phosphate
c. stearate used in the preparation of tablets as a lubricant for tablet machinery and to keep powder mixtures flowing.
c. sulfate CaO₄S;used in exsiccated form to make plaster of Paris. See also gypsum.
c. sulfite used as an intestinal antiseptic, and locally in the treatment of parasitic skin diseases.
tertiary c. phosphate tribasic c. phosphate
tribasic c. phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂;used as an antacid.bone ash, bone phosphate, tertiary c. phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, whitlockite;
c. trisodium pentetate pentetate trisodium calcium

calcium-45 (45Ca) calcium-45 (⁴⁵Ca)

Most easily available of the radioactive c.-45 isotopes; beta-emitter with a half-life of 162.7 days; used as a tracer.

calcium-47 (47Ca) calcium-47 (⁴⁷Ca)

A radioisotope of calcium with a half-life of 4.54 days, used in the diagnosis of disorders of calcium metabolism.

calcium group calcium group

The metals of the alkaline earths: beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium.

calciuria calciuria (kal-se-yu´re-a)

The urinary excretion of calcium; sometimes used as a synonym for hypercalciuria.

calcodynia calcodynia (kal-ko-din´e-a)

painful heel [L. calx, heel, + G. odyne, pain]

calcophorous calcophorous (kal-kof´er-us)

calciferous [L. calx, lime, + G. phoros, bearing]

calcospherite calcospherite (kal-ko-sfer´It)

A tiny, spheroidal, concentrically laminated body containing accretive deposits of calcium salts; found most frequently in papillary carcinoma of the thyroid and ovary, and in meningioma, probably as the result of degenerative changes in the fibrovascular stroma.psammoma bodies (3); [L. calx, lime, + G. sphaira, sphere]

calcspar calcspar (kalk´spar)

calcite

calculi calculi (kal´kyu-lI)

Plural of calculus.

calculosis calculosis (kal-kyu-lo´sis)

The tendency or disposition to form calculi or stones. [L. calculus, small stone, + G. -osis, condition]

calculus calculus , gen and pl. calculi (kal´kyu-lus, -lI)

A concretion formed in any part of the body, most commonly in the passages of the biliary and urinary tracts; usually composed of salts of inorganic or organic acids, or of other material such as cholesterol.stone (1); [L. a pebble, a calculus]
apatite c. a c. in which the crystalloid component consists of calcium fluorophosphate.
arthritic c. gouty tophus
biliary c. gallstone
bladder calculi bladder stone, under stone
blood c. an angiolith or concretion of coagulated blood.hemic c;
branched c. staghorn c
bronchial c. broncholith
cerebral c. encephalolith
coral c. staghorn c
cystine c. a c. composed of cystine, soft and faintly radiopaque.
dendritic c. staghorn c
dental c. 1. calcified deposits formed around the teeth; may appear as subgingival or supragingival c.; 2. tartar (2)
encysted c. a urinary c. enclosed in a sac developed from the wall of the bladder.pocketed c;
fibrin c. a urinary c. formed largely from fibrinogen in blood.
gastric c. gastrolith
hematogenetic c. serumal c. (1)
hemic c. blood c
infection c. secondary renal c
intestinal c. a concretion in the bowel, either a coprolith or an enterolith.
lacrimal c. dacryolith
mammary c. a concretion in one of the ducts of the breast.
matrix c. a yellowish-white to light tan urinary c. containing calcium salts, with the consistency of putty; composed chiefly of an organic matrix consisting of a mucoprotein and a sulfated mucopolysaccharide, and usually associated with chronic infection.
metabolic c. a stone, usually a renal stone, caused by a metabolic abnormality resulting in increased excretion of a substance of low solubility in urine, such as urate or cystine.
mulberry c. a hard smooth urinary c. composed of calcium oxalate, so-called because of its resemblance to a mulberry.
nasal c. rhinolith
nephritic c. obsolete term for renal c.
oxalate c. a hard urinary c. of calcium oxalate; some are covered with minute sharp spines that can abrade the renal pelvic epithelium, whereas others are smooth.
pancreatic c. a concretion, usually multiple, in the pancreatic duct, associated with chronic pancreatitis.pancreatolith, pancreolith;
pharyngeal c. pharyngolith
pleural c. pleurolith
pocketed c. encysted c
preputial c. a c. occurring beneath the foreskin.postholith;
primary renal c. a c. formed in an apparently healthy urinary tract, usually composed of oxalates, urates, or cystine.
prostatic c. a concretion formed in the prostate gland, composed chiefly of calcium carbonate and phosphate (corpora amylacea).prostatolith;
pulp c. endolith
renal c. a c. occurring within the kidney collecting system.nephrolith;
salivary c. 1. a c. in a salivary duct or gland; 2. supragingival c
secondary renal c. a c. associated with infection and/or obstruction, usually composed of struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate).infection c;
serumal c. 1. a greenish or dark brown calcareous deposit on the tooth, usually apical to the gingival margin;hematogenetic c; 2. subgingival c
staghorn c. a c. occurring in the renal pelvis, with branches extending into the infundibula and calices.branched c., coral c., dendritic c;
struvite c. a c. in which the crystalloid component consists of magnesium ammonium phosphate.
subgingival c. calcareous deposit found on the tooth apical to the gingival margin.serumal c. (2);
supragingival c. calcified plaques adherent to tooth surfaces coronal to the free gingival margin.salivary c. (2);
tonsillar c. tonsillolith
urethral c. a stone impacted in urethra. May have formed proximally and gotten stuck there or may have formed in urethra; uncommon.
urinary c. a c. in the kidney, ureter, bladder, or urethra.urolith;
uterine c. a calcified myoma of the uterus.hysterolith, uterolith;
vesical c. a urinary c. formed or retained in the bladder.cystolith;
weddellite c. a c. in which the crystalloid component consists of calcium oxalate dihydrate.
whewellite c. a c. in which the crystalloid component consists of calcium oxalate monohydrate.

Calculus Surface Index (CSI) Calculus Surface Index (CSI)

An index that measures only dental calculus, used for evaluating new calculus formation within a large group of test subjects.

Caldani Caldani

Leopoldo M.A., Italian anatomist, 1725-1813. See C.'s ligament.

caldesmon caldesmon (kal-des´mon)

An actin-binding protein that, at low or absent calcium levels, binds to tropomyosin and actin and prevents myosin binding. [calcium + G. desmos, bond, fr. deo, to bind]

Caldwell Caldwell

Eugene W., U.S. radiologist, 1870-1918. See C. projection, view.

Caldwell Caldwell

William E., U.S. obstetrician, 1880-1943. See C.-Moloy classification.

Caldwell Caldwell

George W., U.S. physician, 1834-1918. See C.-Luc operation.

Caldwell projection Caldwell projection

See under projection.

Caldwell view Caldwell view

See under view.

calefacient calefacient (kal-e-fa´shent)

1. Making warm or hot. 2. An agent causing a sense of warmth in the part to which it is applied. [L. calefacio, fr. caleo, to be warm, + facio, to make]

calf calf , pl. calves (kaf, kavz)

1. sural region 2. A young bovine animal, male or female. [Gael. kalpa]
bulldog c. a c. with a short muzzle and brachycephalic skull, usually resulting from chondrodystrophy; associated with this condition are shortened limbs and anomalies of the vertebral centra; it often results in respiratory and feeding difficulties, and is sometimes fatal.bovine achondroplasia;
football c. an obsolete term used to describe the doughy sensation elicited on palpation of the c. when muscle necrosis has developed as a consequence of acute ischemia produced by acute arterial embolism.
gnome's c. an obsolete term denoting the very full rounded c. occurring in pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy affecting the gastrocnemius muscles.

calf-bone calf-bone

1. fibula 2. Bone from a calf (young cow) used in orthopaedic reconstruction.

caliber caliber (kal´i-ber)

The diameter of a hollow tubular structure. [Fr. calibre, of uncert. etym.]

calibrate calibrate (kal´i-brat)

1. To graduate or standardize any measuring instrument. 2. To measure the diameter of a tubular structure.

calibration calibration (kal-i-bra´shun)

The act of standardizing or calibrating an instrument or laboratory procedure.

calibrator calibrator (kal´I-bra-ter, -tor)

A standard or reference material or substance used to standardize or calibrate an instrument or laboratory procedure.

caliceal caliceal (kal´i-se´al)

Relating to the calix.calyceal;

calicectasis calicectasis (kal-i-sek´ta-sis)

caliectasis [calix + G. ektasis, dilation]

calicectomy calicectomy (kal-i-sek´to-me)

calicotomy [calix, + G. ektome, excision]

calices calices (kal´i-sez)

Plural of calix.

caliciform caliciform (ka-lis´i-form)

Shaped like a cup or goblet.calyciform; [L. calix + forma, form]

calicine calicine (kal´i-sen)

Of the nature of, or resembling a calix.calycine;

Caliciviridae Caliciviridae (kal´i-se-vI´ra-da)

A family of naked icosahedral single-stranded positive sense RNA viruses 35-40 nm in diameter associated with epidemic viral gastroenteritis and certain forms of hepatitis in man.

Calicivirus Calicivirus (ka-lis´i-vI´rus)

A genus in the family Caliciviridae that is associated with gastroenteritis. See Norwalk agent. [G. kalyx, cup, + virus]

calicoplasty calicoplasty (ka´lI-so-plas-te)

calioplasty [calix, + G. plastos, formed]

calicotomy calicotomy (kal-I-sot´o-me)

Incision into a calix, usually for removal of a calculus.calicectomy, caliotomy; [calix, + G. tome, a cutting]

caliculus caliculus , pl. caliculi (ka-lik´yu-lus, lI)

A bud-shaped or cup-shaped structure, resembling the closed calyx of a flower.calycle, calyculus; [L. dim. from G. kalyx, the cup of a flower]
c. gustato´rius [NA] taste bud
c. ophthal´micus optic cup

caliectasis caliectasis (ka-le-ek´ta-sis)

Dilation of the calices, usually due to obstruction or infection.calicectasis, pyelocaliectasis;

californium (Cf) californium (Cf) (kal-i-for´ne-um)

An artificial transuranium element, symbol Cf, atomic no. 98, atomic wt. 251.08 half-life of ²⁵¹Cf (the most stable known isotope) is 900 years. [California, state and university where first prepared]

calioplasty calioplasty (ka´le-o-plas-te)

Surgical reconstruction of a calix, usually designed to increase its lumen at the infundibulum.calicoplasty;

caliorrhaphy caliorrhaphy (ka´le-or-a-fe)

1. Suturing of a calix. 2. Plastic surgery of a dilated or obstructed calix to improve urinary drainage, often requiring combination of two or more calices or the massive movement of pelvic mucosa to rebuild the caliceal drainage system. [calix, + G. rhaphe, suture, seam]

caliotomy caliotomy (ka-le-ot´o-me)

calicotomy

calipers calipers (kal´i-perz)

An instrument used for measuring diameters. [a corruption of caliber]

calisthenics calisthenics (kal-is-then´iks)

Systematic practice of various exercises with the object of preserving health and increasing physical strength. [G. kalos, beautiful, + sthenos, strength]

calix calix , pl. calices (ka´liks, kal´i-sez) [NA]

A flower-shaped or funnel-shaped structure; specifically one of the branches or recesses of the pelvis of the kidney into which the orifices of the malpighian renal pyramids project.calyx; [L. fr. G. kalyx, the cup of a flower]
major calices the primary subdivisions of the renal pelvis, usually two or three in number.calices renales majores [NA];
minor calices the subdivisions of the major calices, varying in number from 7 to 13, which receive the renal papillae.calices renales minores [NA];
calices rena´les majo´res [NA] major calices
calices rena´les mino´res [NA] minor calices

Calkins Calkins

Leroy Adelbert, U.S. obstetrician-gynecologist, 1894-1960. See C.'s sign.

Call Call

Friedrich von, Austrian physician, 1844-1917. See C.-Exner bodies, under body.

Callahan Callahan

John R., U.S. endodontist, 1853-1918. See C.'s method.

Callander Callander

Latimer, San Francisco surgeon, 1892-1947. See C.'s amputation.

Calleja Calleja , Calleja y Sanchez

Camilo, Spanish anatomist, 1913. See islands of C., under island.

Calliphora Calliphora (ka-lif´o-ra)

A genus of blowflies (family Calliphoridae, order Diptera), the bluebottle flies, the larvae of which feed on dead flesh. C. vomitoria and C. vicina are common species in the U.S. [G. kalli, beauty, + phoros, bearing]

Callison Callison

James S., U.S. physician, *1873. See C.'s fluid.

Callitroga Callitroga (kal-i-tro´ga)

Former name for Cochliomyia.

callosal callosal (ka-lo´sal)

Relating to the corpus callosum.

callose callose (kal´os)

A 1,3-beta-d-glucan formed by certain enzymes from UDP-glucose, differing from cellulose (a beta-1,4-glucan formed from GDP-glucose) and starch amylose (an a-1,4-glucan formed from ADP-glucose).

callositas callositas (ka-los´i-tas)

callosity

callosity callosity (ka-los´i-te)

A circumscribed thickening of the keratin layer of the epidermis as a result of repeated friction or intermittent pressure.callositas, callus (1) , keratoma (1) , poroma (1) , tyle, tyloma; [L. fr. callosus, thick-skinned]

callosomarginal callosomarginal (ka-lo´so-mar´jin-al)

Relating to the corpus callosum and the cingulate gyrus; denoting the sulcus between them.

callous callous (kal´us)

Relating to a callus or callosity.

callus callus (kal´us)

1. callosity 2. A composite mass of tissue that forms at a fracture site to establish continuity between the bone ends; it is composed initially of uncallused fibrous tissue and cartilage, and ultimately of bone. [L. hard skin]
central c. the c. within the medullary cavity of a fractured bone.medullary c;
definitive c. the c. which has become converted into osseous tissue.permanent c;
ensheathing c. the mass of c. around the outside of the fractured bone.
medullary c. central c
permanent c. definitive c
provisional c. the c. that develops to keep the ends of the fractured bone in apposition; it is absorbed after union is complete.temporary c;
temporary c. provisional c

calmative calmative (kahl´ma-tiv)

Calming, quieting; allaying excitement; denoting such an agent.

Calmette Calmette

Leon A., French bacteriologist, 1863-1933. See Bacille bilié de C.-Guérin; bacillus C. vaccine; C. test; C.-Guérin bacillus, vaccine.

calmodulin calmodulin (kal-mod´yu-lin)

A ubiquitous eukaryotic protein that binds calcium ions, thereby becoming the agent for many of the cellular effects long ascribed to calcium ions. This calcium-protein complex binds to the apoenzyme, to form the holoenzyme, of certain phosphodiesterases; through these, or other as yet unknown mechanisms, the complex regulates adenylate and guanylate cyclases, many kinases, phospholipase A₂ activity, and other basic cellular functions. [calcium + modulate]

calomel calomel (kal´o-mel)

HgCl;mild mercury chloride; mercury monochloride, protochloride, or subchloride; has been used as an intestinal antiseptic and laxative; replaced by safer agents.mercurous chloride, sweet precipitate; [Mediev. L., fr. G. kalos, beutiful, + melas, black]
vegetable c. podophyllum

calor calor (ka´lor)

Heat, as one of the four signs of inflammation (c., rubor, tumor, dolor) enunciated by Celsus. [L.]

Calori Calori

Luigi, Italian anatomist, 1807-1896. See C.'s bursa.

caloric caloric (ka-lor´ik)

1. Relating to a calorie. 2. Relating to heat. [L. calor, heat]
c. intake the total number of calories in a daily diet allocation.

calorie calorie (kal´o-re)

A unit of heat content or energy. The amount of heat necessary to raise 1 g of water from 14.5°C to 15.5°C (small c.). Calorie is being replaced by joule, the SI unit equal to 0.239 calorie. See also British thermal unit.calory; [L. calor, heat]
gram c. small c
kilogram c. (kcal) large c
large c. (Cal, C) the quantity of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1°C, more precisely from 14.5° to 15.5°C; it is 1000 times the value of the small c.; used in measurements of the heat production of chemical reactions, including those involved in biology.kilocalorie, kilogram c;
mean c. one hundredth of the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water from 0°C to 100°C.
small c. (cal, c) the quantity of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1°C, or from 14.5°C to 15.5°C in the case of normal or standard c.gram c;

calorific calorific (cal-o-rif´ik)

Producing heat. [L. calor, heat]

calorigenic calorigenic (ka-lor-i-jen´ik)

1. Capable of generating heat. 2. Stimulating metabolic production of heat.thermogenetic (2) , thermogenic; [L. calor, heat, + G. genesis, production]

calorimeter calorimeter (kal-o-rim´e-ter)

An apparatus for measuring the amount of heat liberated in a chemical reaction. [L. calor, heat, + G. metron, measure]
Benedict-Roth c. See Benedict-Roth apparatus.
bomb c. an instrument for determining the potential energy of organic substances, including those in foods. It consists of a hollow steel container, lined with platinum and filled with pure oxygen, into which a weighed quantity of substance is placed and ignited with an electric fuse; the heat produced is absorbed by water surrounding the bomb and, from the rise in temperature, the calories liberated are calculated.

calorimetric calorimetric (ka´lor-i-met´rik)

Relating to calorimetry.

calorimetry calorimetry (kal-o-rim´e-tre)

Measurement of the amount of heat given off by a reaction or group of reactions (as by an organism).
direct c. measurement of the heat produced by a reaction, as distinguished from indirect methods, which involve measurement of something other than heat production itself.
indirect c. determination of heat production of an oxidation reaction by measuring uptake of oxygen and/or liberation of carbon dioxide and nitrogen excretion, and then calculating the amount of heat produced.

caloritropic caloritropic (ka-lor´i-trop´ik)

Relating to thermotropism.

calory calory (kal´o-re)

calorie

Calot Calot

Jean-François, French surgeon, 1861-1944. See C.'s triangle.

calpains calpains (kal´pans)

Calcium-dependent proteinases. [calcium + suffix -pain, protease, fr. papain]

calsequestrin calsequestrin (kal´se-kwes´trin)

A calcium-binding protein found in the interior of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. [calcium + sequester + -in]

calumba calumba (ka-lum´ba)

The dried root of Jateorrhiza palmata (family Menispermaceae), a tall climbing vine of east Africa; used as a bitter tonic.

calumbin calumbin (kal´um-bin)

C₂₁H₂₄O₇;an amaroid from calumba that accounts for the bitterness of the crude drug.

calusterone calusterone (kal-yu´ste-ron)

17beta,17a-dimethyltestosterone;an antineoplastic agent.

calvaria calvaria , pl. calvariae (kal-va´re-a, -va´re-e) [NA]

The upper domelike portion of the skull.roof of skull, skullcap; [L. a skull]

calvarial calvarial (kal-var´e-al)

Relating to the skullcap.

calvarium calvarium (kal-var´e-um)

Incorrectly used for calvaria.

Calvé Calvé

Jacques, French orthopedic surgeon, 1875-1954. See C.-Perthes disease; Legg-C.-Perthes disease.

calvities calvities (kal-vish´e-ez)

alopecia [L. fr. calvus, bald]

calx calx , gen. calcis , pl. calces (kalks, kal´sis, kal-ses)

1. lime (1) [L. limestone] 2. The posterior rounded extremity of the foot.calcar pedis, heel (1); [L. heel]

calyceal calyceal (kal´i-se´al)

caliceal

calyces calyces (kal´i-sez)

Plural of calyx.

calyciform calyciform (ka-lis´i-form)

caliciform

calycine calycine (kal´i-sen)

calicine

calycle calycle , calyculus (kal´i-kl, ka-lik´yu-lus)

caliculus

Calymmatobacterium Calymmatobacterium (ka-lim´ma-to-bak-ter´e-um)

A genus of nonmotile bacteria (of uncertain taxonomic classification) containing Gram-negative, pleomorphic rods with single or bipolar condensations of chromatin; cells occur singly and in clusters. Outside of the human body, growth occurs only in the yolk sac or amniotic fluid of a developing chick embryo or in a medium containing embryonic yolk; the organisms are pathogenic only for man. The type species is C. granulomatis. [G. kalymma, hood, veil, + bakterion, rod]
C. granulo´matis a species causing granulomatous lesions (donovanosis) in man, particularly in the inguinal region (granuloma inguinale); the type species of the genus C.

calyx calyx , pl. calyces (ka´liks, kal´i-sez)

calix [G. cup of a flower]

CAM CAM

Abbreviation for cell adhesion molecule.

cambendazole cambendazole (kam-ben´dah-zol)

Isopropyl 2-(4-triazolyl)-5-benzimidazolecarbamate;a anthelmintic.

cambium cambium (kam´be-um)

The inner layer of the periosteum in membranous ossification. [L. exchange]

camelpox camelpox (kam´el-poks)

A severe generalized disease of camels in northern Africa and southwestern Asia caused by the camelpox virus and characterized by extensive skin lesions.

camera camera , pl. camerae cameras (kam´er-a, -e)

1. A closed box; especially one containing a lens, shutter, and light-sensitive film or plates for photography. 2. [NA] In anatomy, any chamber or cavity, such as one of the chambers of the heart, or eye. [L. a vault]
Anger c. a scintigraphic imaging system or type of gamma camera; employing a single thin crystal and multiple photodetecting circuits, that views the entire field at once and is most effective in the 100- to 511-keV energy range.
c. ante´rior bul´bi [NA] anterior chamber of eye
gamma c. any one of several scintigraphic cameras that records simultaneously counts from the entire operative field of view.scintillation c;
multiformat c. photographic or laser printer for recording a variable number of video images on a sheet of film, as in computed tomography or ultrasound.
c. oc´uli ante´rior anterior chamber of eye
c. oc´uli ma´jor anterior chamber of eye
c. oc´uli mi´nor posterior chamber of eye
c. oc´uli poste´rior posterior chamber of eye
c. poste´rior bul´bi [NA] posterior chamber of eye
retinal c. an instrument for photographing the ocular fundus.
scintillation c. gamma c
c. vi´trea bul´bi [NA] posterior segment of eyeball
vitreous c. posterior segment of eyeball

camerostome camerostome (kam´er-o-stom)

Ventral depression of the anterior cephalothorax of soft ticks (family Argasidae) in which the mouthparts (capitulum) lie. [L. camera, a vault, + G. stoma, mouth]

camisole camisole (kam´i-sol)

straitjacket

camomile camomile (kam´o-mil)

chamomile

cAMP cAMP

Abbreviation for adenosine 3´,5´-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP).

Campbell Campbell

William F., U.S. surgeon, 1867-1926. See C.'s ligament.

Campbell Campbell

Meredith F., 20th century U.S. pediatric urologist. See C. sound.

Camper Camper

Pieter, Dutch physician and anatomist, 1722-1789. See C.'s chiasm, fascia, ligament, line, plane.

camphene camphene (kam´fen)

2,2-Dimethyl-3-methylenenorbornane;a terpenoid occurring in many essential oils, e.g., turpentine, camphor, citronella.

camphor camphor (kam´for)

1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one; a ketone distilled from the bark and wood of Cinnamonum camphora, an evergreen tree of Southeast Asia and the adjoining islands, and also prepared synthetically from oil of turpentine; used in a variety of commercial products and as a topical anti-infective and antipruritic agent. [mediev. L., fr. Ar. kafure]
cantharis c. cantharidin
c. liniment a mixture of camphor and cottonseed oil, or camphor and arachis oil; a mild counterirritant.camphorated oil;
monobromated c. obsolete term for an antispasmodic, soporific, and sedative.
tar c. naphthalene
thyme c. thymol

camphoraceous camphoraceous (kam-fo-ra´shus)

Resembling camphor in appearance or odor.

camphorated camphorated (kam´fo-ra-ted)

Containing camphor.

camphorated oil camphorated oil

camphor liniment

camphotamide camphotamide (kam-fo´ta-mId)

3-Diethylcarbamoyl-1-methylpyridinium camphorsulfonate;an analeptic and antianginal agent.camphramine;

camphramine camphramine (kam´fra-men)

camphotamide

campi foreli campi foreli (kam´pe for-el´e)

fields of Forel, under field [L. pl. of campus, field]

campimeter campimeter (kam-pim´e-ter)

A small tangent screen used to measure central visual field. [L. campus, field, + G. metron, measure]

camplodactyly camplodactyly

camptodactyly

cAMP phosphodiesterase cAMP phosphodiesterase

adenosine 3´,5´-cyclic phosphate phosphodiesterase

camptocormia camptocormia (kamp-to-kor´me-a)

Static, often marked forward flexion of the trunk; usually manifestation of conversion reaction.camptospasm, prosternation; [G. kamptos, bent, + kormos, trunk of a tree]

camptodactyly camptodactyly , camptodactylia (kamp-to-dak´ti-le, -dak-til´e-a)

Permanent flexion of one or both interphalangeal joints of one or more fingers, usually the little finger; often congenital in origin.camplodactyly, streblodactyly; [G. kamptos, bent, + daktylos, finger]

camptomelia camptomelia (kamp-to-me´le-a)

A skeletal dysplasia characterized by a bending of the long bones of the extremities, resulting in a permanent bowing or curvature of the affected part. [G. kamptos, bent, + melos, limb]

camptomelic camptomelic (kamp-to-mel´ik)

Denoting or characteristic of camptomelia. See camptomelic syndrome.

camptospasm camptospasm (kamp´to-spazm)

camptocormia

Campylobacter Campylobacter (kam´pi-lo-bak´ter)

A genus of bacteria containing Gram-negative, nonspore-forming, spirally curved rods with a single polar flagellum at one or both ends of the cell; they are motile with a characteristic corkscrew-like motion. The type species is C. fetus. [G. campylos, curved, + baktron, staff or rod]
C. fe´tus a species that contains various subspecies which can cause human infections as well as abortion in sheep and cattle; it is the type species of the genus C.
C. fetus subsp. jejuni former name for C. jejuni.
C. fetus subsp. venerealis a subspecies causing a venereal disease of cattle characterized by infertility and early embryonic death.
C. jejuni a species that causes in man an acute gastroenteritis of sudden onset with constitutional symptoms (malaise, myalgia, arthralgia, and headache) and cramping abdominal pain; potential sources of human infection include poultry, cattle, sheep, pigs, and dogs. This species also causes abortion in sheep.
C. pylori Helicobacter pylori
C. sputo´rum a species found in the genital tract of sheep and cattle and in the gingival crevice of man.

campylobacteriosis campylobacteriosis (kam´pi-lo-bak´ter-e-o´sis)

Infection caused by microaerophilic bacteria of the genus Campylobacter.

camylofine camylofine (ka-mil´o-fin)

N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-2-phenylglycine isopentyl ester;an anticholinergic agent.

Canada Canada

Wilma J., U.S. radiologist. See Cronkhite-C. syndrome.

canadine canadine (kan´a-den)

C₂₀H₂₁NO₄; tetrahydroberberine;an alkaloid present in Hydrastis canadensis (family Ranunculaceae) and in Corydalis cava (family Fumaraceae) with sedative and muscle relaxant properties.xanthopuccine;

canal canal (ka-nal´)

A duct or channel; a tubular structure. A canal or channel. See also canal, duct.canalis [NA]; [L. canalis]
abdominal c. inguinal c
accessory c. a channel leading from the root pulp laterally through the dentin to the periodontal tissue; may be found anywhere in the tooth root, but is more common in the apical third of the root.lateral c;
adductor c. the space in middle third of the thigh between the vastus medialis and adductor muscles, converted into a canal by the overlying sartorius muscle. It gives passage to the femoral vessels and saphenous nerve, ending at the adductor hiatus.canalis adductorius [NA] , Hunter's c., subsartorial c;
Alcock's c. pudendal c
alimentary c. digestive tract
alveolar c.'s canals in the body of the maxilla that transmit nerves and vessels from the alveolar foramina to the maxillary teeth.canales alveolares [NA] , alveolodental c.'s, dental c.'s;
alveolodental c.'s alveolar c.'s
anal c. the terminal portion of the alimentary canal; it extends from the pelvic diaphragm to the anal orifice.canalis analis [NA];
anterior condyloid c. of occipital bone hypoglossal c
anterior semicircular c.'s See bony semicircular c.'s.
archenteric c. invagination of the blastopore into the notochordal process to form a cavity. See neurenteric c.notochordal c;
Arnold's c. hiatus of canal of lesser petrosal nerve
arterial c. ductus arteriosus
atrioventricular c. the c. in the embryonic heart leading from the common sinuatrial chamber to the ventricle.
auditory c. external acoustic meatus
basipharyngeal c. vomerovaginal c
Bernard's c. accessory pancreatic duct
Bichat's c. cistern of great cerebral vein
birth c. cavity of the uterus and vagina through which the fetus passes.parturient c;
blastoporic c. obsolete term for primitive pit.
bony semicircular c.'s the three bony tubes in the labyrinth of the ear within which the membranous semicircular ducts are located; they lie in planes at right angles to each other and are known as anterior semicircular canal, posterior semicircular canal, and lateral semicircular canal.canales semicirculares ossei [NA];
Böttcher's c. utriculosaccular duct
Braune's c. the parturient c. formed by the uterine cavity, dilated cervix, vagina, and vulva.
Breschet's c.'s diploic c.'s
carotid c. a passage through the petrous part of the temporal bone from its inferior surface upward, medially, and forward to the apex where it opens into the foramen lacerum. It transmits the internal carotid artery and plexuses of veins and autonomic nerves.canalis caroticus [NA];
carpal c. 1. carpal tunnel 2. carpal groove
caudal c. the space occupied by the sacral extension of the epidural space.
central c. the ependyma-lined lumen (cavity) of the neural tube, the cerebral part of which remains patent to form the ventricles of the brain, while the spinal part in the adult often is reduced to a solid strand of modified ependyma.canalis centralis medullae spinalis [NA] , central c. of spinal cord, tubus medullaris; syringocele (1);
central c.'s of cochlea longitudinal c.'s of modiolus
central c. of spinal cord central c
central c. of the vitreous hyaloid c
cervical c. a fusiform canal extending from the isthmus of the uterus to the opening of the uterus into the vagina.canalis cervicis uteri [NA];
cervical axillary c. c. through which the subclavian vessels and brachial vessels reach the upper extremities (or extremity).
cervicoaxillary c. superior opening to the axilla, bounded by clavicle anteriorly, scapula posteriorly and first rib medically. Axillary vessels and brachial plexus are transmitted.
ciliary c.'s spaces of iridocorneal angle, under space
Civinini's c. anterior canaliculus of chorda tympani
Cloquet's c. hyaloid c
cochlear c. the winding tube of the bony labyrinth which makes two and a half turns about the modiolus of the cochlea; it is divided incompletely into two compartments by a winding shelf of bone, the bony spiral lamina.canalis spiralis cochleae [NA] , Rosenthal's c., spiral c. of cochlea;
condylar c. , condyloid c. the inconstant opening through the occipital bone posterior to the condyle on each side that transmits the occipital emissary vein.canalis condylaris [NA] , posterior condyloid foramen;
Corti's c. Corti's tunnel
Cotunnius' c. aqueduct of vestibule
craniopharyngeal c. pituitary diverticulum
deferent c. ductus deferens
dental c.'s alveolar c.'s
dentinal c.'s canaliculi dentales, under canaliculus
diploic c.'s channels in the diploë that accommodate the diploic veins.canales diploici [NA] , Breschet's c.'s;
Dorello's c. a bony c. sometimes found at the tip of the temporal bone enclosing the abducens nerve and inferior petrosal sinus as these two structures enter the cavernous sinus.
Dupuytren's c. diploic vein
endodermal c. primitive gut
facial c. the bony passage in the temporal bone through which the facial nerve passes; the facial c. commences at the internal auditory meatus with the horizontal part which passes at first anteriorly (medial crus of facial canal) then turns posteriorly at the geniculum of the facial c. to pass medial to the tympanic cavity (lateral crus of facial canal); finally, it turns downward (descending part of facial canal) to reach the stylomastoid foramen.canalis nervi facialis [NA] , aqueductus fallopii, fallopian aqueduct, fallopian c;
fallopian c. facial c
femoral c. the medial compartment of the femoral sheath.canalis femoralis [NA];
Ferrein's c. rivus lacrimalis
Fontana's c. sinus venosus sclerae
galactophorous c.'s lactiferous ducts, under duct
Gartner's c. longitudinal duct of epoöphoron
gastric c. furrow formed temporarily between longitudinal rugae of the gastric mucosa along the lesser curvature during swallowing; observed radiographically and endoscopically, it is formed because of the firm attachment of the gastric mucosa to the muscular layer, which is devoid of an oblique layer at this site; said to form a passageway favored by saliva and small quantities of masticated food and other fluids as they flow from cardia to gastroduodenal junction.canalis gastricus [NA] , canalis gastrici, magenstrasse;
greater palatine c. the c. formed between the maxilla and palatine bones; it transmits the descending palatine artery and the greater palatine nerve.canalis palatinus major [NA] , pterygopalatine c;
gubernacular c. a small c. located between the permanent tooth germ and the apex of the deciduous tooth, containing remnants of dental lamina and connective tissue.
c. of Guyon passageway through the transverse carpal ligament by which the ulnar nerve and artery enter the palm; it is closely related to the pisiform and the hook of the hamate.
gynecophoric c. a ventral groove running the length of male schistosome flukes, into which the threadlike female worm fits.
Hannover's c. the potential space between the ciliary zonule and the vitreous body.
haversian c.'s vascular c.'s that run longitudinally in the center of haversian systems of compact osseous tissue.Leeuwenhoek's c.'s;
Hensen's c. uniting duct
c. of Hering cholangiole
Hirschfeld's c.'s interdental c.'s
Holmgrén-Golgi c.'s Golgi apparatus
c. of Hovius an anastomotic circle between the anterior twigs of the venae vorticosae in the eyes of some animals, but not in normal human eyes.
Hoyer's c.'s Sucquet-Hoyer c.'s
Huguier's c. anterior canaliculus of chorda tympani
Hunter's c. adductor c
hyaloid c. a minute canal running through the vitreous from the discus nervi optici to the lens, containing in fetal life a prolongation of the central artery of the retina, the hyaloid artery. See vitreous, hyaloid artery.canalis hyaloideus [NA] , central c. of the vitreous, Cloquet's c., Stilling's c;
hypoglossal c. the canal through which the hypoglossal nerve emerges from the skull.canalis hypoglossalis [NA] , anterior condyloid c. of occipital bone, anterior condyloid foramen;
incisive c. , incisor c. one of several bony canals leading from the floor of the nasal cavity into the incisive fossa on the palatal surface of the maxilla; they convey the nasopalatine nerves and branches of the greater palatine arteries which anastomose with the septal branch of the sphenopalatine artery.canalis incisivus [NA];
inferior dental c. mandibular c
infraorbital c. a canal running beneath the orbital margin of the maxilla from the infraorbital groove, in the floor of the orbit, to the infraorbital foramen; it transmits the infraorbital artery and nerve.canalis infraorbitalis [NA];
inguinal c. the obliquely directed passage through the layers of the lower abdominal wall that transmits the spermatic cord in the male and the round ligament in the female.canalis inguinalis [NA] , abdominal c., Velpeau's c;
interdental c.'s c.'s that extend vertically through alveolar bone between roots of mandibular and maxillary incisor and maxillary bicuspid teeth.Hirschfeld's c.'s;
interfacial c.'s intercellular spaces occurring in relation to intercellular attachments by desmosomes in stratified squamous epithelium, generally resulting from shrinkage of an artifact of fixation.
Jacobson's c. tympanic canaliculus
Kürsteiner's c.'s , Küersteiner's c.'s a fetal complex of vesicular, canalicular, and glandlike structures derived from parathyroid, thymus, or thymic cord; they are rudimentary and functionless unless persistent postnatally, when they may occur as cystic structures in the vicinity of parathyroid III and thymus III. Kürsteiner described three types, type II c.'s being associated with thyroaplasia.
lateral c. accessory c
lateral semicircular c.'s See bony semicircular c.'s.
Laurer's c. a tube originating on the surface of the ootype of trematodes, directed dorsally to or near the surface; it may have originally served as a vagina or possibly as a reservoir of excess shell material.
Lauth's c. sinus venosus sclerae
Leeuwenhoek's c.'s haversian c.'s
c.'s for lesser palatine nerves c.'s located in the posterior part of the palatine bone.canales palatini minores [NA];
longitudinal c.'s of modiolus centrally placed channels that convey vessels and nerves to the apical turns of the cochlea.canales longitudinales modioli [NA] , central c.'s of cochlea;
Löwenberg's c. cochlear duct
mandibular c. the canal within the mandible that transmits the inferior alveolar nerve and vessels. Its posterior opening is the mandibular foramen.canalis mandibulae [NA] , inferior dental c;
marrow c. root c. of tooth
mental c. mental foramen
musculotubal c. a canal beginning at the anterior border of the petrous portion of the temporal bone near its junction with the squamous portion, and passing to the tympanic cavity; it is divided by the cochleariform process into two semicanals: one for the auditory (eustachian) tube, the other for the tensor tympani muscle.canalis musculotubarius [NA];
nasolacrimal c. the bony canal formed by the maxilla, lacrimal bone, and inferior concha that transmits the nasolacrimal duct from the orbit to the inferior meatus of the nose.canalis nasolacrimalis [NA];
neural c. the c. within the embryonic neural tube; the primordium of the central c.
neurenteric c. a transitory communication between the neural tube, notochordal canal, and gut endoderm in vertebrate embryos, including humans.
notochordal c. archenteric c
c. of Nuck See processus vaginalis of peritoneum.
nutrient c. a canal in the shaft of a long bone or in other locations in irregular bones through which the nutrient artery enters a bone.canalis nutricius [NA];
obturator c. the opening in the superior part of the obturator membrane through which the obturator nerve and vessels pass from the pelvic cavity into the thigh.canalis obturatorius [NA];
optic c. the short canal through the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone at the apex of the orbit that gives passage to the optic nerve and the ophthalmic artery.canalis opticus [NA] , foramen opticum, optic foramen;
palatovaginal c. pharyngeal c
parturient c. birth c
pelvic c. the passage from the superior to the inferior aperture of the pelvis.
pericardioperitoneal c. the portion of the embryonic celom that joins the pericardial cavity to the peritoneal cavity, developing into the pleural cavities.pleural c;
persistent atrioventricular c. a condition that is caused when the atrial and ventricular septa fail to meet, as in normal development, resulting in a low atrial and high ventricular septal defect or a common atrioventricular c.endocardial cushion defect;
Petit's c.'s zonular spaces, under space
pharyngeal c. on the undersurface of the vaginal process of the sphenoid bone, a furrow that is converted into a canal by the sphenoidal process of the palatine bone; it transmits the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery and the pharyngeal nerve from the pterygopalatine ganglion.canalis palatovaginalis [NA] , palatovaginal c;
pleural c. pericardioperitoneal c
pleuropericardial c.'s in the embryo, spaces or channels, one on each side, connecting the pericardial and pleural cavities.
pleuroperitoneal c. the communication between the embryonic pleural and peritoneal cavities.
portal c.'s connective tissue spaces in the substance of the liver that are occupied by preterminal ramifications of the bile ducts, portal vein, and hepatic artery, as well as nerves and lymphatics.
posterior semicircular c.'s See bony semicircular c.'s.
pterygoid c. an opening through the base of the medial pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone through which pass the artery, vein, and nerve of the pterygoid canal.canalis pterygoideus [NA] , vidian c;
pterygopalatine c. greater palatine c
pudendal c. the space within the obturator internis fascia lining the lateral wall of the ischiorectal fossa that transmits the pudendal vessels and nerves.canalis pudendalis [NA] , Alcock's c;
pulp c. root c. of tooth
pyloric c. the aboral segment (about 2 to 3 cm long) of the stomach; it succeeds the antrum and ends at the gastroduodenal junction.canalis pyloricus [NA];
Rivinus' c.'s See major sublingual duct, minor sublingual ducts, under duct.
root c. of tooth the chamber of the dental pulp lying within the root portion of a tooth.canalis radicis dentis [NA] , marrow c., pulp c;
Rosenthal's c. cochlear c
sacral c. the continuation of the vertebral canal in the sacrum.canalis sacralis [NA];
Santorini's c. accessory pancreatic duct
c.'s of Scarpa separate c.'s for the nasopalatine nerves and vessels. These c.'s normally fuse to form the incisive c.
Schlemm's c. sinus venosus sclerae
semicircular c.'s See bony semicircular c.'s.
small c. of chorda tympani posterior canaliculus of chorda tympani
Sondermann's c. a blind outpouching of Schlemm's c., extending toward, but not communicating with, the anterior chamber of the eye.
spinal c. vertebral c
spiral c. of cochlea cochlear c
spiral c. of modiolus the space in the modiolus in which the spiral ganglion of the cochlear nerve lies.canalis spiralis modioli [NA];
Stilling's c. hyaloid c
subsartorial c. adductor c
Sucquet-Hoyer c.'s arteriovenous anastomoses controlling blood flow in the glomus bodies in the digits.Hoyer's anastomoses, Hoyer's c.'s, Sucquet's anastomoses, Sucquet's c.'s, Sucquet-Hoyer anastomoses;
Sucquet's c.'s Sucquet-Hoyer c.'s
tarsal c. tarsal sinus
temporal c. a c. in the zygomatic bone transmitting the zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal nerves and vessels.
Theile's c. transverse pericardial sinus
tubotympanic c. See tubotympanic recess.
tympanic c. tympanic canaliculus
uniting c. uniting duct
urogenital c. urethra
uterovaginal c. a median tubular structure produced in the embryo from the fusion of the caudal parts of the paramesonephric ducts.
van Horne's c. thoracic duct
Velpeau's c. inguinal c
vertebral c. the canal that contains the spinal cord, spinal meninges, and related structures. It is formed by the vertebral foramina of successive vertebrae of the articulated vertebral column.canalis vertebralis [NA] , spinal c., tubus vertebralis;
vesicourethral c. the cranial portion of the primitive urogenital sinus from which develop the urinary bladder and part of the urethra.
vestibular c. scala vestibuli
vidian c. pterygoid c
Volkmann's c.'s vascular c.'s in compact bone that, unlike those of the haversian system, are not surrounded by concentric lamellae of bone; they run for the most part transversely, perforating the lamellae of the haversian system, and communicate with the c.'s of that system.
vomerine c. vomerovaginal c
vomerobasilar c. vomerorostral c
vomerorostral c. a small canal between the superior border of the vomer and the rostrum of the sphenoidal bone.canalis vomerorostralis [NA] , vomerobasilar c;
vomerovaginal c. an opening between the vaginal process of the sphenoid and the ala of the vomer on either side. It conveys a branch of the sphenopalatine artery.canalis vomerovaginalis [NA] , basipharyngeal c., vomerine c;
Walther's c.'s minor sublingual ducts, under duct
Wirsung's c. pancreatic duct

canales canales (ka-na-lez)

Plural of canalis.

canalicular canalicular (kan-a-lik´yu-lar)

Relating to a canaliculus. [L. canaliculus, small channel, dim. fr. canalis, canal, + suffix -ar, pertaining to]

canaliculi canaliculi (kan-a-lik´yu-lI)

Plural of canaliculus.

canaliculitis canaliculitis (kan´a-lik-yu-lI´tis)

Inflammation of the lacrimal canaliculus. [canaliculus + G. -itis, inflammation]

canaliculization canaliculization (kan-a-lik´yu-lI-za´shun)

The formation of canaliculi, or small canals, in any tissue.

canaliculus canaliculus , pl. canaliculi (kan-a-lik´yu-lus, -lI) [NA]

A small canal or channel. See also iter. [L. dim. fr. canalis, canal]
anterior c. of chorda tympani a canal in the petrotympanic or glaserian fissure, near its posterior edge, through which the chorda tympani nerve issues from the skull.Civinini's canal, Huguier's canal, iter chordae anterius;
auricular c. mastoid c
biliary c. one of the intercellular channels, about 1 mum or less in diameter, that occurs between liver cells forming the first portion of the bile system.bile capillary;
bone c. the c. interconnecting bone lacunae with one another or with a haversian canal; contains the interconnecting cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes.
caroticotympanic canaliculi small openings within the carotid canal that afford passage to the tympanic cavity of branches of the internal carotid artery and carotid sympathetic plexus.canaliculi caroticotympanici [NA];
canaliculi caroticotympan´ici [NA] caroticotympanic canaliculi
c. chor´dae tym´pani [NA] posterior c. of chorda tympani
c. coch´leae [NA] cochlear c
cochlear c. a minute canal in the temporal bone that passes from the cochlea inferiorly to open in front of the medial side of the jugular fossa. It contains the perilymphatic duct.c. cochleae [NA];
canalic´uli denta´les [NA] minute, wavy, branching tubes or canals in the dentin; they contain the long cytoplasmic processes of odontoblasts and extend radially from the pulp to the dentoenamel junction.dental tubules, dentinal canals, dentinal tubules, tubuli dentales;
c. innomina´tus petrosal foramen
intercellular c. one of the fine channels between adjoining secretory cells, such as those between serous cells in salivary glands.
intracellular c. a fine canal formed by invagination of the cell membrane into the cytoplasm of a cell, such as those of the parietal cells of the stomach.
lacrimal c. a curved canal beginning at the lacrimal punctum in the margin of each eyelid near the medial commissure and running transversely medially to empty with its fellow into the lacrimal sac.c. lacrimalis [NA];
c. lacrima´lis [NA] lacrimal c
mastoid c. the canal that extends from the jugular fossa laterally through the mastoid process. It transmits the auricular branch of the vagus.c. mastoideus [NA] , auricular c;
c. mastoid´eus [NA] mastoid c
posterior c. of chorda tympani a canal leading from the facial canal to the tympanic cavity through which the chorda tympani nerve enters this cavity.c. chordae tympani [NA] , iter chordae posterius, small canal of chorda tympani;
c. reu´niens uniting duct
secretory c. See intercellular c., intracellular c.
Thiersch's canaliculi minute channels in newly formed reparative tissue, permitting the circulation of nutritive fluids, precursors of new vascularization.
tympanic c. a minute canal passing from the inferior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone between the jugular fossa and carotid canal to the floor of the tympanic cavity. Located in the wedge of bone separating the jugular canal and carotid canal, it transmits the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve.c. tympanicus [NA] , Jacobson's canal, tympanic canal;
c. tympan´icus [NA] tympanic c

canalis canalis , pl. canales (ka-na´lis, -lez) [NA]

canal [L.]
c. adductor´ius [NA] adductor canal
cana´les alveola´res [NA] alveolar canals, under canal
c. ana´lis [NA] anal canal
c. carot´icus [NA] carotid canal
c. car´pi [NA] carpal tunnel
c. centra´lis medul´lae spina´lis [NA] central canal
c. cerv´icis u´teri [NA] cervical canal
c. condyla´ris [NA] condylar canal
cana´les diplo´ici [NA] diploic canals, under canal
c. femora´lis [NA] femoral canal
c. gastrici gastric canal
c. gastricus [NA] gastric canal
c. hyaloid´eus [NA] hyaloid canal
c. hypoglossa´lis [NA] hypoglossal canal
c. incisi´vus [NA] incisive canal
c. infraorbita´lis [NA] infraorbital canal
c. inguina´lis [NA] inguinal canal
cana´les longitudina´les modi´oli [NA] longitudinal canals of modiolus, under canal
c. mandib´ulae [NA] mandibular canal
c. musculotuba´rius [NA] musculotubal canal
c. nasolacrima´lis [NA] nasolacrimal canal
c. ner´vi facia´lis [NA] facial canal
c. ner´vi petro´si superficial´is mino´ris hiatus of canal of lesser petrosal nerve
c. nutri´cius [NA] nutrient canal
c. obturato´rius [NA] obturator canal
c. op´ticus [NA] optic canal
cana´les palati´ni mino´res [NA] canals for lesser palatine nerves, under canal
c. palati´nus ma´jor [NA] greater palatine canal
c. palatovagina´lis [NA] pharyngeal canal
c. pterygoi´deus [NA] pterygoid canal
c. pudenda´lis [NA] pudendal canal
c. pylor´icus [NA] pyloric canal
c. rad´icis den´tis [NA] root canal of tooth
c. reu´niens uniting duct
c. sacra´lis [NA] sacral canal
canales semicirculares anterior anterior semicurcular canal. See bony semicircular canals, under canal.
canales semicirculares lateralis lateral semicircular canal. See bony semicircular canals, under canal.
cana´les semicircula´res os´sei [NA] bony semicircular canals, under canal
canales semicirculares posterior posterior semicircular canal. See bony semicircular canals, under canal.
c. spira´lis coch´leae [NA] cochlear canal
c. spira´lis modi´oli [NA] spiral canal of modiolus
c. umbilica´lis umbilical ring
c. vertebra´lis [NA] vertebral canal
c. vomerorostra´lis [NA] vomerorostral canal
c. vomerovagina´lis [NA] vomerovaginal canal

canalization canalization (kan-al-I-za´shun)

The formation of canals or channels in a tissue.

Canavan Canavan

Myrtelle M., U.S. pathologist, 1879-1953. See C.'s disease, sclerosis; C.-van Bogaert-Bertrand disease.

canavanase canavanase (kan-av´a-nas)

arginase

canavanine canavanine (kan-a-van´In)

2-amino-4-guanidinohydroxybutyric acid; H₂NC(NH)NHO(CH₂)₂CH(NH₂)COOH H;an analog of arginine found in certain legumes; used in studies of arginine-dependent systems. [Canavalia + -ine]

cancellated cancellated (kan´se-la-ted)

cancellous [L. cancello, to make a lattice work]

cancellous cancellous (kan´se-lus)

Denoting bone that has a lattice-like or spongy structure.cancellated;

cancellus cancellus , pl. cancelli (kan-sel´us, -lI)

A lattice-like structure, as in spongy bone. [L. a grating, lattice]

cancer (CA) cancer (CA) (kan´ser)

General term frequently used to indicate any of various types of malignant neoplasms, most of which invade surrounding tissues, may metastasize to several sites, and are likely to recur after attempted removal and to cause death of the patient unless adequately treated; especially, any such carcinoma or sarcoma, but, in ordinary usage, especially the former. [L. a crab, a cancer]
betel c. carcinoma of the mucous membrane of the cheek, observed in certain East Indian natives, probably as a result of irritation from chewing a preparation of betel nut and lime rolled within a betel leaf.buyo cheek c;
buyo cheek c. betel c [Philippine buyo, betel]
chimney sweep's c. a squamous cell carcinoma of the skin of the scrotum, occurring as an occupational disease in chimney sweeps. The first reported form of occupational cancer (by Sir Percival Pott).
colloid c. mucinous carcinoma
conjugal c. c. à deux occurring in husband and wife.
c. à deux carcinomas occurring at approximately the same time, or in fairly close succession, in two persons who live together. [Fr. deux, two]
encephaloid c. obsolete term for medullary carcinoma.
c. en cuirasse (on-kwe-rahs´, Fr. breastplate) a carcinoma that involves a considerable portion of the skin of one or both sides of the thorax. [Fr. breastplate]
epidermoid c. epidermoid carcinoma
epithelial c. any malignant neoplasm originating from epithelium, i.e., a carcinoma.
familial c. c. aggregating among blood relatives; exceptionally the mode of inheritance is clearly mendelian, either dominant, as in retinoblastoma, basal cell nevus syndrome, neurofibromatosis, and intestinal polyposis, or recessive, as in xeroderma pigmentosum. See also cancer family.
glandular c. adenocarcinoma
green c. obsolete term for chloroma.
kang c. , kangri c. a carcinoma of the skin of the thigh or abdomen in certain Indian or Chinese workers; thought to result from irritation by heat from a hot brick oven (kang) or fire basket (kangri).kangri burn carcinoma;
mouse c. any of various types of malignant neoplasms that occur naturally in mice, especially in certain inbred "c. strains" used for research studies.
mule-spinner's c. carcinoma of the scrotum or adjacent skin exposed to oil, observed in some workers in cotton-spinning mills.
paraffin c. carcinoma of the skin occurring as an occupational disease in paraffin workers.
pipe-smoker's c. squamous cell carcinoma of the lips occurring in pipe smokers.
pitch-worker's c. carcinoma of the skin of the face or neck, arms and hands, or the scrotum, resulting from exposure to carcinogens in pitch, which occurs naturally as asphalt, or as a residue in the distillation of tar.
scar c. scar carcinoma
scar c. of the lungs a pulmonary c. intimately related to a localized area of parenchymal fibrosis; the c. probably induces the fibrosis.
spider c. obsolete term for a malignant neoplasm with a rhizoid or filamentous edge of thin, threadlike, red lines that represent dilated vascular channels associated with the neoplasm; a form of telangiectatic c.
stump c. carcinoma of the stomach developing after gastroenterostomy or gastric resection for benign disease.
telangiectatic c. a c. with numerous dilated capillaries and "lakes" of blood within relatively large endothelium-lined channels.

canceration canceration (kan-ser-a´shun)

Obsolete term for a change that results in properties and features usually associated with malignant neoplasms, e.g., as in the development of a carcinoma in a site previously involved by a benign condition.

cancericidal cancericidal (kan´ser-i-sI´dal)

carcinolytic [cancer + L. caedo, to kill]

cancerigenic cancerigenic (kan´ser-i-jen´ik)

carcinogenic

cancerocidal cancerocidal (kan´ser-o-sI´dal)

carcinolytic

cancerophobia cancerophobia (kan´ser-o-fo´be-a)

A morbid fear of acquiring a malignant growth.carcinophobia; [cancer + G. phobos, fear]

cancerous cancerous (kan´ser-us)

Relating to or pertaining to a malignant neoplasm, or being afflicted with such a process.

cancra cancra (kang´kra)

Plural of cancrum.

cancriform cancriform (kang´kri-form)

Resembling cancer.cancroid (1);

cancroid cancroid (kang´kroyd)

1. cancriform 2. Obsolete term for a malignant neoplasm that manifests a lesser degree of malignancy than that frequently observed with carcinoma or sarcoma. [cancer + G. eidos, resemblance]

cancrum cancrum , pl. cancra (kang´krum, -kra)

A gangrenous, ulcerative, inflammatory lesion. [Mod. L., fr. L. cancer, crab]
c. na´si gangrenous, necrotizing, and ulcerative rhinitis, especially in children.
c. o´ris noma

candela (cd) candela (cd) (kan´de-la)

The SI unit of luminous intensity, 1 lumen per m²; the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x 10¹² hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian (solid angle).candle; [L.]

candicans candicans (kan´di-kanz)

One of the corpora albicantia. [L. candico, pres. p. -ans, to be whitish]

candicidin candicidin (kan-di-sI´din)

A fungistatic and fungicidal polyene antibiotic agent derived from a soil actinomycete similar to Streptomyces griseus; used in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis.

Candida Candida (kan´did-a)

A genus of yeastlike fungi commonly found in nature; a few species are isolated from the skin, feces, and vaginal and pharyngeal tissue, but the gastrointestinal tract is the source of the single most important species, C. albicans. [L. candidus, dazzling white]
C. al´bicans a species ordinarily a part of humans' normal gastrointestinal flora, but which becomes pathogenic when there is a disturbance in the balance of flora or in debilitation of the host from other causes; resulting disease states may vary from limited to generalized cutaneous or mucocutaneous infections, to severe and fatal systemic disease including endocarditis, septicemia, and meningitis.thrush fungus;

candidemia candidemia (kan-di-de´me-a)

Presence of cells of Candida species in the peripheral blood. [Candida + G. haima, blood]

candidiasis candidiasis (kan-di-dI´a-sis)

Infection with, or disease caused by, Candida, especially C. albicans. This disease usually results from debiliation (as in immunosuppression and especially AIDS), physiologic change, prolonged administration of antibiotics, and iatrogenic and barrier breakage.candidosis, moniliasis;

candidosis candidosis (kan-di-do´sis)

candidiasis

candle candle (kan´dl)

candela

candle-meter candle-meter (kan´dl-me´ter)

lux

candle-power candle-power (kan´dl-pow´er)

luminous intensity

Canidae Canidae (kan´i-de)

A family of the Carnivora including the dogs, coyotes, wolves, and foxes. [L. canis, dog]

canine canine (ka´nIn)

1. Relating to a dog. 2. Relating to the c. teeth. 3. canine tooth 4. Referring to the cuspid tooth. [L. caninus]

caniniform caniniform (ka-nI´ni-form)

Resembling a canine tooth.

canister canister (kan´is-ter)

A box or container; in anesthesiology, the container for carbon dioxide absorbent.

canities canities (ka-nish´e-ez)

Graying of hair. See also poliosis. [L., fr. canus, hoary, gray]
canities c. ectopic eyelash
c. circumscrip´ta piebald eyelash
rapid c. whitening of hair overnight or over a few days; in the latter case, may be seen in alopecia areata, when surviving pigmented hairs are preferentially shed from gray hair.
c. un´guium leukonychia

canker canker (kang´ker)

1. In cats and dogs, acute inflammation of the external ear and auditory canal. See aphtha. 2. In the horse, a process similar to but more advanced than thrush; the horny frog is generally under-run with a whitish, cheeselike exudate, and the entire sole and even the wall of the hoof may be undermined. 3. In man, an outmoded term for aphthae. [L. cancer]
water c. noma

cannabidiol cannabidiol (kan-a-bi-dI´ol)

C₂₁H₃₀O₂;a constituent of Cannabis, related to cannabinol.

cannabinoids cannabinoids (ka-nab´i-noydz)

Organic substances present in Cannabis sativa, having a variety of pharmacologic properties.

cannabinol cannabinol (ka-nab´i-nol)

6,6,9-Trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]-pyran-i-ol;a constituent of the resinous exudate of the pistillate flowers of Cannabis sativa; it has no psychotomimetic action as do the tetrahydro derivatives isolated from marijuana.

cannabis cannabis (kan´a-bis)

The dried flowering tops of the pistillate plants of Cannabis sativa (family Moraceae) containing isomeric tetrahydrocannabinols, cannabinol, and cannabidiol. Preparations of c. are smoked or ingested by members of various cultures and subcultures to induce psychotomimetic effects such as euphoria, hallucinations, drowsiness, and other mental changes. C. was formerly used as a sedative and analgesic; now available for restricted use in management of iatrogenic anorexia, especially that associated with oncologic chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Known by many colloquial or slang terms such as marijuana; marihuana; pot; grass; bhang; charas; ganja; hashish. [L., fr. G. kannabis, hemp]

cannabism cannabism (kan´a-bizm)

Poisoning by preparations of cannabis.

Cannizzaro Cannizzaro

Stanislao, Italian chemist, 1826-1910. See C.'s reaction.

Cannon Cannon

Walter B., U.S. physiologist, 1871-1945. See C.'s ring, theory; C.-Bard theory; Bernard-C. homeostasis.

cannula cannula (kan´yu-la)

A tube which can be inserted into a cavity, usually by means of a trocar filling its lumen; after insertion of the c., the trocar is withdrawn and the c. remains as a channel for the transport of fluid. [L. dim. of canna, reed]
Hasson c. a laparoscopic instrument for open (rather than blind needle insufflation) placement of the initial port. The Hasson has a blunt-tipped oburator instead of a sharp trocar and a balloon on the distal portion of the sheath to hold it in place.laparoscopic c;
Karman c. a flexible plastic c. used in performing early (menstrual extraction) abortion.
laparoscopic c. Hasson c
perfusion c. a double-barreled c. used for irrigation of a cavity, the wash fluid passing into the cavity through one tube and out through the other.
washout c. a c. that can be irrigated without removal from the artery.

cannulation cannulation , cannulization (kan-yu-la´shun, -yu-lI-za´shun)

Insertion of a cannula.

Cantelli's sign Cantelli's sign

See under sign.

canthal canthal (kan´thal)

Relating to a canthus.

cantharidal cantharidal (kan-thar´i-dal)

Relating to or containing cantharides.

cantharidate cantharidate (kan-thar´i-dat)

A salt of cantharidic acid.

cantharides cantharides (kan-thar´i-dez)

Plural of cantharis.

cantharidic acid cantharidic acid (kan-thar´i-dik)

C₁₀H₁₄O₅;an acid, derived from cantharis, that forms salts (cantharidates) with alkalis.

cantharidin cantharidin (kan-thar´i-din)

C₁₀H₁₂O₄; hexahydro-3a,7a-dimethyl-4,7-epoxyisobenzofura n-1,3-dione;the active principle of cantharis; the anhydride of cantharic acid.cantharis camphor;

cantharis cantharis , gen. cantharidis , pl. cantharides (kan´thar-is, kan-thar´i-dis, -dez)

A dried beetle, Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria, used as a counterirritant and vesicant.Russian fly, Spanish fly; [L., fr. G. kantharis, a beetle]

canthectomy canthectomy (kan-thek´to-me)

Excision of a palpebral canthus. [G. kanthos, canthus, + ektome, excision]

canthi canthi (kan´thI)

Plural of canthus.

canthitis canthitis (kan-thI´tis)

Inflammation of a canthus.

cantholysis cantholysis (kan-thol´i-sis)

canthoplasty (1) [G. kanthos, canthus, + lysis, loosening]

canthoplasty canthoplasty (kan´tho-plas-te)

1. An operation for lengthening the palpebral fissure by incision through the lateral canthus.cantholysis; 2. An operation for restoration of the canthus. [G. kanthos, canthus, + plasso, to form]

canthorrhaphy canthorrhaphy (kan-thor´a-fe)

Suture of the eyelids at either canthus. [G. kanthos, canthus, + rhaphe, suture]

canthotomy canthotomy (kan-thot´o-me)

Slitting of the canthus. [G. kanthos, canthus, + tome, incision]

canthus canthus , pl. can´thi (kan´thus, -thI)

The angle of the eye. [G. kanthos, corner of the eye]
external c. lateral angle of eye
internal c. medial angle of eye
lateral c. lateral angle of eye
medial c. medial angle of eye

Cantor Cantor

Meyer O., U.S. physician, *1907. See C. tube.

CaOC CaOC

Abbreviation for cathodal opening contraction.

CaOCl CaOCl

Abbreviation for cathodal opening clonus.

CAP CAP

Abbreviation for catabolite (gene) activator protein.

cap cap (kap)

1. Any anatomical structure that resembles a c. or cover. 2. A protective covering for an incomplete tooth. 3. Colloquialism for restoration of the coronal part of a natural tooth by means of an artificial crown. 4. The nucleotide structure found at the 5´ terminus of many eukaryotic messenger RNAs, consisting of a 7-methylguanosine connected, via its 5´-hydroxyl group, by a triphosphate group to the 5´-hydroxyl group of the first nucleoside encoded by the DNA; usually symbolized as m⁷G^5´ppp^5´N, where N is nucleoside number 1 in the transcribed mRNA and is often itself methylated; the c. is added posttranscriptionally.
acrosomal c. a collapsed membranous vesicle that covers the anterior part of the nucleus of the spermatozoon, derived from the acrosomal granule; the carbohydrate-rich substance of the c. is associated with hydrolytic enzymes that aid in sperm penetration of the zona pellucida of the ovum.head c;
c. of the ampullary crest cupula cristae ampullaris
apical c. a curved shadow at the apex of one or both hemithoraces on chest x-ray; caused by pleural and pulmonary fibrosis.
cervical c. a contraceptive diaphragm that fits over the cervix uteri.
chin c. an extraoral appliance designed to exert an upward and backward force on the mandible by applying pressure to the chin, thereby preventing forward growth.
cradle c. colloquialism for seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp of the newborn.
dental c.'s deciduous cheek teeth in the horse which remain attached to erupting permanent teeth.
duodenal c. the first portion of the duodenum, as seen in a roentgenogram or by fluoroscopy.duodenal bulb;
enamel c. the enamel covering the crown of a tooth.
head c. acrosomal c
metanephric c. the concentrated mass of mesodermal cells about the metanephric bud in a young embryo; the cells of the cap form the uriniferous tubules of the permanent kidney.metanephric blastema;
phrygian c. on cholecystography, an incomplete septum, or a fold in the gallbladder, whose shape suggests the liberty cap of the French Revolution.
pyloric c. archaic term for duodenal c.

capacitance capacitance (ka-pas´i-tans)

The quantity of electric charge that may be stored upon a body per unit electric potential; expressed in farads, abfarads, or statfarads.

capacitation capacitation (ka-pas´i-ta´shun)

C. is a process whereby the glycoprotein coat and seminal proteins are removed from the surface of the sperm's acrosome. There are no morphological changes. C. can occur in in vitro fertilization. Once c. has occurred perforation of the acrosome can occur. [L. capacitas, fr. capax, capable of]

capacitor capacitor (ka-pas´i-ter, -tor)

A device for holding a charge of electricity.condenser (4);

capacity capacity (ka-pas´i-te)

1. The potential cubic contents of a cavity or receptacle. 2. Power to do. See also volume. [L. capax, able to contain; fr. capio, to take]
buffer c. the amount of hydrogen ion (or hydroxyl ion) required to bring about a specific pH change in a specified volume of a buffer. See also buffer value.
cranial c. the cubic content of the skull obtained by determining the cubage of small shot, seeds, or beads required to fill the skull.
diffusing c. (symbol, D, followed by subscripts indicating location and chemical species) the amount of oxygen taken up by pulmonary capillary blood per minute per unit average oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar gas and pulmonary capillary blood; units are: ml/min/mm Hg; also applied to other gases such as carbon monoxide.
forced vital c. (FVC) vital c. measured with the subject exhaling as rapidly as possible; data relating volume, expiratory flow, and time form the basis for other pulmonary function tests, e.g., flow-volume curve, forced expiratory volume, forced expiratory time, forced expiratory flow.
functional residual c. (FRC) the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration; it is the sum of expiratory reserve volume and residual volume.functional residual air;
heat c. the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a system 1°C.thermal c;
inspiratory c. the volume of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration; it is the sum of the tidal volume and the inspiratory reserve volume.complementary air;
iron-binding c. (IBC) the c. of iron-binding protein in serum (transferrin) to bind serum iron.
maximum breathing c. (MBC) maximum voluntary ventilation
oxygen c. the maximum quantity of oxygen that will combine chemically with the hemoglobin in a unit volume of blood; normally it amounts to 1.34 ml of O₂ per gm of Hb or 20 ml of O₂ per 100 ml of blood.
residual c. residual volume
respiratory c. vital c
thermal c. heat c
total lung c. (TLC) the inspiratory c. plus the functional residual c.; i.e., the volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration; also equals vital c. plus residual volume.
vital c. (VC) the greatest volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after a maximum inspiration.respiratory c;

capactins capactins (kap-ak´tinz)

A class of proteins capping the ends of actin filaments.

CAPD CAPD

Abbreviation for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

Capgras Capgras

Jean Marie Joseph, French psychiatrist, 1873-1950. See C.'s phenomenon, syndrome.

capillarectasia capillarectasia (kap´i-lar-ek-ta´ze-a)

Rarely used term for dilation of the capillary blood vessels. [capillary + G. ektasis, extension]

Capillaria Capillaria (kap-i-la´re-a)

A genus of aphasmid nematode worms, characterized by threadlike appearance; related to Trichuris. [L. capillaris, fr. capillus, hair]
C. aeroph´ila species occurring in the bronchi, bronchioles, and nasal sinuses of dogs, cats, and foxes; it causes rhinotracheitis, bronchitis, and nasal discharge in young animals.
C. bo´vis species occurring in the small intestine of cattle, sheep, and goats.
C. brev´ipes species found in the small intestine of cattle, sheep, and goats.
C. hepat´ica species of threadworm that infects the liver in rodents; occasionally reported from man.
C. philippinen´sis a species of threadworm that has been implicated as a cause of intestinal capillariasis among northern Philippine fishermen.
C. pli´ca a fine threadworm species occurring in the urinary bladder and sometimes the renal pelvis of the dog and cat.

capillariasis capillariasis (kap´i-lar-I´a-sis)

A parasitic disease caused by infection with species of Capillaria.
intestinal c. a sprue-like diarrheal disease caused by infection with Capillaria philippinensis, large populations of which are built up by internal autoinfection in the intestinal mucosa; characterized by abdominal pain, edema, diarrhea, cachexia, hypoproteinemia, hypotension, cardiac failure, and hyporeflexia; severe infection is often manifested as a fulminating disorder that may be fatal.

capillariomotor capillariomotor (kap-i-lar´e-o-mo´tor)

Vasomotor, with special reference to the capillaries.

capillarioscopy capillarioscopy (kap´i-lar-e-os´ko-pe)

Viewing the cutaneous capillaries at the base of the fingernail through the low power of the microscope.capillaroscopy, microangioscopy;

capillaritis capillaritis (kap´i-lar-I´tis)

Inflammation of a capillary or capillaries.

capillarity capillarity (kap-i-lar´i-te)

The rise of liquids in narrow tubes or through the pores of a loose material, as a result of capillary action.

capillaron capillaron (kap´i-la-ron)

An anatomical module composed of parenchymal cells together with their blood capillaries and extracapillary fluid in a compliant capsule; functions as a hydraulic unit that provides a theoretical basis for proposing that blood flow is regulated at the capillary.

capillaropathy capillaropathy (kap´i-la-rop´a-the)

Any disease of the capillaries, often applied to vascular changes in diabetes mellitus.microangiopathy; [capillary + G. pathos, disease]

capillaroscopy capillaroscopy (kap´i-lar-os´ko-pe)

capillarioscopy

capillary capillary (kap´i-lar-e)

1. Resembling a hair; fine; minute. 2. A capillary vessel; e.g., blood c., lymph c.vas capillare [NA] , capillary vessel; 3. Relating to a blood or lymphatic c. vessel. [L. capillaris, relating to hair]
arterial c. a c. opening from an arteriole or metarteriole.
bile c. biliary canaliculus
blood c. (symbol c, as a subscript) a vessel whose wall consists of endothelium and its basement membrane; its diameter, when the c. is open, is about 8 mum; with the electron microscope, fenestrated c.'s and continuous c.'s are distinguished.
continuous c. a c. in which small vesicles (caveolae) are numerous and pores are absent.
fenestrated c. a c., found in renal glomeruli, intestinal villi, and some glands, in which ultramicroscopic pores of variable size occur; usually these are closed by a delicate diaphragm, although diaphragms are lacking in at least some renal glomerular c.'s.
lymph c. the beginning of the lymphatic system of vessels; it is lined with a highly attenuated endothelium with poorly developed basement membrane and a lumen of variable caliber. See lacteal (2).
sinusoidal c. sinusoid
venous c. a c. opening into a venule.

capillus capillus , gen and pl. capilli (ka-pil´us, -lI) [NA]

scalp hair [L. hair]

capistration capistration (kap-i-stra´shun)

Obsolete term for paraphimosis (1) . [L. capistrum, muzzle]

capita capita (kap´i-ta)

Plural of caput.

capitate capitate (kap´i-tat)

1. The largest of the carpal bones; located in the distal row.os capitatum [NA] , capitate bone, magnum, os magnum; 2. Head-shaped; having a rounded extremity. [L. caput (capit-), head]

capitellum capitellum (kap-i-tel´um)

1. capitulum (1) 2. capitulum of humerus [L. dim. of caput, head]

capitium capitium (ka-pit´e-um)

Obsolete term for bandage for the head. [L. caput, head]

capitonnage capitonnage (kap´i-to-nahzh)

Rarely used term for closure of a cyst cavity by use of sutures. [Fr. upholstering]

capitopedal capitopedal (kap-i-to-ped´al)

Relating to the head and the feet. [L. caput, head, + pes (ped-), foot]

capitula capitula (ka-pit´yu-la)

Plural of capitulum.

capitular capitular (ka-pit´yu-lar)

Relating to a capitulum.

capitulum capitulum , pl. capitula (ka-pit´yu-lum, -la)

1. [NA] A small head or rounded articular extremity of a bone.capitellum (1); See also caput. 2. The bloodsucking, probing, sensing, and holdfast mouthparts of a tick, including the basal supporting structure; relative size and shape of mouthparts forming the c. are characteristic for the genera of hard ticks. [L. dim. of caput, head]
c. hu´meri [NA] c. of humerus
c. of humerus the small rounded eminence on the lateral half of the distal end of the humerus for articulation with the radius.c. humeri [NA] , capitellum (2) , little head of humerus;

Caplan Caplan

Anthony, British physician, 1907-1976. See C.'s nodules, under nodule, syndrome.

Capnocytophaga Capnocytophaga (kap´no-sI-to-fa´je-ah)

A genus of Gram-negative, fusiform-shaped, bacteria that requires carbon dioxide for growth and exhibits gliding motility; associated with human periodontal disease.
C. canimor´sus a species linked to infections from dog bites (including bacteremia, endocarditis, and meningitis. Formerly designated DF-2 by the CDC. These infections usually occur in patients with impaired immune systems.

capnogram capnogram (kap´no-gram)

A continuous record of the carbon dioxide content of expired air. [G. kapnos, smoke, + gramma, something written]

capnograph capnograph (kap´no-graf)

Instrument by which a continuous graph of the carbon dioxide content of expired air is obtained.

capping capping

Covering.
direct pulp c. a procedure for covering and protecting an exposed vital pulp.
indirect pulp c. the application of a suspension of calcium hydroxide to a thin layer of dentin overlying the pulp (near exposure) in order to stimulate secondary dentin formation and protect the pulp.

Capps Capps

Joseph A., U.S. physician, 1872-1964. See C.'s reflex.

Capra Capra (kap´ra)

A genus of ruminants (family Bovidae) that includes the goat, ibex, and related animals; C. hircus is the domestic goat. [L. a she-goat]

caprate caprate (kap´rat)

A salt or ester of capric acid.

capreomycin sulfate capreomycin sulfate (kap´re-o-mI´sin)

Sulfate salt of the cyclic peptide antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces capreolus, used in the treatment of tuberculosis.

n-capric acid n-capric acid (kap´rik)

CH₃(CH₂)₈COOH;a fatty acid found among the hydrolysis products of fat in goat's milk, cow's milk, and other substances. Cf. n-caproic acid, caprylic acid. n-decanoic acid;

capriloquism capriloquism (ka-pril´o-kwizm)

egophony [L. caper, goat, + loquor, to speak]

caprin caprin (kap´rin)

tridecanoylglycerol;one of the substances found in butter upon which its flavor depends.decanoin, glyceryl tricaprate;

caprine caprine (ka´prIn)

Relating to goats; goatlike. [L. caprinus, of goats]

caprine arthritis-encephalomyelitis (CAE) caprine arthritis-encephalomyelitis (CAE)

See under encephalomyelitis.

Capripoxvirus Capripoxvirus (kap´ri-poks-vI´rus)

The genus of Poxviridae that includes the viruses of sheep-pox and goatpox. [L. capra, she-goat, + virus]

caprizant caprizant (kap´ri-zant)

Bounding; leaping; denoting a form of pulse beat. [Fr., leaping, fr. L. caper, goat]

caproate caproate (kap´ro-at)

1. A salt or ester of n-caproic acid. 2. USAN-approved contraction for hexanoate, CH₃(CH₂)₄COO^-.

n-caproic acid n-caproic acid (kap-ro´ik)

CH₃(CH₂)₄COOH;a fatty acid found among the hydrolysis products of fat in butter, coconut oil, and some other substances.n-hexanoic acid;

caproyl caproyl (kap´ro-il)

The acyl radical of caproic acid.hexanoyl;

caproylate caproylate (kap´ro-i-lat)

A salt or ester of caproic acid.hexanoate;

caprylate caprylate (kap´ri-lat)

A salt or ester of caprylic acid.octanoate;

caprylic acid caprylic acid (kap-ril´ik)

CH₃(CH₂)₆COOH;a fatty acid found among the hydrolysis products of fat in butter, coconut oil, and other substances.octanoic acid;

capsaicin capsaicin (cap-sa´i-sin)

trans-8-Methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide;alkaloidal principle in the fruits of various species of Capsicum, with the same uses as capsicum. It depletes substance P from sensory nerve endings; Sometimes used for pain in postherpetic neuralgia.

capsicin capsicin (kap´sI-sin)

A yellowish red oleoresin containing the active principle of capsicum.

capsicum capsicum (kap´si-kum)

Cayenne, African, or red pepper, the dried ripe fruit of Capsicum frutescens (family Solanaceae); used as a carminative, gastrointestinal stimulant, and externally as a rubefacient.

capsid capsid (kap´sid)

See virion.

capsomer capsomer , capsomere (kap´so-mer)

A subunit of the protein coat or capsid of a virus particle. See also hexon, penton, virion.

capsula capsula , gen and pl. capsulae (kap´su-la, -le) [NA]

1. A membranous structure, usually dense collagenous connective tissue, that envelops an organ, a joint, or any other part. 2. An anatomical structure resembling a capsule or envelope.capsule (1); [L. dim. of capsa, a chest or box]
c. adipo´sa re´nis [NA] fatty renal capsule
c. articula´ris [NA] articular capsule
c. articula´ris cricoarytenoi´dea [NA] cricoarytenoid articular capsule
c. articula´ris cricothyroi´dea [NA] cricothyroid articular capsule
c. bul´bi fascial sheath of eyeball
c. cor´dis pericardium
c. exter´na [NA] external capsule
c. extre´ma extreme capsule
c. fibro´sa fibrous capsule
c. fibro´sa glan´dulae thyroi´deae [NA] fibrous capsule of thyroid gland
c. fibro´sa per´ivascula´ris [NA] fibrous capsule of liver (1)
c. fibro´sa re´nis [NA] fibrous capsule of kidney
c. glomer´uli [NA] glomerular capsule
c. inter´na [NA] internal capsule
c. len´tis [NA] lens capsule
c. li´enis fibrous capsule of spleen
c. vasculo´sa len´tis in the embryo, the vascular mesenchymal capsule that invests the lens of the eye; the vessels of the dorsal part of the capsule are branches of the hyaloid artery; those of the ventral part are derived from the anterior ciliary arteries; normally all the vessels are atrophied by the end of the eighth month of intrauterine life.

capsular capsular (kap´su-lar)

Relating to any capsule.

capsulation capsulation (kap-su-la´shun)

Enclosure in a capsule.

capsule capsule (kap´sul)

1. capsula 2. A fibrous tissue layer enveloping an organ or a tumor, especially if benign. 3. A solid dosage form in which the drug is enclosed in either a hard or soft soluble container or "shell" of a suitable form of gelatin. 4. A hyaline glycosaminoglycan sheath on the wall of a fungus cell, blastoconidium, or spore. [L. capsula, dim. of capsa, box]
adipose c. fatty renal c
adrenal c. suprarenal gland
articular c. a sac enclosing a joint, formed by an outer fibrous articular c. and an inner synovial membrane.capsula articularis [NA] , joint c;
atrabiliary c. suprarenal gland
auditory c. the cartilage that, in the embryo, surrounds the developing auditory vesicle and develops into the bony labyrinth of the inner ear.
bacterial c. a layer of slime of variable composition which covers the surface of some bacteria; capsulated cells of pathogenic bacteria are usually more virulent than cells without capsules because the former are more resistant to phagocytic action.
Bonnet's c. the anterior part of the vagina bulbi.
Bowman's c. glomerular c
brood c.'s small hollow projections from the lining membrane of a hydatid cyst from which the scoleces arise.
cartilage c. the more intensely basophilic matrix in hyaline cartilage surrounding the lacunae in which the cartilage cells lie.territorial matrix;
cricoarytenoid articular c. the capsule enclosing the joint between the arytenoid and cricoid cartilages.capsula articularis cricoarytenoidea [NA];
cricothyroid articular c. the capsule enclosing the cricothyroid joint.capsula articularis cricothyroidea [NA];
Crosby c. an attachment to the end of a flexible tube, used for peroral biopsy of the small intestine, by which a piece of mucosa is sucked into an opening in the c. and cut off.
crystalline c. lens c
external c. a thin lamina of white substance separating the claustrum from the putamen. It joins the internal c. at either extremity of the putamen, forming a c. of white matter external to the lenticular nucleus.capsula externa [NA] , periclaustral lamina;
extreme c. the layer of white matter separating the claustrum from the cortex of the insula, probably representing largely corticopetal and corticofugal fibers of the insular cortex.capsula extrema;
eye c. fascial sheath of eyeball
fatty renal c. the perirenal fat.capsula adiposa renis [NA] , adipose c;
fibrous c. any fibrous envelope of a part. the fibrous capsule of an organ.stratum fibrosum [NA] , tunica fibrosa [NA] , capsula fibrosa;
fibrous articular c. the outer fibrous part of the capsule of a synovial joint, which may in places be thickened to form capsular ligaments.membrana fibrosa [NA] , stratum fibrosum [NA] , fibrous membrane;
fibrous c. of kidney a fibrous membrane ensheathing the kidney.capsula fibrosa renis [NA] , tunica fibrosa renis;
fibrous c. of liver 1. a layer of connective tissue ensheathing the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile ducts as these ramify within the liver;capsula fibrosa perivascularis [NA] , perivascular fibrous c; 2. connective tissue c. surrounding the outer surface of the liver, but continuous with septae of some animals which divide parenchyme into lobule, and with the perivascular fibrous c. at the porta hepatis.tunica fibrosa hepatis [NA] , Glisson's c;
fibrous c. of parotid gland parotid fascia
fibrous c. of spleen the fibrous capsule of the spleen, containing collagen, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle.tunica fibrosa splenis [NA] , tunica fibrosa lienis [NA] , capsula lienis, tunica propria lienis;
fibrous c. of thyroid gland the fibrous sheath of the thyroid gland.capsula fibrosa glandulae thyroideae [NA];
Gerota's c. renal fascia
Glisson's c. fibrous c. of liver (2)
glomerular c. the expanded beginning of a nephron composed of an inner and outer layer: the visceral layer consists of podocytes which surround a tuft of capillaries (glomerulus); the parietal layer is simple squamous epithelium which becomes cuboidal at the tubular pole.capsula glomeruli [NA] , Bowman's c., malpighian c. (1) , Müller's c;
internal c. a massive layer (8 to 10 mm thick) of white matter separating the caudate nucleus and thalamus (medial) from the more laterally situated lentiform nucleus (globus pallidus and putamen). It consists of 1) fibers ascending from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex that compose, among others, the visual, auditory, and somatic sensory radiations, and 2) fibers descending from the cerebral cortex to the thalamus, subthalamic region, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord. The internal c. is the major route by which the cerebral cortex is connected with the brainstem and spinal cord. Laterally and superiorly it is continuous with the corona radiata which forms a major part of the cerebral hemisphere's white matter; caudally and medially it continues, much reduced in size, as the crus cerebri which contains, among others, the pyramidal tract. On horizontal section it appears in the form of a V opening out laterally; the V's obtuse angle is called genu (knee); its anterior and posterior limbs, respectively, the crus anterior and crus posterior.capsula interna [NA];
joint c. articular c
lens c. the capsule enclosing the lens of the eye.capsula lentis [NA] , crystalline c., lenticular c., phacocyst;
lenticular c. lens c
malpighian c. 1. glomerular c 2. a thin fibrous membrane enveloping the spleen and continued over the vessels entering at the hilus.
Müller's c. glomerular c
nasal c. the cartilage around the developing nasal cavity of the embryo.
optic c. the concentrated zone of mesenchyme around the developing optic cup; the primordium of the sclera of the eye.
otic c. the cartilage c. surrounding the inner ear mechanism; in elasmobranchs, it remains cartilaginous in the adult; in the embryos of higher vertebrates, it is cartilaginous at first but later becomes bony (at approximately 23 weeks in humans).
perivascular fibrous c. fibrous c. of liver (1)
radiotelemetering c. an instrument that transmits measurements by radio impulses, from within the body; e.g., measurements of pressure from within the small bowel.radiopill;
seminal c. seminal vesicle
suprarenal c. suprarenal gland
Tenon's c. fascial sheath of eyeball

capsulectomy capsulectomy

Removal of a capsule, as around a breast implant

capsulitis capsulitis (kap´su-lI´tis)

Inflammation of the capsule of an organ or part, as of the liver or the lens of the eye.
adhesive c. a condition in which there is limitation of motion in a joint due to inflammatory thickening of the capsule, a common cause of stiffness in the shoulder.frozen shoulder;
hepatic c. perihepatitis

capsulolenticular capsulolenticular (kap´su-lo-len-tik´yu-lar)

Referring to the lens of the eye and its capsule.

capsuloplasty capsuloplasty (kap´su-lo-plas-te)

Plastic surgery of a capsule; more specifically, the capsule of a joint. [L. capsula, capsule, + G. plastos, formed]

capsulorrhaphy capsulorrhaphy (kap-su-lor´a-fe)

Suture of a tear in any capsule; specifically, suture of a joint capsule to prevent recurring dislocation of the articulation. [L. capsula, capsule, + rhaphe, suture]

capsulotome capsulotome (kap´su-lo-tom)

cystotome (2)

capsulotomy capsulotomy (kap-su-lot´o-me)

1. Division of a capsule as around a breast implant. 2. Creation of an opening through a capsule; e.g., of a scar that might form around a foreign body. 3. Specifically, incision of the capsule of the lens in the extracapsular cataract operation. [L. capsula, capsule, + G. tome, a cutting]
renal c. incision of the capsule of the kidney.

captopril captopril (kap´to-pril)

1-(3-Mercapto-2-methyl-1-oxopropyl)-l-proline;an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.

capture capture (kap´chur)

Catching and holding a particle or an electrical impulse originating elsewhere. [L. capio, pp. -tus, to take, seize]
atrial c. control of the atria for one or more beats after a period of independent beating, as in complete A-V block or in junctional or ventricular ectopic beats or tachycardias by a retrograde impulse.
electron c. a mode of radioactive disintegration, in which an orbital electron, usually from the K shell, is captured by the nucleus, converting a proton into a neutron with ejection of a neutrino and emission of a gamma ray, and emission of characteristic x-rays as the missing K-shell electron is replaced.K c;
K c. electron c
ventricular c. capture of the ventricle(s) by an impulse arising in the atria or A-V junction.

Capuron Capuron

Joseph, French physician, 1767-1850. See C.'s points, under point.

caput caput , gen. capitis , pl. capita (kap´ut, ka´put; kap´i-tis; kap´I-ta)

1. [NA] The upper or anterior extremity of the animal body, containing the brain and the organs of sight, hearing, taste, and smell. 2. [NA] The upper, anterior, or larger extremity, expanded or rounded, of any body, organ, or other anatomical structure. 3. The rounded extremity of a bone. 4. That end of a muscle which is attached to the less movable part of the skeleton.head; [L.]
c. angula´re quadra´ti la´bii superio´ris levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle
c. bre´ve [NA] short head
c. breve musculi bicipitis brachii [NA] short head of biceps brachii muscle
c. breve musculi bicipitis fem´oris short head of biceps femoris muscle
c. cor´nus apex of the posterior horn
c. cos´tae [NA] head of rib
c. epididymid´is [NA] head of epididymis
c. fem´oris head of femur
c. fib´ulae [NA] head of fibula
c. gallinaginis (gal-i-naj´i-nis) seminal colliculus [Mod. L. snipe's head]
c. humera´le [NA] humeral head
c. humerale musculi flexoris carpi ulnaris [NA] humeral head of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. See humeral head.
c. humerale musculi pronatoris teretis [NA] humeral head of pronator teres muscle. See humeral head.
c. hu´meri [NA] head of humerus
c. humeroulna´re musculi flexoris digitorum superificialis [NA] humeroulnar head of flexor digitorum superficialis muscle
c. infraorbita´le quadra´ti la´bii superio´ris levator labii superioris muscle
c. latera´le [NA] lateral head
c. laterale musculi gastrocnemii [NA] lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle. See lateral head.
c. laterale musculi tricipitis brachii [NA] lateral head of triceps brachii. See lateral head.
c. long´um [NA] long head
c. longum musculi bicipitis brachii [NA] long head of biceps brachii muscle. See long head.
c. longum musculi bicipitis fem´oris [NA] long head of biceps femoris muscle. See long head.
c. longum musculi tricipitis brachii [NA] long head of triceps brachii muscle. See long head.
c. mal´lei [NA] head of malleus
c. mandib´ulae [NA] head of mandible
c. media´le [NA] medial head
c. mediale musculi gastrocnemii [NA] medial head of gastrocnemius muscle. See medial head.
c. mediale musculi tricipitis brachii [NA] medial head of triceps brachii muscle. See medial head.
c. medu´sae 1. varicose veins radiating from the umbilicus, seen in the Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome; 2. dilated ciliary arteries girdling the corneoscleral limbus in rubeosis iridis.Medusa head; [Medusa, G. myth. char.]
c. nu´clei cauda´ti [NA] head of the caudate nucleus
c. obli´quum [NA] oblique head
c. obliquum musculi adductoris hallucis [NA] oblique head of adductor hallucis muscle. See oblique head.
c. obliquum musculi adductoris pollicis [NA] oblique head of adductor pollicis muscle. See oblique head.
c. os´sis fem´oris [NA] head of femur
c. os´sis metacarpa´lis [NA] head of metacarpal bone
c. os´sis metatarsa´lis [NA] head of metatarsal bone
c. pancrea´tis [NA] head of pancreas
c. phalan´gis [NA] head of phalanx
c. profun´dum musculi flexoris pollicis brevis [NA] deep head of flexor pollicis brevis
c. quadra´tum a head of large size and square shape, owing to thickened parietal and frontal eminences, seen in rachitic children.
c. radia´le [NA] radial head
c. ra´dii [NA] head of radius
c. sta´pedis [NA] head of stapes
c. succeda´neum an edematous swelling formed on the presenting portion of the scalp of an infant during birth; the effusion overlies the periosteum and consists of edema; contrasted with cephalhematoma, in which condition the effusion lies under the periosteum and consists of blood.
c. superficia´le musculi flexoris pollicis brevis [NA] superficial head of flexor pollicis brevis muscle
c. ta´li [NA] head of talus
c. transver´sum [NA] transverse head
c. transversum musculi adductoris hallucis [NA] transverse head of adductor hallucis muscle. See transverse head.
c. transversum musculi adductoris pollicis [NA] transverse head of adductor pollicis muscle. See transverse head.
c. ul´nae [NA] head of ulna
c. ulna´re [NA] ulnar head
c. ulnare musculi flexoris carpi ulnaris [NA] ulnar head of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. See ulnar head.
c. ulnare musculi pronatoris teretis [NA] ulnar head of pronator teres muscle. See ulnar head.
c. zygomat´icum quadra´ti la´bii superio´ris zygomaticus minor muscle

Carabelli Carabelli

Georg (Edler von Lunkaszprie), Austrian dentist, 1787-1842. See cusp of C.; C. tubercle.

caramel caramel (kar´a-mel)

Burnt sugar; a concentrated solution of the substance obtained by heating sugar with an alkali; a thick, dark brown liquid used as a coloring and flavoring agent in pharmaceutical preparations. [Sp., fr. L.L. calamellus, fr. L. calamus, reed]

caramiphen ethanedisulfonate caramiphen ethanedisulfonate (ka-ram´i-fen eth´an-dI-sul´fo-nat)

Diethylaminoethyl 1-phenylcyclopentanecarboxylate ethanedisulfonate;an antitussive.

caramiphen hydrochloride caramiphen hydrochloride

Diethylaminoethyl-1-phenylcyclopentane-1-carboxylate hydrochloride;a synthetic spasmolytic drug; used in the treatment of diseases of the basal ganglia, e.g., parkinsonism and hepatolenticular degeneration.

carate carate (ka-rah´te)

pinta

carb- carb- , carbo-

Prefixes indicating carbon, especially the attachment of a group containing a carbon atom. [L. carbo, charcoal]

carbachol carbachol (kar´ba-kol)

A parasympathetic stimulant used locally in the eye for the treatment of glaucoma.

carbadox carbadox (kar´ba-doks)

Methyl 3-(2-quinoxalinylmethylene)carbazate N¹,N⁴- dioxide;an antibacterial agent.

carbamate carbamate (kar´ba-mat)

1. A salt or ester of carbamic acid forming the basis of urethane hypnotics. 2. A group of cholinesterase inhibiting insecticides resembling organophosphates; the most frequent c. is carbaril.carbamoate, carbaril;
c. kinase a phosphotransferase catalyzing the reaction of carbamoyl phosphate and ADP to form ATP, NH₃, and CO₂.

carbamazepine carbamazepine (kar-bam-az´e-pen)

5-H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide;an anticonvulsant; also useful in alleviating the pain of trigeminal neuralgia.

carbamic acid carbamic acid (kar-bam´ik)

A hypothetical acid, NH₂-COOH, forming carbamates; the acyl radical is carbamoyl.

carbamide carbamide (kar´ba-mId)

Obsolete term for urea.

carbaminohemoglobin carbaminohemoglobin (kar-bam´i-no-he-mo-glo´bin)

Carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin by means of a reactive amino group on the latter, i.e., Hb-NHCOOH; approximately 20% of the total content of carbon dioxide in blood is combined with hemoglobin in this manner.carbhemoglobin, carbohemoglobin;

carbamoate carbamoate

carbamate

carbamoyl carbamoyl (kar´ba-mo-il)

The acyl radical, NH₂-CO-, the transfer of which plays an important role in certain biochemical reactions; e.g., in the urea cycle, via carbamoyl phosphate.

carbamoylaspartate dehydrase carbamoylaspartate dehydrase (kar´ba-mo-il-as-par´tat)

dihydro-orotase

N-carbamoylaspartic N-carbamoylaspartic (kar´ba-mo-il-as-par´tik)

ureidosuccinic acid

carbamoylation carbamoylation (kar-ba-mo-il-a´shun)

Transfer of the carbamoyl from a carbamoyl-containing molecule (e.g., carbamoyl phosphate) to an acceptor moiety such as an amino group.

carbamoylcarbamic acid carbamoylcarbamic acid (kar´ba-mo-il-kar-bam´ik)

allophanic acid

N-carbamoylglutamic acid N-carbamoylglutamic acid (kar´ba-mo-il-glu-tam´ik)

HOOC(CH₂)₂CH(NHCONH₂)COOH;an intermediate in the carbamoylation of ornithine to citrulline in the urea cycle; used in the treatment of individuals having a deficiency of the enzyme that synthesizes N-acetylglutamate.

carbamoyl phosphate carbamoyl phosphate

H₂NCO-OPO₃^2-;a reactive intermediate capable of transferring its carbamoyl group (H₂NCO-) to an acceptor molecule, forming citrulline from ornithine in the urea cycle, and ureidosuccinic acid from aspartic acid in pyrimidine ring formation.
c.p. synthetase a phosphotransferase catalyzing the formation of c.p. There are two significant isozymes. c.p. synthetase I is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of 2ATP, NH₃, CO₂, and H₂O to c.p., 2ADP, and P_i. It is activated by N-acetylglutamate and participates in urea biosynthesis. A deficiency of c.p. synthetase I can result in hyperammonemia. c.p. synthetase II is a cytosolic enzyme that, under physiological conditions, uses l-glutamine as the nitrogen source (producing l-glutamate) instead of NH₃, is not activated by N-acetylglutamate, and is found in pyrimidine biosynthesis.

carbamoyltransferases carbamoyltransferases (kar´ba-mo-il-trans´fer-as-ez) [EC group 2.1.3]

Enzymes transferring carbamoyl groups from one compound to another (e.g., aspartate carbamoyltransferase, ornithine carbamoyltransferase).transcarbamoylases;

carbamoylurea carbamoylurea (kar´ba-mo-il-yu-re´a)

biuret

carbamyl carbamyl (kar´ba-mil)

Former spelling of carbamoyl.

carbamylation carbamylation (kar´ba-mil-a´shun)

Former spelling of carbamoylation.

carbanion carbanion (karb-an´I-on)

An organic anion in which the negative charge is on a carbon atom; the specific names are formed by adding -ide, -diide, etc. to the name of the parent compound; e.g., methanide, (CH₃)^-.

carbaril carbaril (car-bar-il´)

carbamate

carbarsone carbarsone (kar-bar´son)

4-Ureidobenzenearsonic acid; N-carbamoylarsanilic acid;an amebicide.

carbaryl carbaryl (kar´ba-ril)

A contact insecticide. A pediculicide and ectoparasiticide. Toxic to humans, causing nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bronchoconstrictions, blurring vision, excessive salivation, muscle twitching, cyanosis, convulsions, coma, respiratory failure.

carbazides carbazides (kar´ba-zIdz)

1,3-diaminoureas;rNH-NHCONH-NHR´.carbohydrazides;

carbazochrome salicylate carbazochrome salicylate (kar-baz´o-krom)

Adrenochrome monosemicarbazone-sodium salicylate complex;an oxidation product of epinephrine used for the systemic control of capillary bleeding associated with increased capillary permeability.

carbazole carbazole (kar´ba-zol)

Reacts with carbohydrates (including uronates and deoxypentoses) giving colors characteristic of the sugar type; used for assay and analysis of carbohydrates and formaldehyde, and as a dye intermediate; sensitive to ultraviolet light.9-azafluorene, diphenylenimine;

carbazotic acid carbazotic acid (kar-ba-zot´ik)

picric acid

carbenicillin disodium carbenicillin disodium (kar-ben-i-sil´in)

Disodium salt of 6-(a-carboxy-a-phenylacetamido)penicillanic acid (a-carboxybenzylpenicillin);a semisynthetic extended spectrum penicillin active against a wide variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

carbenium carbenium (kar-ben´e-um)

See carbonium.

carbenoxolone disodium carbenoxolone disodium (kar-ben-oks´o-lon dI-so´de-um)

3beta-Hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic hydrogen succinate disodium salt;a glucocorticoid used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of peptic ulcer.

carbetapentane citrate carbetapentane citrate (kar´be-ta-pen´tan)

2-(Diethylaminoethoxy)ethyl 1-phenylcyclopentyl-1-carboxylate citrate;it has atropine-like and local anesthetic actions and effectively suppresses acute cough due to common upper respiratory infections.

carbhemoglobin carbhemoglobin (karb´he-mo-glo´bin)

carbaminohemoglobin

carbide carbide (kar´bId)

A compound of carbon with an element more electropositive than itself; e.g., CaC₂, calcium carbide.

carbidopa carbidopa (kar-bi-do´pa)

a-Methyldopahydrazine; (-)-l-a-hydrazino-3,4-dihydroxy-a-methylhydrocinnamic monohydrate;a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor which does not enter the brain used in conjunction with levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease to reduce L-dopa doses and reduce side effects.

carbimazole carbimazole (kar-bI´ma-zol)

1-Methyl-2-imidazolethiol ethyl carbonate;used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.

carbinol carbinol (kar´bi-nol)

methyl alcohol

carbinoxamine maleate carbinoxamine maleate (kar-bi-nok´sa-men)

Paracarbinoxamine maleate 2-[p-chloro-a-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)benz yl]pyridine maleate;an antihistaminic agent.

carbo carbo

charcoal [L. coal]

carbo- carbo-

See carb-.

carbobenzoxy (Z, Cbz) carbobenzoxy (Z, Cbz) (kar´bo-ben-zok´se)

benzyloxycarbonyl

carbocation carbocation (kar-bo-kat´I-on)

See carbonium.

carbohemoglobin carbohemoglobin (kar´bo-he-mo-glo´bin)

carbaminohemoglobin

carbohydrates carbohydrates (kar-bo-hI´drats)

Class name for the aldehydic or ketonic derivative of polyhydric alcohols, the name being derived from the fact that the most common examples of such compounds have formulas that may be written C_n(H₂O)_n (e.g., glucose, C₆(H₂O)₆; sucrose, C₁₂(H₂O)₁₁), although they are not true hydrates and the name is in that sense a misnomer. The group includes compounds with relatively small molecules, such as the simple sugars (monosaccharides, disaccharides, etc.), as well as macromolecular (polymeric) substances such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose polysaccharides. The c.'s most typical of the class contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only, but carbohydrate metabolic intermediates in tissue contain phosphorus. See saccharides.

carbohydraturia carbohydraturia (kar´bo-hI-dra-tu´re-a)

General term denoting the excretion of one or more carbohydrates in the urine (e.g., glucose, galactose, lactose, pentose), thus including such conditions as glycosuria (melituria), galactosuria, lactosuria, pentosuria, etc.

carbohydrazides carbohydrazides (kar-bo-hI´dra-zIdz)

carbazides

carbolate carbolate (kar´bo-lat)

1. phenate 2. To carbolize.

carbolated carbolated (kar´bo-la-ted)

phenolated

carbol-fuchsin carbol-fuchsin (kar´bol-fuk´sin)

1. See Ziehl's stain. 2. See carbol-fuchsin paint.

carbolic acid carbolic acid (kar-bol´ik)

phenol

carbolize carbolize (kar´bo-lIz)

To mix with or add carbolic acid (phenol).

carboluria carboluria (kar-bo-lu´re-a)

The presence of phenol (carbolic acid) in the urine. [carbolic acid + G. ouron, urine]

carbomer carbomer (kar´bo-mer)

A polymer of acrylic acid cross-linked with a polyfunctional compound, hence, a poly (acrylic acid) or polyacrylate; a suspending agent for pharmaceuticals.

carbometry carbometry (kar-bom´e-tre)

carbonometry

carbomycin carbomycin (kar´bo-mI´sin)

A macrolide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces halstedii; similar to erythromycin and used as an antibacterial and antimicrobial.

carbon (C) carbon (C) (kar´bon)

A nonmetallic tetravalent element, atomic no. 6, atomic wt. 12.011; the major bioelement. It has two natural isotopes, ¹²C and ¹³C (the former, set at 12.00000, being the standard for all molecular weights), and two artificial, radioactive isotopes of interest, ¹¹C and ¹⁴C. The element occurs in three pure forms, diamond, graphite, and in the fullerines; in amorphous form in charcoal, coke, and soot; and in the atmosphere as CO₂. Its compounds are found in all living tissues, and the study of its vast number of compounds constitutes most of organic chemistry. [L. carbo, coal]
active c. dioxide , activated c. dioxide a complex of N-carboxybiotin (biotin + CO₂) and an enzyme; the form in which c. dioxide is added to other molecules in carboxylations; e.g., to methylcrotonyl-CoA to form beta-methylglutaconyl in the catabolism of leucine, and to acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA. See also acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
anomeric c. the reducing c. of a sugar; C-1 of an aldose, C-2 of a 2-ketose.
c. bisulfide c. disulfide
c. dichloride tetrachlorethylene
c. dioxide CO₂;the product of the combustion of c. with an excess of air; in concentrations not less than 99.0% by volume of CO₂, used as a respiratory stimulant.carbonic acid gas, carbonic anhydride;
c. dioxide snow solid c. dioxide used in the treatment of warts, lupus, nevi, and other skin affections, and as a refrigerant.dry ice;
c. disulfide CS₂;an extremely flammable (flashpoint -30°C), colorless, toxic liquid with a characteristic ethereal odor (fetid when impure); it is a parasiticide.c. bisulfide;
c. monoxide (CO) a colorless, practically odorless, and poisonous gas formed by the incomplete combustion of c.; its toxic action is due to its strong affinity for hemoglobin, myoglobin, and the cytochromes, reducing oxygen transport and blocking oxygen utilization.
c. tetrachloride CCl₄;a colorless, mobile liquid having a characteristic ethereal odor resembling that of chloroform; it is used as a cleansing fluid and as a fire extinguisher, and has been used as an anthelmintic, especially against hookworm.tetrachloromethane;

carbon-11 (11C) carbon-11 (¹¹C)

A cyclotron-produced, positron-emitting radioisotope of carbon with a half-life of 20.3 minutes; used in positron-emitting tomography.

carbon-12 (12C) carbon-12 (¹²C)

The standard of atomic mass, 98.90% of natural carbon.

carbon-13 (13C) carbon-13 (¹³C)

A stable natural isotope, 1.1% of natural carbon.

carbon-14 (14C) carbon-14 (¹⁴C)

A beta-emitter with a half-life of 5715 years, widely used as a tracer in studying various aspects of metabolism; naturally occurring ¹⁴C, arising from cosmic ray bombardment, is used to date relics containing natural carbonaceous materials.

carbonate carbonate (kar´bon-at)

1. A salt of carbonic acid. 2. The ion CO₃⁼.
c. dehydratase carbonic anhydrase
c. hydro-lyase carbonic anhydrase

carbonic carbonic (kar-bon´ik)

Relating to carbon. See also under carbonate.

carbonic acid carbonic acid

H₂CO₃, formed from H₂O and CO₂.

carbonic anhydrase carbonic anhydrase

See under anhydrase.

carbonic anhydride carbonic anhydride

carbon dioxide

carbonium carbonium (kar-bon´e-um)

An organic cation in which the positive charge is on a carbon atom; e.g., (CH₃)⁺. It is now recommended that carbocation be used as the class name and carbenium be used for specific compound names.

carbonometer carbonometer (kar-bo-nom´e-ter)

An obsolete device used in carbonometry. [L. carbo (carbon-), coal, + G. metron, measure]

carbonometry carbonometry (kar-bo-nom´e-tre)

An obsolete method for the determination of the presence and the proportion of carbon dioxide in the air or expired breath by the precipitation of calcium carbonate from lime water.carbometry;

carbonuria carbonuria (kar-bo-nu´re-a)

Rarely used term denoting the excretion of carbon dioxide or other carbon compounds in the urine.

carbonyl carbonyl (kar´bon-il)

The characteristic group, -CO-, of the ketones, aldehydes, and organic acids.

carboplatin carboplatin (kar´bo-pla´tin)

A platinum-containing anticancer agent much like cisplatin but more toxic to the myeloid elements of bone marrow while producing less nausea and neuro-, oto-, and nephrotoxicity; used in the chemotherapy of solid tumors.

carboprost tromethamine carboprost tromethamine (kar´bo-prost tro-meth´a-men)

C₂₅H₃₈O₅;a prostaglandin used as an abortifacient and in the treatment of refractory postpartum bleeding.

carboxamide carboxamide (kar-boks´am-Id)

A molecular configuration (-CONH₂) that, together with the related carboximides (iminocarbonyls) (-CONH-), is a constituent of many hypnotics, including barbiturates, hydantoins, and thiazines.aminocarbonyl;

carboximide carboximide (kar-boks´im-Id)

See carboxamide.

carboxy- carboxy-

Combining form indicating addition of CO or CO₂.

N-carboxyanhydrides N-carboxyanhydrides (kar-bok´se-an-hI´drIdz)

Heterocyclic derivatives of amino acids from which polypeptides may be synthesized.

carboxycathepsin carboxycathepsin (kar-bok´se-ka-thep´sin)

peptidyl dipeptidase A

carboxydismutase carboxydismutase (kar-bok-se-dis´mu-tas)

ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase

4-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) 4-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) (kar-bok´se-glu-tam´ik)

A carboxylated form of glutamic acid found in certain proteins (e.g., prothrombin, factors VII, IX, and X, osteocalcin). Its synthesis is vitamin K-dependent.

carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) (kar-bok´se-he-mo-glo´bin)

A fairly stable union of carbon monoxide with hemoglobin. The formation of c. prevents the normal transfer of carbon dioxide and oxygen during the circulation of blood; thus, increasing levels of c. result in various degrees of asphyxiation, including death.carbon monoxide hemoglobin;

carboxyhemoglobinemia carboxyhemoglobinemia (kar-bok´se-he´mo-glo-bi-ne´me-a)

Presence of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood, as in carbon monoxide poisoning.

carboxyl carboxyl (kar-bok´sil)

The characterizing group (-COOH) of certain organic acids; e.g., HCOOH (formic acid), CH₃COOH (acetic acid), CH₃CH(NH₂)COOH (alanine), etc. Cf. carboxylic acid.

carboxylase carboxylase (kar-bok´sil-as)

1. One of several carboxy-lyases, trivially named carboxylases or decarboxylases (EC subclass 4.1.1), catalyzing the addition of CO₂ to all or part of another molecule to create an additional -COOH group (e.g., ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase). 2. Obsolete name for pyruvate decarboxylase.

carboxylation carboxylation (kar-bok-si-la´shun)

Addition of CO₂ to an organic acceptor, as in formation of malonyl-CoA or in photosynthesis, to yield a -COOH group; catalyzed by carboxylases.

carboxylic acid carboxylic acid (kar-bok´sil-ik)

An organic acid with a carboxyl group. Cf. carboxyl.
activated c.a. derivative of a carboxyl group that is more susceptible to nucleophilic attack than a free carboxyl group; e.g., acid anhydrides, thioesters.

carboxyltransferases carboxyltransferases (kar-bok-sil-trans´fer-as-ez) [EC group 2.1.3]

Enzymes transferring carboxyl groups from one compound to another.transcarboxylases;

carboxymethylcellulose carboxymethylcellulose (kar-bok-se-meth´il-sel´yu-los)

A cellulose derivative which forms a colloidal dispersion in water; indigestible and nonabsorbable systemically; absorbs water and is used as a bulk laxative. Can also be used as a suspending agent.

carboxypeptidase carboxypeptidase (kar-bok-se-pep´ti-das)

A hydrolase that removes the amino acid at the free carboxyl end of a polypeptide chain; an exopeptidase.
acid c. serine c
serine c. a c. of broad specificity for terminal amino acid residues of peptides; the optimum pH is 4.5 to 6.0; sensitive to diisopropyl fluorophosphate; contains a serine at the active site.acid c;

carboxypeptidase A carboxypeptidase A

A hydrolase that releases C-terminal amino acids, with the exception of C-terminal arginyl, lysyl, and prolyl residues. A zinc-containing exopeptidase.

carboxypeptidase B carboxypeptidase B

A hydrolase that releases C-terminal lysyl or arginyl residues preferentially. A zinc-containing exopeptidase.protaminase;

carboxypeptidase C carboxypeptidase C [EC 3.4.12.1]

See serine carboxypeptidase.

carboxypeptidase G carboxypeptidase G

gamma-glutamyl hydrolase

N-carboxyurea N-carboxyurea (kar-bok´se-yu-re´a)

allophanic acid

carbromal carbromal (kar´bro-mal)

Obsolete hypnotic agent which is a monoureide-containing bromine.

carbuncle carbuncle (kar´bung-kl)

1. Deep-seated pyogenic infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, usually arising in several contiguous hair follicles, with formation of connecting sinuses; often preceded or accompanied by fever, malaise, and prostration. 2. anthrax (1) [L. carbunculus, dim. of carbo, a live coal, a carbuncle]
kidney c. , renal c. formerly used term for coalescent multiple intrarenal abscesses.

carbuncular carbuncular (kar-bung´kyu-lar)

Relating to a carbuncle.

carbunculosis carbunculosis (kar-bung-kyu-lo´sis)

A condition marked by the occurrence of several carbuncles simultaneously or within a short period of time.

carburet carburet (kar´bu-ret)

1. Archaic term for carbide. 2. To combine with carbon. 3. To enrich a gas with volatile hydrocarbons, as in a carburetor.

carbutamide carbutamide (kar-bu´ta-mId)

Aminophenurobutane; 1-butyl-3-sulfanilylurea;an oral hypoglycemic agent.

carbuterol hydrochloride carbuterol hydrochloride (kar-bu´te-rol)

[5-[2-(tert-Butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-hydro xyphenyl]urea monohydrochloride;a sympathomimetic drug with bronchodilatory activity.

carcass carcass (kar´kas)

The body of a dead animal; in reference to animals used for human food, the body after the hide, head, tail, extremities, and viscera have been removed. [F. carcasse, fr. It. carcassa]

carcino- carcino- , carcin-

Cancer; crab. [G. karkinos, crab, cancer]

carcinoembryonic carcinoembryonic (kar´si-no-em-bre-on´ik)

Relating to a carcinoma-associated substance present in embryonic tissue, as a c. antigen.

carcinogen carcinogen (kar-sin´o-jen, kar´si-no-jen)

Any cancer-producing substance or organism, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or agents such as in certain types of irradiation. [carcino- + G, -gen, producing]
complete c. a chemical c. that is able to induce cancer without provocation by a tumor-promoting agent introduced during therapy.

carcinogenesis carcinogenesis (kar´si-no-jen´e-sis)

The origin or production, or development of cancer, including carcinomas and other malignant neoplasms. [carcino- + G. genesis, generation]

carcinogenic (DAB) carcinogenic (DAB) (kar´si-no-jen´ik)

Causing cancer.cancerigenic;

carcinoid carcinoid (kar´si-noyd)

See carcinoid tumor, carcinoid syndrome.

carcinolytic carcinolytic (kar´si-no-lit´ik)

Destructive to the cells of carcinoma.cancericidal, cancerocidal; [carcino- + G. lytikos, causing a solution]

carcinoma (CA) carcinoma (CA) , pl. carcinomas carcinomata (kar-si-no´ma, -maz, -no´ma-ta)

Any of the various types of malignant neoplasm derived from epithelial tissue in several sites, occurring more frequently in the skin and large intestine in both sexes, the lung and prostate gland in men, and the lung and breast in women. C.'s are identified histologically on the basis of invasiveness and the changes that indicate anaplasia, i.e., loss of polarity of nuclei, loss of orderly maturation of cells (especially in squamous cell type), variation in the size and shape of cells, hyperchromatism of nuclei (with clumping of chromatin), and increase in the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. C.'s may be undifferentiated, or the neoplastic tissue may resemble (to varying degree) one of the types of normal epithelium. [G. karkinoma, fr. karkinos, cancer, + -oma, tumor] Cancer of the breast or axillary nodes is second only to lung cancer as a cause of cancer death among U.S. women. There were an estimated 182,000 new cases and 46,000 deaths caused by it in 1994. Breast cancer has been the subject of a major public health effort since the 1980s. Various groups, including the American Cancer Society, have campaigned for increased federal funding for breast cancer research and health insurer coverage of diagnostic mammography. A controversial statistic, publicized by the American Cancer Society, indicates that breast cancer will afflict 1 in 9 American women. However, this is a cumulative probability figure calculated on the basis of a hypothetical 100 women between the ages of 30 and 110. A more accurate representation of the statistical model is that a woman between the ages of 30 and 55 has a 1 in 40 chance of breast cancer, and only a 1 in 180 chance of dying from it. Ninety percent of those with breast cancer report no breast cancer in their families. Risk appears slightly elevated for women who have no children, or undergo their first pregnancy after age 35; who experience an early menarche or late menopause; or who have more than two first-degree relatives who have had premenopausal or bilateral breast cancers. In 1993, 10-25% of new cancers seen were preinvasive ductal carcinoma in situ; a decade earlier, such pre- invasive tumors represented just 3% of cases. The increase is attributable to mammography. It is estimated that 20-50% of ductal carcinomas in situ go on to become invasive, with a latency period of 5-10 years. Because the milk ducts are distributed throughout the breast, radical mastectomy is the recommended treatment for this type of cancer. Meanwhile, breast conservation surgery has been shown to be highly effective for more compact tumors.
acinar c. acinic cell adenocarcinoma
acinic cell c. acinic cell adenocarcinoma
acinose c. , acinous c. acinic cell adenocarcinoma
adenoid cystic c. a histologic type of c. characterized by large epithelial masses containing round, glandlike spaces or cysts which frequently contain mucus or collagen and are bordered by a few or many layers of epithelial cells without intervening stroma, forming a cribriform pattern like a slice of Swiss cheese; perineural invasion and hematogenous metastasis are common; occurs most commonly in salivary glands.cylindromatous c;
adenoid squamous cell c. adenoacanthoma
adenosquamous c. a type of lung tumor exhibiting areas of clear cut glandular and squamous cell differentiation along with regions of the undifferentiated c.
adnexal c. a c. arising in, or forming structures resembling, skin appendages.
adrenal cortical carcinomas large invasive and metastasizing tumors which may cause virilism or Cushing's syndrome.
alveolar cell c. bronchiolar c
anaplastic c. c. with absence of epithelial structural differentiation.
apocrine c. 1. a c. composed predominantly of cells with abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm, occurring in the breast; 2. a c. of the apocrine glands.
basal cell c. a slow-growing, invasive, but usually non-metastasizing neoplasm recapitulating normal basal cells of the epidermis or hair follicles, most commonly rising in sun-damaged skin of the elderly and fair-skinned.basal cell epithelioma;
basaloid c. a poorly differentiated squamous cell c. of the anus that has some microscopic resemblance to basal cell c. of the skin, but which frequently metastasizes.
basal squamous cell c. basosquamous c
basosquamous c. , basisquamous c. a c. of the skin which in structure and behavior is considered transitional between basal cell and squamous cell c. The term should not be used for the much more common keratotic variety of basal cell c., in which the tumor cells are of basal type but which contains small foci of abrupt keratinization.basal squamous cell c;
bronchiolar c. a c., thought to be derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli; involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular; microscopically, the neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures; mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells; metastases in regional lymph nodes, and even in more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent.alveolar cell c., bronchiolar adenocarcinoma, bronchiolo-alveolar c., bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma;
bronchiolo-alveolar c. bronchiolar c
bronchogenic c. squamous cell or oat cell c. that arises in the mucosa of the large bronchi and produces a persistent productive cough or hemoptysis; local growth causes bronchial obstruction and is observed radiologically as an enlarging lung mass; malignant tumor cells can be detected in the sputum, and they metastasize early to the thoracic lymph nodes and to the brain, adrenal glands, and other organs via the bloodstream.
canine c. 1 one of the few transplantable tumors of animals.
clear cell c. of kidney renal adenocarcinoma
colloid c. mucinous c
cylindromatous c. adenoid cystic c
cystic c. a c. in which true epithelium-lined cysts are formed, or degenerative changes may result in cystlike spaces.
duct c. , ductal c. a c. derived from epithelium of ducts, e.g., in the breast or pancreas.
embryonal c. a malignant neoplasm of the testis, composed of large anaplastic cells with indistinct cellular borders, amphophilic cytoplasm, and ovoid, round, or bean-shaped nuclei that may have multiple large nucleoli; in some instances, the neoplastic cells may form tubular structures; embryonal c.'s may be malignant teratomas without differentiated elements.
endometrioid c. adenocarcinoma of the ovary or prostate resembling endometrial adenocarcinoma, possibly arising from ovarian foci of endometriosis.
epidermoid c. squamous cell c. of the skin.epidermoid cancer;
epithelial myoepithelial c. (mI´yo-ep-i-the´le-al) a salivary gland malignancy composed of an inner layer of ductal cells surrounded by a layer of clear myoepithelial cells.
fibrolamellar liver cell c. primary hepatic c. in which malignant hepatocytes are intersected by fibrous lamellated bands.oncocytic hepatocellular tumor;
follicular carcinomas c.'s of the thyroid composed of well or poorly differentiated epithelial follicles without papillary formation, which are difficult to distinguish from adenomas; the criteria include blood vessel invasion and the finding of metastases of follicular thyroid tissue in other structures such as cervical lymph nodes and bone; follicular c.'s may take up radioactive iodine.
giant cell c. a malignant epithelial neoplasm characterized by unusually large anaplastic cells.
giant cell c. of thyroid gland a rapidly progressive undifferentiated c. observed in the thyroid gland, characterized by numerous, unusually large, anaplastic cells derived from glandular epithelium of the thyroid gland.
glandular c. adenocarcinoma
hepatocellular c. malignant hepatoma
Hürthle cell c. Hürthle cell tumor
inflammatory c. c. of the breast presenting with edema, hyperemia, tenderness, and rapid enlargment of the breast; microscopically, there is extensive invasion of dermal lymphatics by the c.
intermediate c. obsolete term for basosquamous c.
intraductal c. a form of c. derived from the epithelial lining of ducts, especially in the breast, where most c.'s arise from ductal epithelium; the neoplastic cells proliferate in irregular papillary projections or masses, filling the lumens, that are solid, cribriform, or centrally necrotic; intraductal c. is a form of c. in situ as it is contained by the ductal basement membrane; when it invades surrounding stroma or metastasizes it is referred to as ductal c.
intraepidermal c. c. in situ of the skin; e.g., Bowen's disease.
intraepithelial c. c. in situ
invasive c. a neoplasm in which collections of epithelial cells infiltrate or destroy the surrounding tissue.
juvenile c. secretory c
kangri burn c. kang cancer
large cell c. an anaplastic c., particularly bronchogenic, composed of cells which are much larger than those in oat cell c. of the lung.
latent c. an epithelial neoplasm showing microscopic features of malignancy believed to have remained localized and asymptomatic for a long period; e.g., small c.'s of the prostate in old men, often found incidentally at autopsy.
lateral aberrant thyroid c. a cervical nodule of thyroid c. situated outside the thyroid gland, formerly thought to arise from ectopic thyroid tissue but now believed to be metastatic from an occult c. within the gland.
leptomeningeal c. meningeal c
liver cell c. malignant hepatoma
lobular c. a form of adenocarcinoma, especially of the breast, where lobular c. is less common than ductal c. and usually is composed of small cells.
lobular c. in situ noninfiltrating lobular c
Lucké c. a herpesvirus-associated adenocarcinoma of the kidney in adult frogs.Lucké's adenocarcinoma;
medullary c. a malignant neoplasm, comparatively soft and brainlike in consistency, that consists chiefly of neoplastic epithelial cells, with only a scant amount of fibrous stroma.
melanotic c. obsolete term for melanoma.
meningeal c. an infiltration of c. cells in the arachnoid and subarachnoid space; may be primary or secondary.leptomeningeal c., leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, meningeal carcinomatosis;
mesometanephric c. mesonephroma
metaplastic c. a c. in which some of the tumor cells are spindle shaped, suggesting a sarcoma, or in which the stroma shows foci of bone or cartilage; such c.'s occur in the upper respiratory or alimentary tract or in the breast.
metastatic c. a c. that has appeared in a region remote from its site of origin, as in metastasis (2).secondary c;
metatypical c. obsolete term for basosquamous c.
microinvasive c. a variety of c. seen most frequently in the uterine cervix, in which c. in situ of squamous epithelium, on the surface or replacing the lining of glands, is accompanied by small collections of abnormal epithelial cells that infiltrate a very short distance into the stroma; this may represent the earliest stage of invasion, in which the neoplastic cells are capable of intrusion but not of sustained growth in connective tissue.
mucinous c. a variety of adenocarcinoma in which the neoplastic cells secrete conspicuous quantities of mucin, and, as a result, the neoplasms are likely to be glistening, sticky, and gelatinoid in consistency.colloid cancer, colloid c;
mucoepidermoid c. most commonly a salivary gland c. of low grade malignancy in children, but with variable malignancy in adults; composed of mucous, epidermoid, and intermediate cells, with mucous cells abundant only in low grade c.'s; recurrence is frequent, and high grade c.'s metastasize to cervical nodes.mucoepidermoid tumor;
c. myxomato´des obsolete term for a form of colloid cancer in which there is myxomatous metaplasia of the cellular fibrous stroma.
noninfiltrating lobular c. c. of the breast in which small tumor cells fill preexisting acini within lobules, without invading the surrounding stroma.lobular c. in situ, lobular neoplasia;
oat cell c. an anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic c. composed of small ovoid cells with very scanty cytoplasm; this c. and small round cell c.'s comprise over one-third of c.'s of the lung.small cell c. (2);
occult c. a small c., either asymptomatic or giving rise to metastases without symptoms due to the primary c.
oncoplastic c. obsolete term for an undifferentiated c. showing no evidence by light microscopy of origin from a specific epithelial tissue, e.g., squamous or glandular epithelium.
papillary c. a malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells.
primary c. c. at the site of origin, with local invasion in that organ.
primary neuroendocrine c. of the skin Merkel cell tumor
renal cell c. renal adenocarcinoma
sarcomatoid c. spindle cell c
scar c. c. of the lung, usually adenocarcinoma, arising from a peripheral lung scar or associated with interstitial fibrosis in a honeycomb lung.scar cancer;
scirrhous c. a hard c., fibrous in nature, resulting from a desmoplastic reaction by the stromal tissue to the presence of the neoplastic epithelium.fibrocarcinoma;
secondary c. metastatic c
secretory c. c. of the breast with pale-staining cells showing prominent secretory activity, as seen in pregnancy and lactation, but found mostly in children.juvenile c;
signet-ring cell c. a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma composed of cells with a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus that compresses the nucleus to one side along the cell membrane; arises most frequently in the stomach, occasionally in the large bowel or elsewhere.
c. sim´plex obsolete term for any form of c. in which the relative proportions of stroma and neoplastic epithelial cells are not unusual, i.e., stromal elements are not comparatively abundant, nor are they reduced in amount or lacking; an obsolete term for a c. lacking any identifiable microscopic pattern, such as glandular structure.
c. in si´tu (CIS) a lesion characterized by cytologic changes of the type associated with invasive c., but with the pathologic process limited to the lining epithelium and without histologic evidence of extension to adjacent structures; the distinctive changes are usually more apparent in the nucleus, i.e., variation in size and shape, increase in chromatin, and numerous mitoses (including some that are atypical) in all layers of the epithelium, with loss of orderly maturation. The lesion is presumed to be the histologically recognizable precursor of invasive c., i.e., a localized and curable phase of c.intraepithelial c;
small cell c. 1. an anaplastic c. composed of small cells; 2. oat cell c
spindle cell c. a c. composed of elongated cells, frequently a poorly differentiated squamous cell c. which may be difficult to distinguish from a sarcoma.sarcomatoid c;
squamous cell c. a malignant neoplasm derived from stratified squamous epithelium, but which may also occur in sites, such as bronchial mucosa, where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present; variable amounts of keratin are formed, in relation to the degree of differentiation, and, if the keratin is not on the surface, it accumulates in the neoplasm as a keratin pearl; in instances in which the cells are well differentiated, intercellular bridges may be observed between adjacent cells; a common example in lower animals is ocular squamous cell c. of Hereford cattle.
sweat gland c. usually a solitary tumor, nodular and fixed to the skin and underlying structure, having slow growth for long periods followed by rapid growth and dissemination.
trabecular c. Merkel cell tumor
transitional cell c. a malignant neoplasm derived from transitional epithelium, occurring chiefly in the urinary bladder, ureters, or renal pelves (especially if well differentiated); frequently papillary; these c.'s are graded 1 to 3 or 4 according to the degree of anaplasia, grade 1 appearing histologically benign but being liable to recurrence. So-called transitional cell c. of the upper respiratory tract is more properly classified as squamous cell c. Transitional cell c. is also a rare tumor of the ovary.
tubular c. a well-differentiated form of ductal breast c. with invasion of the stroma by small epithelial tubules.
V-2 c. a transplantable, highly malignant c. of experimental animals that developed as a result of malignant change in a virus-induced papilloma of a domestic rabbit.
verrucous c. a well differentiated papillary squamous cell c., especially of the oral cavity or penis, that may invade locally but rarely metastasizes; the usual cytologic features of malignancy are absent.
villous c. a form of c. in which there are numerous, closely packed, papillary projections of neoplastic epithelial tissue.
Walker c. Walker carcinosarcoma
wolffian duct c. mesonephroma
yolk sac c. endocervical sinus tumor

carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma

Carcinoma arising in a benign mixed tumor of a salivary gland, characterized by rapid enlargement and pain.

carcinomata carcinomata (kar-si-no´ma-ta)

Alternative plural of carcinoma.

carcinomatosis carcinomatosis (kar´si-no-ma-to´sis)

A condition resulting from widespread dissemination of carcinoma in multiple sites in various organs or tissues of the body; sometimes also used in relation to involvement of a relatively large region of the body.carcinosis;
leptomeningeal c. meningeal carcinoma
meningeal c. meningeal carcinoma

carcinomatous carcinomatous (kar-si-nom´a-tus)

Pertaining to or manifesting the characteristic properties of carcinoma.

carcinophobia carcinophobia (kar´sin-o-fo´be-a)

cancerophobia

carcinosarcoma carcinosarcoma (kar´si-no-sar-ko´ma)

A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. See also collision tumor.
embryonal c. blastoma
renal c. obsolete term for Wilms' tumor.
Walker c. a transplantable c. of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants.Walker carcinoma;

carcinosis carcinosis (kar-si-no´sis)

carcinomatosis

carcinostatic carcinostatic (kar´si-no-stat´ik)

1. Pertaining to an arresting or inhibitory effect on the development or progression of a carcinoma. 2. An agent that manifests such an effect.

carcoma carcoma (kar-ko´ma)

Dark red-brown or mahogany-colored granular material that occurs in human feces in tropical regions; it yields a chemical reaction similar to that of urobilinogen and is composed of calcium oxide, iron, phosphoric and carbonic acids, urobilinogen, cholerythrogen, and other organic matter in varying proportions. [Sp. wood dust under the bark of a tree, caused by the wood louse]

cardamom cardamom (kar´da-mom)

Grains of paradise. Dried ripe seeds of Elettaria cardamomum; used for flavoring baked goods, confectionery, curry powder, and in the manufacture of oil of cardamom which is used for flavoring liqueurs. Pharmaceutical aid (flavor); adjuvant and carminative.

Carden Carden

Henry D., British surgeon, 1872. See C.'s amputation.

cardenolide cardenolide (kar-den´o-lId)

A class of cardiac glycosides containing a five-membered lactone ring (e.g., the Digitalis glycosides).

cardi- cardi-

See cardio-.

cardia cardia (kar´de-a)

cardiac part of stomach [G. kardia, heart]

cardiac cardiac (kar´de-ak)

1. Pertaining to the heart. 2. Pertaining to the esophageal opening of the stomach. 3. A remedy for heart disease. [L. cardiacus]

cardiac ballet cardiac ballet (kar´de-ak bal-a´)

Short runs of cardiac dysrhythmia consisting of uniform sequences of repetitive multiform extrasystoles; so called from its undulating appearance, originally described by Bellet. See also torsade de pointes.

cardiac glycosides cardiac glycosides

Generic term for a large number of drugs with the capacity to increase the force of contraction of the failing heart. Examples include digitalis (foxglove) extracts as well as those obtained from other plant and animal sources.

cardialgia cardialgia (kar-de-al´je-a)

1. Obsolete term for pyrosis. 2. cardiodynia [cardi- + G. algos, pain]

cardiataxia cardiataxia (kar´de-a-tak´se-a)

Extreme irregularity in the action of the heart. [cardi- + G. ataxia, disorder]

cardiatelia cardiatelia (kar´de-a-te´le-a)

Incomplete development of the heart. [cardi- + G. ateles, incomplete]

cardiectasia cardiectasia (kar´de-ek-ta´ze-a)

Dilation of the heart. [cardi- + G. ektasis, a stretching]

cardiectomy cardiectomy (kar-de-ek´to-me)

Excision of the cardiac part of the stomach. [cardi-(2) + G. ektome, excision]

cardiectopia cardiectopia (kar-de-ek-to´pe-a)

Abnormal placement of the heart. See ectopia cordis. [cardi- + G. ektopos, out of place]

cardinal cardinal (kar´di-nal)

Chief or principal;in embryology, relating to the main venous drainage. [L. cardinalis, principal]

carding carding

The procedure of placing individual sets of anterior or posterior teeth in trays lined with a wax strip.

cardio- cardio- , cardi-

1. The heart. 2. The cardia (ostium cardiacum). [G. kardia, heart]

cardioaccelerator cardioaccelerator (kar´de-o-ak-sel´er-a-ter)

Accelerator of the heart beat.

cardioactive cardioactive (kar´de-o-ak´tiv)

Influencing the heart.

cardioangiography cardioangiography (kar´de-o-an-je-og´ra-fe)

angiocardiography

cardioaortic cardioaortic (kar´de-o-a-or´tik)

Relating to the heart and the aorta.

cardioarterial cardioarterial (kar´de-o-ar-ter´e-al)

Relating to the heart and the arteries.

Cardiobacterium Cardiobacterium

A genus of nonmotile, pleomorphic, gram negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria found in the nasal flora and associated with endocarditis in humans. The type species is C. hominis.
C. hom´inis a species that causes endocarditis in humans. The type species of Cardiobacterium. See HACEK group.

cardiocele cardiocele (kar´de-o-sel)

A herniation or protrusion of the heart through an opening in the diaphragm, or through a wound. [cardio- + G. kele, hernia]

cardiochalasia cardiochalasia (kar´de-o-ka-la´ze-a)

Achalasia of the cardia.

cardiodiosis cardiodiosis (kar´de-o-de-o´sis)

Rarely used term for maneuver to dilate the gastric cardia. [cardio- (2) + G. diosis, a spreading open]

cardiodynamics cardiodynamics (kar´de-o-dI-nam´iks)

The mechanics of the heart's action, including its movement and the forces generated thereby.

cardiodynia cardiodynia (kar´de-o-din´e-a)

Pain in the heart.cardialgia (2); [cardio- + G. odyne, pain]

cardioesophageal cardioesophageal (kar´de-o-e-sof-a-je´al)

Denoting the area at the junction of the esophagus and cardiac part of the stomach.

cardiogenesis cardiogenesis (kar-de-o-gen´e-sis)

Formation of the heart in the embryo. [cardio + G. genesis, origin]

cardiogenic cardiogenic (kar´de-o-jen´ik)

Of cardiac origin.

cardiogram cardiogram (kar´de-o-gram)

1. The graphic tracing made by the stylet of a cardiograph. 2. Generally used for any recording derived from the heart, with such prefixes as apex-, echo-, electro-, phono-, or vector- being understood. [cardio- + G. gramma, a diagram]
esophageal c. tracing of left atrial contractions made by recording displacements of the column of air in a sensor-equipped esophageal tube.

cardiograph cardiograph (kar´de-o-graf)

An instrument for recording graphically the movements of the heart, constructed on the principle of the sphygmograph. [cardio- + G. grapho, to write]

cardiography cardiography (kar-de-og´ra-fe)

The use of the cardiograph.
ultrasonic c. echocardiography
ultrasound c. echocardiography
vector c. the integration of scalar electrocardiographic recordings on two or three planes to produce a vector cardiogram consisting of loops divided by a timing mechanism for all the waves of the electrocardiogram.

cardiohemothrombus cardiohemothrombus (kar´de-o-he-mo-throm´bus)

cardiothrombus

cardiohepatic cardiohepatic (kar´de-o-he-pat´ik)

Relating to the heart and the liver.

cardiohepatomegaly cardiohepatomegaly (kar´de-o-hep´a-to-meg´a-le)

Enlargement of both heart and liver.

cardioid cardioid (kar´de-oyd)

Resembling a heart. [cardi- + G. eidos, resemblance]

cardioinhibitory cardioinhibitory (kar´de-o-in-hib´I-to-re)

Arresting or slowing the action of the heart.

cardiokinetic cardiokinetic (kar´de-o-kI-net´ik)

Influencing the action of the heart. [cardio- + G. kinesis, movement]

cardiokymogram cardiokymogram (kar´de-o-kI´mo-gram)

Record made by a cardiokymograph.

cardiokymograph cardiokymograph (kar´de-o-kI´mo-graf)

Noninvasive device, placed on the chest, capable of recording anterior left ventricle segmental wall motion; consists of a 5-cm diameter capacitive plate transducer as part of a high frequency, low-power oscillator with recording probe; changes in wall motion affect the magnetic field and thus the oscillatory frequency which is then recorded on a multichannel analog waveform polygraph.

cardiokymography cardiokymography (kar´de-o-kI-mog´ra-fe)

Use of a cardiokymograph.

cardiolipin cardiolipin (kar´de-o-lip´in)

a 1,3-bis(phosphatidyl)glycerol found in many biomembranes with immunological properties;used in serological diagnosis of syphilis. When mixed with lecithin and cholesterol c. will combine with the Wassermann antibody but not with the treponema-immobilizing antibody.acetone-insoluble antigen, heart antigen;

cardiologist cardiologist (kar-de-ol´o-jist)

Physician specializing in cardiology.

cardiology cardiology (kar-de-ol´o-je)

The medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease. [cardio- + G. logos, study]

cardiolysis cardiolysis (kar-de-ol´i-sis)

An obsolete operation for breaking up the adhesions in chronic mediastinopericarditis; access is gained by resection of a portion of the sternum and the corresponding costal cartilages. [cardio- + G. lysis, loosening]

cardiomalacia cardiomalacia (kar´de-o-ma-la´she-a)

Softening of the walls of the heart. [cardio- + G. malakia, softness]

cardiomegaly cardiomegaly (kar-de-o-meg´a-le)

Enlargement of the heart.macrocardia, megacardia, megalocardia; [cardio- + G. megas, large]
glycogen c. a form of glycogenosis due to abnormal storage of glycogen within the heart muscle cells.
glycogenic c. enlargement of the heart due to glycogen storage disease; most often occurs in type II (lysosomal acid glucosidase deficiency), especially in infancy and childhood.

cardiometry cardiometry (kar-de-om´e-tre)

Measurement of the dimensions of the heart or the force of its action. [cardio- + G. metron, measure]

cardiomotility cardiomotility (kar´de-o-mo-til´I-te)

Movements of the heart.

cardiomuscular cardiomuscular (kar´de-o-mus´kyu-lar)

Pertaining to the cardiac musculature.

cardiomyoliposis cardiomyoliposis (kar´de-o-mI´o-li-po´sis)

Fatty degeneration of the myocardium. [cardio- + G. mys, muscle, + lipos, fat, + -osis, condition]

cardiomyopathy cardiomyopathy (kar´de-o-mI-op´a-the)

Disease of the myocardium. As a disease classification, the term is used in several different senses, but is limited by the World Health Organization to: "Primary disease process of heart muscle in absence of a known underlying etiology" when referring to idiopathic cardiomyopathy.myocardiopathy; [cardio- + G. mys, muscle, + pathos, disease]
alcoholic c. myocardial disease occurring in some chronic alcoholics; may result either from thiamin deficiency or be of unknown pathogenesis.alcoholic myocardiopathy, beer heart;
congestive c. heart muscle disease of unknown or known origin involving cardiac muscle and not primarily involving any other structures, with systemic and pulmonary congestion through increased pressure and volume in the venous systems.
dilated c. decreased function of the left ventricle associated with its dilatation; most patients have global hypokinesia, although discrete regional wall movement abnormalities may occur; usually manifested by signs of overall cardiac failure, with congestive findings, as well as by fatigue indicative of a low output state.
familial hypertrophic c. familial occurrence of hypertrophic c. exhibiting an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Familial c. of various kinds occurs with autosomal dominant inheritance [MIM*115200]. There is also an asymmetrical form affecting the ventricles and the interventricular septum [MIM*192600].
hypertrophic c. thickening of the ventricular septum and walls of the left ventricle with marked myofibril disarray; often associated with greater thickening of the septum than of the free wall resulting in narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract and dynamic outflow gradient; diastolic compliance is greatly impaired.
idiopathic c. primary c. (1)
peripartum c. cardiac failure due to heart muscle disease in the period before, during, or after delivery.
postpartum c. cardiomegaly and congestive heart failure developing in the puerperium in the absence of any of the known causes of heart disease.
primary c. 1. c. of unknown or obscure cause;idiopathic c; 2. a disease that affects mainly the heart muscle, sparing other cardiac structures and usually resulting in fibrosis, hypertrophy, or both.
restrictive c. a diverse group of conditions characterized by restriction of diastolic filling; often confused with constrictive pericarditis and the infiltrative cardiomyopathies; left ventricular size and systolic function may be preserved but dyspnea results primarily from increase in left ventricular diastolic pressure; signs of right ventricular failure may be prominent.
secondary c. disease that affects the myocardium secondarily to systemic disease, infection, or metabolic disease.

cardiomyoplasty cardiomyoplasty

an operation that uses stimulated latissimus dorsi muscle to assist cardiac function. The latissimus dorsi muscle is mobilized from the chest wall and moved into the thorax through the bed of the resected 2nd or 3rd rib. The muscle is then wrapped around the left and right ventricles and stimulated to contract during cardiac systole by means of an implanted burst-stimulator.cardiac muscle wrap;

cardiomyotomy cardiomyotomy (kar´de-o-mI-ot´o-me)

esophagomyotomy [cardio- (2) + G. mys, muscle, + tome, cutting]

cardionatrin cardionatrin

atrial natriuretic peptide [cardio- + Mod. L. natrium, sodium, + suffix -in, material]

cardionecrosis cardionecrosis (kar´de-o-ne-kro´sis)

Necrosis of the myocardium.

cardionector cardionector (kar´de-o-nek´tor, -tor)

Archaic term sometimes used for conducting system of heart. [cardio- + L. necto, to join]

cardionephric cardionephric (kar´de-o-nef´rik)

cardiorenal

cardioneural cardioneural (kar´de-o-nur´al)

Relating to the nervous control of the heart. [cardio- + G. neuron, nerve]

cardioneurosis cardioneurosis (kar´de-o-nu-ro´sis)

cardiac neurosis

cardio-omentopexy cardio-omentopexy (kar´de-o-o-men´to-pek-se)

Operation for the attachment of omentum to the heart with the object of improving its blood supply. [cardio- + omentum, + G. pexis, fixation]

cardiopaludism cardiopaludism (kar´de-o-pal´u-dizm)

Irregularity in the heart's action due to malaria. [cardio- + paludism, malaria, fr. L. palus, marsh]

cardiopath cardiopath (kar´de-o-path)

A sufferer from heart disease.

cardiopathia nigra cardiopathia nigra (kar-de-o-path´e-a nI´gra)

Ayerza's syndrome

cardiopathy cardiopathy (kar-de-op´a-the)

Any disease of the heart. [cardio- + G. pathos, disease]

cardiopericardiopexy cardiopericardiopexy (kar´de-o-par-i-kar´de-o-pek-se)

An operation to increase the blood supply to the myocardium; sterile magnesium silicate (a form of talc) is spread within the pericardial sac or the sac is mechanically abraded to cause an adhesive pericarditis and an increase in blood supply to develop through the stimulation of interarterial coronary anastomoses and pericardial collaterals. [cardio- + pericardium, + G. pexis, fixation]

cardiophobia cardiophobia (kar´de-o-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of heart disease.

cardiophone cardiophone (kar´de-o-fon)

A stethoscope specially modified to aid in listening to the sounds of the heart. [cardio- + G. phone, sound]

cardiophony cardiophony (kar´de-of´o-ne)

A rarely used term for phonocardiography (1).

cardiophrenia cardiophrenia (kar´de-o-fre´ne-a)

phrenocardia

cardioplasty cardioplasty (kar´de-o-plas-te)

An operation on the cardia of the stomach.esophagogastroplasty; [cardio- (2) + G. plastos, formed]

cardioplegia cardioplegia (kar´de-o-ple´je-a)

1. Paralysis of the heart. 2. An elective stopping of cardiac activity temporarily by injection of chemicals, selective hypothermia, or electrical stimuli. [cardio- + G. plege, stroke]
antegrade c. c. effected by delivery of solutions through the coronary arteries.
retrograde c. c. effected by delivery of solutions via the coronary veins.

cardioplegic cardioplegic (kar-de-o-ple´jik)

Relating to cardioplegia.

cardioptosia cardioptosia (kar´de-op-to´se-a)

A condition in which the heart is unduly movable and displaced downward, as distinguished from bathycardia. See also cor mobile, cor pendulum.drop heart; [cardio- + G. ptosis, a falling]

cardiopulmonary cardiopulmonary (kar´de-o-pul´mo-nar-e)

Relating to the heart and lungs.pneumocardial;

cardiopyloric cardiopyloric (kar´de-o-pI-lor´ik, -pi-lor´ik)

Relating to the cardiac and pyloric extremities of the stomach.

cardiorenal cardiorenal (kar´de-o-re´nal)

Relating to the heart and the kidney.cardionephric, nephrocardiac, renicardiac;

cardiorrhaphy cardiorrhaphy (kar-de-or´a-fe)

Suture of the heart wall. [cardio- + G. rhaphe, suture]

cardiorrhexis cardiorrhexis (kar-de-o-rek´sis)

Rupture of the heart wall. [cardio- + G. rhexis, rupture]

cardioscope cardioscope (kar´de-o-skop)

An instrument for inspecting the interior of the living heart. [cardio- + G. skopeo, to view]

cardioselective cardioselective (kar´de-o-se-lek´tiv)

Denoting or having the properties of cardioselectivity.

cardioselectivity cardioselectivity (kar´de-o-se-lek-tiv´i-te)

The relatively predominant cardiovascular pharmacologic effect of a drug with multipharmacologic effects; used especially when describing beta-blocking agents.

cardiospasm cardiospasm (kar´de-o-spazm)

esophageal achalasia

cardiosphygmograph cardiosphygmograph (kar´de-o-sfig´mo-graf)

An instrument for recording graphically the movements of the heart and the radial pulse. [cardio- + G. sphygmos, pulse, + grapho, to write]

cardiotachometer cardiotachometer (kar´de-o-ta-kom´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the heart rate. [cardio- + G. tachos, rapidity, + metron, measure]

cardiothrombus cardiothrombus (kar´de-o-throm´bus)

A clot of blood within one of the heart's chambers.cardiohemothrombus;

cardiothyrotoxicosis cardiothyrotoxicosis (kar´de-o-thI-ro-tok-si-ko´sis)

Hyperthyroidism with cardiac complications.

cardiotomy cardiotomy (kar-de-ot´o-me)

1. Incision of a heart wall. 2. Incision of the cardiac part of the stomach. [cardio- + G. tome, incision]

cardiotonic cardiotonic (kar´de-o-ton´ik)

Exerting a favorable, so-called tonic, effect upon the action of the heart; usually intended to indicate increased force of contraction. [cardio- + G. tonos, tension]

cardiotoxic cardiotoxic (kar´de-o-tok´sik)

Having a deleterious effect upon the action of the heart, due to poisoning of the cardiac muscle or of its conducting system. [cardio- + G. toxikon, poison]

cardiotoxin cardiotoxin (kar´de-o-tok´sin)

1. A poisonous glycoside with specific cardiac effects. For example, causes irreversible depolarization of cell membranes. 2. Specifically, one of the toxic principles from cobra venom. 3. Any substance that can cause heart damage with toxic doses.

cardiovalvulitis cardiovalvulitis (kar´de-o-val-vyu-lI´tis)

Inflammation of the heart valves.

cardiovascular (CV) cardiovascular (CV) (kar´de-o-vas´kyu-lar)

Relating to the heart and the blood vessels or the circulation.vasculocardiac; [cardio- + L. vasculum, vessel]

cardiovasculorenal cardiovasculorenal (kar´de-o-vas´kyu-lo-re´nal)

Relating to the heart, arteries, and kidneys, especially as to function or disease.

cardioversion cardioversion (kar´de-o-ver´zhun)

Restoration of the heart's rhythm to normal by electrical countershock. [cardio- + conversion]

cardiovert cardiovert (car´de-o-vert)

The act of cardioversion.

cardioverter cardioverter (kar´de-o-ver´ter)

A machine used to perform cardioversion.

Cardiovirus Cardiovirus (kar´de-o-vI-rus)

A genus of RNA viruses in the family Picornaviridae that are rarely associated with human disease and are recovered frequently from rodents.

carditis carditis (kar-dI´tis)

Inflammation of the heart.
rheumatic c. pancarditis occurring in rheumatic fever, characterized by formation of Aschoff bodies in the cardiac interstitial tissue; may be associated with acute cardiac failure, endocarditis with small fibrin vegetations on the margins of closure of valve cusps (especially the mitral), and fibrinous pericarditis; it is frequently followed by scarring of the valves.

care care (kar)

In medicine and public health, a general term for the application of knowledge to the benefit of a community or individual.
comprehensive medical c. a concept that includes not only the traditional c. of the acutely or chronically ill patient, but also the prevention and early detection of disease and the rehabilitation of the disabled.
health c. services provided to individuals or communities by agents of the health services or professions for the purpose of promoting, maintaining, monitoring, or restoring health.
intensive c. management and c. of critically ill patients. See also intensive care unit.
managed c. an arrangement whereby a third-party payer (e.g., insurance company, federal government, or corporation) mediates between physicians and patients, negotiating fees for service and overseeing the types of treatment given.Managed care has virtually replaced unmanaged indemnity plans, where payment is automatic and oversight procedures are minimal. Whereas 96% of American workers had unmanaged indemnity in 1984, only 28% did in 1988. Typically, in managed care, the third-party payer requires second opinions and precertification review for patients requiring hospital admission. They obtain wholesale prices from doctors, and carry out cost-containment measures, including auditing hospitals and reviewing claims. Managed care has figured heavily in the national debate over health care.
medical c. the portion of c. under a physician's direction.
primary medical c. c. of a patient by a member of the health c. system who has initial contact with the patient.
secondary medical c. medical c. by a physician who acts as a consultant at the request of the primary physician.
tertiary medical c. specialized consultative c., usually on referral from primary or secondary medical c. personnel, by specialists working in a center that has personnel and facilities for special investigation and treatment.

Carey Coombs murmur Carey Coombs murmur

See under murmur.

caribi caribi (ka-re´be)

epidemic gangrenous proctitis

carica carica (kar´i-ka)

papaya

caries caries (kar´ez)

1. Microbial destruction or necrosis of teeth. 2. Obsolete term for tuberculosis of bones or joints. [L. dry rot]
active c. microbial-induced lesions of teeth that are increasing in size.
arrested dental c. carious lesions that have become inactive and stopped progressing; they may exhibit changes in color and/or consistency.
buccal c. c. beginning with decay on the buccal surface of a tooth.
cemental c. c. of the cementum of a tooth.
compound c. 1. c. involving more than one surface of a tooth; 2. two or more carious lesions joined to form one cavity.
dental c. a localized, progressively destructive disease of the teeth which starts at the external surface (usually the enamel) with the apparent dissolution of the inorganic components by organic acids that are produced in immediate proximity to the tooth by the enzymatic action of masses of microorganisms (in the bacterial plaque) on carbohydrates; the initial demineralization is followed by an enzymatic destruction of the protein matrix with subsequent cavitation and direct bacterial invasion; in the dentin, demineralization of the walls of the tubules is followed by bacterial invasion and destruction of the organic matrix.saprodontia;
distal c. loss of structure on the tooth surface that is directed away from the median plane of the dental arch.
fissure c. c. beginning in a fissure on the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth.
incipient c. beginning c. or decay.
interdental c. c. between the teeth.
mesial c. c. on the tooth surface that is directed toward the median plane of the dental arch.
nursing bottle c. rampant c. of the primary dentition associated with the habitual use, after age 1, of a baby bottle as an aid for sleeping.baby bottle syndrome;
occlusal c. c. starting from the occlusal surface of a tooth.
pit c. a carious lesion, usually small, beginning in a pit on the labial, buccal, lingual, or occlusal surface of a tooth.
pit and fissure c. c. initiated in the areas where developmental pits and fissures are located on the tooth surface.
primary c. initial lesions produced by direct extension from an external surface.
proximal c. c. occurring in the proximal surface, either distal or mesial, of a tooth.
radiation c. c. of the cervical regions of the teeth, incisal edges, and cusp tips secondary to xerostomia induced by radiation therapy to the head and neck.
recurrent c. c. recurring in an area due to inadequate removal of the initial decay, usually beneath a restoration or new decay at a site where caries has previously occurred.
root c. c. of the root surface of a tooth, usually appearing as a broad shallow defect in the area of the cemento-enamel junction.
secondary c. c. of enamel beginning at the dento-enamel junction due to a rapid lateral spread of decay from the original decay.
senile dental c. c. occurring in old age, usually interproximally and in the cementum.
smooth surface c. c. initiated on the smooth surfaces of teeth.

carina carina , pl. carinae (ka-rI´na, -rI´ne)

1. In man, a term applied or applicable to several anatomical structures forming a projecting central ridge. 2. That portion of the sternum in a bird, bat, or mole that serves as the origin of the pectoral muscles; it is not found in flightless birds and most mammals. [L. the keel of a boat]
c. for´nicis a ridge running along the undersurface of the fornix of the brain.
c. of trachea the ridge separating the openings of the right and left main bronchi at their junction with the trachea.c. tracheae [NA];
c. tra´cheae [NA] c. of trachea
c. urethra´lis vagi´nae [NA] urethral c. of vagina
urethral c. of vagina the lower part of the anterior column of the vagina, in relation with the urethra.c. urethralis vaginae [NA] , c. vaginae;
c. vagi´nae urethral c. of vagina

carinate carinate (kar´i-nat)

Shaped like a keel; relating to or resembling a carina.

cario- cario-

Caries. [L. caries]

cariogenesis cariogenesis (ka´re-o-jen´e-sis)

The process of producing caries; the mechanism of caries production.

cariogenic cariogenic (ka´re-o-jen´ik)

Producing caries; usually said of diets.

cariogenicity cariogenicity (ka´re-o-je-nis´i-te)

Potential for caries production.

cariology cariology (ka-re-ol´o-je)

The study of dental caries and cariogenesis.

cariostatic cariostatic (kar-e-o-stat´ik)

Exerting an inhibitory action upon the progress of dental caries.

carious carious (kar´e-us)

Relating to or affected with caries.

carisoprodate carisoprodate (kar´i-so-pro´dat)

carisoprodol

carisoprodol carisoprodol (kar´i-so-pro´dol)

isobamate; isopropyl meprobamate N-isopropyl-2-methyl-2-propyl-1,2-propanediol dicarbamate;a skeletal muscle relaxant, chemically related to meprobamate.carisoprodate;

carissin carissin (ka-ris´sin)

A glucoside obtained from Carissa ovata stolonifera of Australia; a powerful cardiac poison.

Carlen Carlen

Eric, 20th century Swedish otolaryngologist. See Carlen's tube.

Carlen's tube Carlen's tube

See under tube.

carmalum carmalum (kar-mal´um)

A 1% solution of carmine in 10% alum water, used as a stain in histology.

Carman Carman

Russell D., U.S. radiologist, 1875-1926. See Carman's sign.

carminate carminate (kar´mi-nat)

A red salt of carminic acid.

carminative carminative (kar-min´a-tiv)

1. Preventing the formation or causing the expulsion of flatus. 2. An agent that relieves flatulence. [L. carmino, pp. -atus, to card wool; special Mod. L. usage, to expel wind]

carmine carmine (kar´min, kar´men) [C.I. 75470]

Red coloring matter produced from coccinellin derived from cochineal; treatment of coccinellin with alum forms an aluminum lake of carminic acid, the essential constituent of c. [Mediev. L. carminus, contr. fr. carmisinus, fr. Ar. qirmize, the cochineal insect]
lithium c. a vital stain for marophages.
Schneider's c. a stain consisting of a 10% solution of c. in 45% acetic acid, used for fresh chromosome preparations.

carminic acid carminic acid (kar-min´ik)

A glucoside of an anthracenequinone carboxylic acid; the essential constituent of carmine.

carminophil carminophil , carminophile , carminophilous (kar-min´o-fil, -fIl, kar-mi-nof´i-lus)

Staining readily with carmine dyes. [G. phileo, to love]

Carmody Carmody

Thomas Edward, U.S. oral surgeon, *1875. See C.-Batson operation.

carmustine carmustine (kar-mus´ten)

1,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea;an antineoplastic agent.BCNU;

carnassial carnassial (kar-nas´e-al)

Adapted for shearing flesh; denoting those teeth designed to cut flesh. [Fr. carnassier, carnivorous, fr. L. caro, flesh]

carneous carneous (kar´ne-us)

Fleshy. [L. carneus]

carnes carnes (kar´nez)

Plural of caro. [L.]

Carnett Carnett

J. B., 20th century U.S. physician. See Carnett's sign.

Carnett's sign Carnett's sign

See under sign.

carnification carnification (kar´ni-fi-ka´shun)

A change in tissues, whereby they become fleshy, resembling muscular tissue. [L. caro (carn-), flesh, + facio, to make]

carnitine carnitine (kar´ni-ten)

l-3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylammonium)butyrate;a trimethylammonium (betaine) derivative of gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, formed from N^epsi,N^epsi,N^epsi-trimethyllysine and from gamma-butyrobetaine; the l-isomer is a thyroid inhibitor found in muscle, liver, and meat extracts; l-c. is an acyl carrier with respect to the mitochondrial membrane; it thus stimulates fatty acid oxidation.B_T factor, vitamin B_T; [L. caro carn-, flesh + ine]
c. acetyltransferase an enzyme found in mitochondria that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to c., forming O-acetylcarnitine and coenzyme A. Acetylcarnitine is an important fuel source in sperm.
c. acylcarnitine translocase a transport protein found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Transports acylcarnitine derivatives into the mitochondria and transports c. out of the mitochondria. An important step in fatty acid oxidation.
c. palmitoyltransferase 1. an enzyme that reversibly forms acylcarnitines and coenzyme A from carnitine and acylcoenzyme A (often, palmitoyl-CoA); important in fatty acid oxidation. Deficiency of isozyme I results in ketogenesis with hypoglycemia; deficiency of isozyme II affects primarily skeletal muscle.

Carnivora Carnivora (kar-niv´o-ra)

An order of chiefly flesh-eating mammals that includes the cats, dogs, bears, civets, minks, and hyenas, as well as the raccoon and panda; some species are omnivorous or herbivorous. [L. carnivorus, fr. caro (carn-), flesh, + voro, to devour]

carnivore carnivore (kar´ni-vor)

One of the Carnivora.

carnivorous carnivorous (kar-niv´o-rus)

Flesh-eating; subsisting on animals as food.zoophagous;

carnosinase carnosinase (kar´no-si-nas)

Mammalian enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of carnosine, producing histidine and beta-alanine; a deficiency of the serum enzyme leads to elevated carnosine levels.

carnosine carnosine (kar´no-sen)

N-beta-alanyl-l-histidine;the dominant nonprotein nitrogenous component of brain tissue, first found in relatively high amounts in muscle; chelates copper and activates myosin ATPase.ignotine, inhibitine; [L. carnosus, fleshy, fr. caro, flesh, + -ia]

carnosinemia carnosinemia (kar´no-si-ne´me-a)

An autosomal recessive congenital disease, characterized by the presence of excess amounts of carnosine in the blood and urine and caused by a genetic deficiency of the enzyme carnosinase. Clinically characterized by progressive neurological damage, severe mental retardation, and myoclonic seizures. [carnosine + G. haima, blood + -ia]

carnosity carnosity (kar-nos´i-te)

1. Fleshiness. 2. A fleshy protuberance.

Carnoy Carnoy

Jean Baptiste, French biologist, 1836-1899. See C.'s fixative.

caro caro , gen. carnis , pl. carnes (ka´ro, kar´nis, -nes)

The fleshy parts of the body; muscular and fatty tissues. [L.]
c. quadra´ta syl´vii quadratus plantae muscle

carob flour carob flour (kar´ob)

algaroba

Caroli Caroli

J., 20th century French physician. See C.'s disease.

carotenase carotenase (kar´-o-ten-as)

beta-carotene 15,15´-dioxygenase

carotene carotene (kar´o-ten)

A class of carotenoids, yellow-red pigments (lipochromes) widely distributed in plants and animals, notably in carrots, and closely related in structure to the xanthophylls and lycopenes and to the open-chain squalene; of particular interest in that they include precursors of the vitamins A (provitamin A carotenoids). Chemically, they consist of 8 isoprene units in a symmetrical chain with the 2 isoprenes at each end cyclized, forming either a-carotene or beta-carotene (gamma-carotene has only one end cyclized). The cyclic ends of beta-carotene are identical beta-ionine-like structures; thus, on oxidative fission, beta-carotene yields 2 molecules of vitamin A. The cyclic ends of a-carotene differ: one is an a-ionone, the other a beta-ionone; on fission, a-carotene, like gamma-carotene, yields 1 molecule of vitamin A (a beta-ionone derivative).carotin;
c. oxidase lipoxygenase

beta-carotene 15,15´-dioxygenase beta-carotene 15,15´-dioxygenase

An enzyme catalyzing the reaction of beta-carotene plus O₂ producing two retinals.beta-carotene cleavage enzyme, carotenase, carotinase;

carotenemia carotenemia (kar´o-te-ne´me-a)

Carotene in the blood, especially pertaining to increased quantities, which sometimes cause a pale yellow-red pigmentation of the skin that may resemble icterus.carotinemia, xanthemia;

carotenoderma carotenoderma (ca-rot´en-o-der-ma)

carotenosis cutis [carotene + G. derma, skin]

carotenoid carotenoid (ka-rot´e-noyd)

1. Resembling carotene; having a yellow color. 2. One of the carotenoids.carotinoid;

carotenoids carotenoids (ka-rot´e-noydz)

Generic term for a class of carotenes and their oxygenated derivatives (xanthophylls) consisting of 8 isoprenoid units joined so that the orientation of these units is reversed at the center, placing the two central methyl groups in a 1,6 relationship in contrast to the 1,5 of the others. All c. may be formally derived from the acyclic C₄₀H₅₆ structure (part IA, known as lycopene, of the accompanying group of structures) with its long central chain of conjugated double bonds by hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, oxidation, cyclization, or combinations of these. Included as c.'s are some compounds arising from certain rearrangements or degradations of the carbon skeleton (structure IB), but not retinol and related C₂₀ compounds. The nine-carbon end-groups may be acyclic with 1,2 and 5,6 double bonds (as in structure IA) or cyclohexanes with a single double bond at 5,6 or 5,4, or cyclopentanes or aryl groups; these are now designated by Greek letter prefixes (illustrated in part II of the accompanying group of structures) preceding "carotene" (a and delta, which are used in the trivial names a-carotene and delta-carotene, are not used for that reason). Suffixes (-oic acid, -oate, -al, -one, -ol) indicate certain oxygen-containing groups (acid, ester, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol); all other substitutions appear as prefixes (alkoxy-, epoxy-, hydro-, etc.). The configuration about all double bonds is trans unless cis and locant numbers appear. The prefix retro- is used to indicate a shift of one position of all single and double bonds; apo- indicates shortening of the molecule. Many c.'s have anticancer activities.

carotenoprotein carotenoprotein (ka-rot´en-o-pro-ten)

A protein with a covalently-bound carotenoid.

carotenosis cutis carotenosis cutis (kar-o-te-no´sis kyu´tis)

A harmless reversible yellow coloration of the skin caused by an increase in carotene content.carotenoderma, carotinosis cutis;

carotic carotic (ka-rot´ik)

stuporous [G. karotikos, stupefying]

caroticotympanic caroticotympanic (ka-rot´i-ko-tim-pan´ik)

Relating to the carotid canal and the tympanum.

carotid carotid (ka-rot´id)

Pertaining to any c. structure. [G. karotides, the carotid arteries, fr. karoo, to put to sleep (because compression of the c. artery results in unconsciousness)]

carotidynia carotidynia (ka-rot´i-din´e-a)

carotodynia

carotin carotin (kar´o-tin)

carotene

carotinase carotinase (kar´o-ti-nas)

beta-carotene 15,15´-dioxygenase

carotinemia carotinemia (kar´o-ti-ne´me-a)

carotenemia

carotinoid carotinoid (ka-rot´i-noyd)

carotenoid

carotinosis cutis carotinosis cutis (ka-rot-i-no´sis kyu´tis)

carotenosis cutis

carotodynia carotodynia (ka-rot´o-din´e-a)

Pain caused by pressure on the carotid artery.carotidynia; [G. odyne, pain]

carpal carpal (kar´pal)

Relating to the carpus.

carpectomy carpectomy (kar-pek´to-me)

Excision of a portion or all of the carpus. [G. karpos, wrist, + ektome, excision]

Carpenter Carpenter

Charles J., U.S. immunologist, *1931. See C.'s syndrome.

Carpenter Carpenter

George Alfred, British physician, 1859-1910. See C.'s syndrome.

Carpentier-Edwards valve Carpentier-Edwards valve

See under valve.

carphenazine maleate carphenazine maleate (kar-fen´a-zen)

1{10-(3-[4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]propyl)phenothia zine-2-yl}-1-propanone bis(hydrogen maleate);a phenothiazine tranquilizer of the piperazine group. Functionally classified as an antipsychotic agent, it is used in the treatment of chronic and acute schizophrenia; also possesses antiemetic, adrenolytic, anticholinergic, and dopamine-blocking actions.

carphologia carphologia , carphology (kar-fo-lo´je-a, -fol´o-je)

floccillation [G. karphologein]

carpitis carpitis (kar-pI´tis)

Carpal arthritis in the horse and other animals.

carpocarpal carpocarpal (kar-po-kar´pal)

midcarpal (2)

Carpoglyptus Carpoglyptus (kar-po-glip´tus)

A genus of mites including C. passularum, the fruit mite, which causes a dermatitis among handlers of dried fruit. [G. karpos, fruit, + glypho, , to carve]

carpometacarpal carpometacarpal (kar´po-met-a-kar´pal)

Relating to both carpus and metacarpus.

carpopedal carpopedal (kar´po-ped´al)

Relating to the wrist and the foot, or the hands and feet; denoting especially c. spasm. [G. karpos, wrist, + L. pes (ped-), foot]

carpoptosis carpoptosis , carpoptosia (kar-pop-to´sis, -to´ze-a)

wrist-drop [G. karpos, wrist, + ptosis, a falling]

Carpue Carpue

Joseph, British surgeon, 1764-1846. See C.'s method.

carpus carpus , gen and pl. carpi (kar´pus, kar´pI) [NA]

1. wrist 2. carpal bones, under bone [Mod. L. fr. Gr. karpos]
c. cur´vus Madelung's deformity

Carr Carr

Francis H., British chemist, *1874. See C.-Price reaction.

carrageen carrageen , carragheen (kar´a-jen, -gen)

1. chondrus (2) 2. carrageenan

carrageenan carrageenan , carrageenin (kar-a-ge´nan, -nin)

A polysaccharide vegetable gum obtained from Irish moss; a galactosan sulfate resembling agar in molecular structure.carrageen (2) , carragheen; [Carragheen, Irish village]

carre-four sensitif carre-four sensitif (kar-fur´son-se-tef´)

A term given by Charcot to the posterior portion of the caudal limb of the internal capsule. [Fr. sensory crossroads]

Carrel Carrel

Alexis, French-U.S. surgeon and Nobel laureate, 1873-1944. See C.'s treatment; C.-Lindbergh pump; Dakin-C. treatment.

carrier carrier (ka´re-er)

1. A person or animal that harbors a specific infectious agent in the absence of discernible clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection. 2. Any chemical capable of accepting an atom, radical, or subatomic particle from one compound, then passing it to another; e.g., cytochromes are electron c.'s; homocysteine is a methyl c. 3. A substance which, by having chemical properties closely related to or indistinguishable from those of a radioactive tracer, is thus able to carry the tracer through a precipitation or similar chemical procedure; the best c.'s are the nonradioactive isotopes of the tracer in question. See also label, tracer. 4. A large immunogen which when coupled to a hapten will facilitate an immune response to the hapten.
amalgam c. an instrument used to transport triturated amalgam to a cavity preparation and to deposit it therein.
convalescent c. an individual who is clinically recovered from an infectious disease but is still capable of transmitting the infectious agent to others.
genetic c. 1. an unaffected heterozygote bearing a usually harmful recessive gene; 2. a c. that bears a dominant but latent age-dependent trait to have offspring with unbalanced karyotypes.
hydrogen c. a molecule that, in conjunction with a tissue enzyme system, carries hydrogen from one metabolite (oxidant) to another (reductant) or to molecular oxygen to form H₂O.hydrogen acceptor;
incubatory c. an individual capable of transmitting an infectious agent to others during the incubation period of the disease.
latent c. a person, typically a prospective parent, bearing the appropriate genotype of a trait (homozygous for recessive, homozygous or heterozygous for dominant, hemizygous or homozygous for X-linked) that manifests the trait only under certain conditions, e.g., age, an environmental insult, etc.
manifesting c. manifesting heterozygote
translocation c. a person with balanced translocation.

carrier-free carrier-free

A substance in which a radioactive or other tagged atom is found in every molecule; the highest possible specific activity.

Carrión Carrión

Daniel A., Peruvian medical student, 1859-1885, who inoculated himself with a disease later designated as Carrión's disease, and died thereof. See C.'s disease.

Carteaud Carteaud

Alexandre, French physician, *1897. See Gougerot-C. syndrome.

Carter Carter

Henry V., Anglo-Indian physician, 1831-1897. See C.'s fever, black mycetoma.

cartesian cartesian (kar-te´zhun)

Relating to Cartesius, Latinized form of Descartes.

carthamus carthamus (kar´tha-mus)

The dried florets of Carthamus tinctorius (family Compositae). See also safflower oil.safflower; [Ar. qurtum, fr. qartama, paint; the plant yields a dye]

cartilage cartilage (kar´ti-lij)

A connective tissue characterized by its nonvascularity and firm consistency; consists of cells (chondrocytes), an interstitial matrix of fibers (collagen), and a ground substance (proteoglycans). There are three kinds of c.: hyaline c., elastic c., and fibrocartilage. Nonvascular, resilient, flexible connective tissue found primarily in joints, the walls of the thorax, and tubular structures such as the larynx, air passages, and ears; comprises most of the skeleton in early fetal life, but is slowly replaced by bone.For gross anatomical description, see cartilago and its subentriescartilago [NA] , chondrus (1) , gristle; [L. cartilago (cartilagin-), gristle]
accessory c. a sesamoid c.
accessory nasal c.'s variable small plates of cartilage located in the interval between the greater alar and lateral nasal cartilages.cartilagines nasales accessoriae [NA] , sesamoid c.'s of nose;
accessory quadrate c. lesser alar c.'s
c. of acoustic meatus the cartilage that forms the wall of the lateral part of the external acoustic meatus. It is incomplete above and is firmly attached to the margins of the bony part of the external meatus.cartilago meatus acustici [NA] , meatal c;
alisphenoid c. the c. in the embryo from which the greater wing of the sphenoid bone is developed.
annular c. cricoid c
arthrodial c. articular c
articular c. the cartilage covering the articular surfaces of the bones participating in a synovial joint.cartilago articularis [NA] , arthrodial c., diarthrodial c., investing c;
arytenoid c. one of a pair of small triangular pyramidal laryngeal cartilages that articulate with the lamina of the cricoid cartilage. It gives attachment at its anteriorly-directed vocal process to the posterior part of the corresponding vocal ligament and to several muscles at its laterally-directed muscular process. The base of the cartilage is hyaline but the apex is elastic.cartilago arytenoidea [NA] , triquetrous c. (2);
c. of auditory tube cartilage of auditory tube or of pharyngotympanic tube; tubal cartilage; the trough-shaped cartilage that forms the medial wall, roof, and part of the lateral wall of the auditory tube.cartilago tubae auditivae [NA] , c. of pharyngotympanic tube, tubal c;
auricular c. the cartilage of the auricle.cartilago auriculae [NA] , c. of ear, conchal c;
basilar c. the c. filling the foramen lacerum.basilar fibrocartilage, fibrocartilago basalis;
branchial c.'s c.'s developing within the vertebrate or embryonic branchial arches; they form the cartilaginous viscerocranium.pharyngeal c.'s;
calcified c. c. in which calcium salts are deposited in the matrix; it occurs prior to replacement by osseous tissue and sometimes in aging c.
cellular c. an embryonic or immature stage of c. in which it consists chiefly of cells with very little matrix.parenchymatous c;
ciliary c. incorrect term sometimes applied to the inferior tarsus and superior tarsus. See tarsus (2).
circumferential c. 1. acetabular labrum 2. glenoid labrum
conchal c. auricular c
connecting c. the c. in a cartilaginous joint such as the symphysis pubis.interosseous c., uniting c;
corniculate c. a conical nodule of elastic cartilage surmounting the apex of each arytenoid cartilage.cartilago corniculata [NA] , corniculum laryngis, Santorini's c., supra-arytenoid c;
costal c. the cartilage forming the anterior continuation of a rib, providing the means by which it reaches and articulates with the sternum.cartilago costalis [NA] , costicartilage;
cricoid c. the lowermost of the laryngeal cartilages; it is shaped like a signet-ring, being expanded into a nearly quadrilateral plate (lamina) posteriorly; the anterior portion is called the arch (arcus).cartilago cricoidea [NA] , annular c;
cuneiform c. a small nonarticulating rod of elastic cartilage in the aryepiglottic fold anterolateral and somewhat superior to the corniculate cartilage.cartilago cuneiformis [NA] , Morgagni's c., Morgagni's tubercle, Wrisberg's c;
diarthrodial c. articular c
c. of ear auricular c
elastic c. a c. in which the cells are surrounded by a territorial capsular matrix outside of which is an interterritorial matrix containing elastic fiber networks in addition to the collagen fibers and ground substance.yellow c;
ensiform c. , ensisternum c. obsolete term for xiphoid process.
epiglottic c. a thin lamina of elastic cartilage forming the central portion of the epiglottis.cartilago epiglottica [NA];
epiphysial c. epiphysial plate
falciform c. medial meniscus
floating c. a loose piece of c. within a joint cavity, detached from the articular c. or from a meniscus.loose c;
greater alar c. one of a pair of cartilages that form the tip of the nose. It consists of a medial crus that extends into the nasal septum with its fellow of the opposite side, and a lateral crus that forms the anterior part of the wing of the nose.cartilago alaris major [NA];
Huschke's c.'s two horizontal cartilaginous rods at the edge of the cartilaginous septum of the nose.
hyaline c. c. having a frosted glass appearance, with interstitial substance containing fine type II collagen fibers obscured by the ground substance; in adult c., the cells are present in isogenous groups.
hypsiloid c. Y c
interosseous c. connecting c
intervertebral c. intervertebral disc
intra-articular c. 1. articular disc 2. articular meniscus
intrathyroid c. a narrow slip of c. sometimes found joining the laminae of the thyroid c. of the larynx in infancy.
investing c. articular c
Jacobson's c. cartilago vomeronasalis
c.'s of larynx See thyroid c., cricoid c., arytenoid c., cuneiform c., triticeal c., corniculate c., sesamoid c. of larynx, epiglottic c.cartilagines laryngis [NA];
lateral c. cartilaginous plates that extend above the hoof from the caudal angles of the distal phalanx of the horse; they are readily palpated under the skin of the sides of the hoof and assist in distributing the animal's weight during locomotion.
lateral c. of nose the cartilage located in the lateral wall of the nose above the alar cartilage.cartilago nasi lateralis [NA];
lesser alar c.'s the two to four cartilaginous plates of the wing of the nose posterior to the greater alar cartilage.cartilagines alares minores [NA] , accessory quadrate c;
loose c. floating c
Luschka's c. a small cartilaginous nodule sometimes found in the anterior portion of the vocal cord.
mandibular c. a c. bar in the mandibular arch that forms a temporary supporting structure in the embryonic mandible; the cartilagenous primordia of the malleus and incus develop from its proximal end, and it also gives rise to the sphenomandibular and anterior malleolar ligaments.Meckel's c;
meatal c. c. of acoustic meatus
Meckel's c. mandibular c
Meyer's c.'s the anterior sesamoid c.'s at the anterior attachments of the vocal ligaments.
Morgagni's c. cuneiform c
nasal septal c. a thin cartilaginous plate located between vomer, perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, and nasal bones, and completing the nasal septum anteriorly.cartilago septi nasi [NA] , c. of nasal septum, cartilaginous septum, pars cartilaginea septi nasi, quadrangular c., septal c;
c. of nasal septum nasal septal c
c.'s of nose See lateral c. of nose, greater alar c., nasal septal c., cartilago vomeronasalis, lesser alar c.'s, accessory nasal c.'s.cartilagines nasi [NA];
ossifying c. temporary c
parachordal c. c. primordia adjacent on either side to the cephalic portion of the notochord in young embryos; they represent an initial step in the formation of the chondrocranium.
paraseptal c. cartilago vomeronasalis
parenchymatous c. cellular c
periotic c. a cartilaginous mass on either side of the chondrocranium surrounding the developing auditory vesicle in the fetus; the otic capsule in its early cartilaginous stage.
permanent c. c. that is not replaced by bone.
pharyngeal c.'s branchial c.'s
c. of pharyngotympanic tube c. of auditory tube
precursory c. temporary c
primordial c. c. in an early stage in its development.
quadrangular c. nasal septal c
Reichert's c. a c. in the mesenchyme of the second branchial arch in the embryo, from which develop the stapes, the styloid processes, the stylohyoid ligaments, and the lesser cornua of the hyoid bone.
reticular c. , retiform c. rarely used terms for fibrocartilage.
Santorini's c. corniculate c
Seiler's c. a small rod of c. attached to the vocal process of the arytenoid c.
semilunar c. one of the articular menisci of the knee joint. See lateral meniscus, medial meniscus.
septal c. nasal septal c
sesamoid c. of larynx a small nodule of elastic cartilage sometimes present on the lateral border of the arytenoid cartilage.cartilago sesamoidea laryngis [NA];
sesamoid c.'s of nose accessory nasal c.'s
slipping rib c. subluxation of rib c., at the costo-chondral junction, causing pain and audible click.
sternal c. a costal c. of one of the true ribs.
supra-arytenoid c. corniculate c
tarsal c. incorrect term sometimes applied to the inferior tarsus and superior tarsus. See tarsus (2).
temporary c. a c. that is normally replaced by bone, to form a part of the skeleton.ossifying c., precursory c;
thyroid c. the largest of the cartilages of the larynx; it is formed of two approximately quadrilateral plates (laminae) joined anteriorly at an angle of from 90° to 120°, the prominence so formed constituting the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple).cartilago thyroidea [NA];
tracheal c.'s the 16 to 20 incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage forming the skeleton of the trachea; the rings are deficient posteriorly for from one-fifth to one-third of their circumference.cartilagines tracheales [NA] , tracheal ring;
triangular c. articular disc of distal radioulnar joint
triquetrous c. 1. articular disc of distal radioulnar joint 2. arytenoid c
triticeal c. a rounded nodule of cartilage, the size of a grain of wheat, occasionally present in the posterior margin of the lateral thyrohyroid ligament.cartilago triticea [NA] , corpus triticeum, triticeum;
tubal c. c. of auditory tube
uniting c. connecting c
vomerine c. , vomeronasal c. cartilago vomeronasalis
Weitbrecht's c. articular disc of acromioclavicular joint
Wrisberg's c. cuneiform c
xiphoid c. xiphoid process
Y c. , Y-shaped c. the connecting c. for the ilium, ischium, and pubis; it extends through the acetabulum.hypsiloid c;
yellow c. elastic c

cartilagines cartilagines (kar-ti-laj´i-nez)

Plural of cartilago.

cartilaginoid cartilaginoid (kar-ti-laj´i-noyd)

chondroid (1)

cartilaginous cartilaginous (kar-ti-laj´i-nus)

Relating to or consisting of cartilage.chondral;

cartilago cartilago , pl. cartilagines (kar-ti-la´go, -laj´i-nes) [NA]

cartilageFor histological description, see cartilage [L. gristle]
cartila´gines ala´res mino´res [NA] lesser alar cartilages, under cartilage
c. ala´ris ma´jor [NA] greater alar cartilage
c. articula´ris [NA] articular cartilage
c. arytenoi´dea [NA] arytenoid cartilage
c. auric´ulae [NA] auricular cartilage
c. cornicula´ta [NA] corniculate cartilage
c. costa´lis [NA] costal cartilage
c. cricoi´dea [NA] cricoid cartilage
c. cuneifor´mis [NA] cuneiform cartilage
c. epiglot´tica [NA] epiglottic cartilage
c. epiphysia´lis [NA] epiphysial plate
cartila´gines laryn´gis [NA] cartilages of larynx, under cartilage
c. mea´tus acus´tici [NA] cartilage of acoustic meatus
cartila´gines nasa´les accessor´iae [NA] accessory nasal cartilages, under cartilage
cartila´gines na´si [NA] cartilages of nose, under cartilage
c. na´si latera´lis [NA] lateral cartilage of nose
c. sep´ti na´si [NA] nasal septal cartilage
c. sesamoi´dea laryn´gis [NA] sesamoid cartilage of larynx
c. thyroid´ea [NA] thyroid cartilage
cartila´gines trachea´les [NA] tracheal cartilages, under cartilage
c. tritic´ea [NA] triticeal cartilage [L. triticum, wheat]
c. tu´bae auditi´vae [NA] cartilage of auditory tube
c. vomeronasa´lis [NA] a narrow strip of cartilage located between the lower edge of the cartilage of the nasal septum and the vomer.Jacobson's cartilage, paraseptal cartilage, vomer cartilagineus, vomerine cartilage, vomeronasal cartilage;

carubinose carubinose (ka-ru´bin-os)

Archaic word for mannose.

caruncle caruncle (kar´ung-kl)

caruncula (1)
lacrimal c. a small reddish body at the medial angle of the eye, containing modified sebaceous and sweat glands.caruncula lacrimalis [NA];
Morgagni's c. middle lobe of prostate
Santorini's major c. major duodenal papilla
Santorini's minor c. minor duodenal papilla
urethral c. a small, fleshy, sometimes painful protrusion of the mucous membrane at the meatus of the female urethra; it may be telangiectatic, papillomatous, or composed of granulation tissue.

caruncula caruncula , pl. carunculae (ka-rung´kyu-la, -le)

1. [NA] A small, fleshy protuberance, or any structure suggesting such a shape.caruncle; 2. In ungulates, one of about 200 specific disklike areas of the uterine endometrium that, in conjunction with the fetal cotyledon, forms a placentome of the placenta; as a site of fetal-maternal contact, the c. remains constant in position but enlarges greatly in size during pregnancy. [L. a small fleshy mass, fr. caro, flesh]
hymenal c. one of the numerous tabs or projections surrounding the orifice of the vagina.c. hymenalis [NA] , c. myrtiformis;
c. hymena´lis , pl. carun´culae hymena´les [NA] hymenal c
c. lacrima´lis [NA] lacrimal caruncle
c. myrtifor´mis , pl. carun´culae myrtifor´mes hymenal c
c. saliva´ris sublingual c
sublingual c. a papilla on each side of the frenulum of the tongue marking the opening of the submandibular duct.c. sublingualis [NA] , c. salivaris;
c. sublingua´lis [NA] sublingual c

Carus Carus

Karl G., German anatomist and zoologist, 1789-1869. See C.'s circle, curve.

carvacrol carvacrol (kar´va-krol)

2-p-Cymenol;an isomer of thymol that occurs in several volatile oils (marjoram, origanum, savory, and thyme), with properties and activity that closely resemble those of thymol; has antiseptic properties, but is used chiefly as a perfume.

Carvallo Carvallo

See Rivero-Carvallo.

Carvallo's sign Carvallo's sign

See under sign.

carvedilol carvedilol (kar´ve-dil-ol)

An agent used as an antihypertensive, antianginal.

carver carver (kar´ver)

A dental hand instrument, available in a wide variety of end shapes, used for forming and contouring wax, filling materials, etc.

caryo- caryo-

Nucleus. See karyo-. [G. karyon, nut, kernel]

caryophyllus caryophyllus , caryophyllum (kar´e-o-fI´lus, -um)

Clove. [G. karyophyllon, clove tree, fr. karyon, nut, + phyllon, leaf]

caryotheca caryotheca (kar´e-o-the´ka)

nuclear envelope [caryo- + G. theke, sheath, box]

Casal Casal

Gasper, Spanish physician, 1691-1759. See C.'s necklace.

casamino acids casamino acids (kas´a-me´no)

Trivial term for the mixture of amino acids derived by hydrolysis of casein; used in bacterial and similar growth media.

cascade cascade (kas-kad´)

1. A series of sequential interactions, as of a physiological process, which once initiated continues to the final one; each interaction is activated by the preceding one, sometimes with cumulative effect. 2. To spill over, especially rapidly. [Fr., fr. It. cascare, to fall]

cascara cascara (kas-kar´a)

c. sagrada
c. amara the dried bark of a species of Picramnia (family Simarubaceae); used as a bitter tonic.Honduras bark;
c. sagrada the dried bark of Rhamnus purshiana (family Rhamnaceae); used as a laxative.cascara;

case case (kas)

1. An instance of disease with its attendant circumstances. Cf. patient. 2. A box or container. [L. casus, an occurrence]
borderline c. a patient, whose clinical findings are suggestive, but not fully convincing, of a specific diagnosis.
index c. proband
trial c. in refraction, a box containing lenses for testing.

caseation caseation (ka-se-a´shun)

A form of coagulation necrosis in which the necrotic tissue resembles cheese and contains a mixture of protein and fat that is absorbed very slowly; occurs particularly in tuberculosis. See also caseous necrosis.tyrosis (2); [L. caseus, cheese]

casein casein (ca´se-in, ka´sen)

The principal protein of cow's milk and the chief constituent of cheese. It is insoluble in water, soluble in dilute alkaline and salt solutions, forms a hard insoluble plastic with formaldehyde, and is used as a constituent of some glues; various components are designated a-, beta-, and kappa-caseins. beta-c. is converted to gamma-c. by milk proteases. There are several isoforms of a-c. kappa-c. is not precipitated by calcium ions.
c. iodine , iodinated c. a compound of c. with iodine formed by incubating the protein with the element, which becomes attached to tyrosine groups in the protein.caseo-iodine;
plant c. avenin

caseinate caseinate (ka´se-in-at)

A salt of casein.

caseinogen caseinogen (ka-se-in´o-jen)

"Soluble" or kappa-casein which, when acted upon by rennin, is converted into paracasein.

caseo-iodine caseo-iodine (ka´se-o-i´o-dIn)

casein iodine

caseose caseose (ka´se-os)

Nondescript term for product resulting from the hydrolysis or digestion of casein.

caseous caseous (ka´se-us)

Pertaining to or manifesting the gross and microscopic features of tissue affected by caseation.

Caslick Caslick

Edward, 20th century U.S. veterinarian. See C.'s operation.

Casoni Casoni

Tommaro, Italian physician, 1880-1933. See C. intradermal test, skin test.

cassava starch cassava starch (ka-sah´vah)

tapioca

Casselberry Casselberry

William E., U.S. laryngologist, 1858-1916. See C. position.

Casser Casser , Casserio

Giulio, Italian anatomist, 1556-1616. See C.'s fontanel, perforated muscle.

casserian casserian (ka-se´re-an)

Relating to or described by Casser.

cassette cassette (ka-set´)

1. A plate, film, or tape holder for use in photography and radiography. 2. A perforated holder in which tissue blocks are placed for paraffin embedding. [Fr., dim. of casse, box]

cassia bark cassia bark (kash´ya)

cinnamon

cassia fistula cassia fistula

The dried ripe fruit of Cassia fistula, used as a laxative.purging cassia;

cassia oil cassia oil

cinnamon oil

cast cast (kast)

1. An object formed by the solidification of a liquid poured into a mold. 2. Rigid encasement of a part, as with plaster or a plastic, for purposes of immobilization. 3. An elongated or cylindrical mold formed in a tubular structure (e.g., renal tubule, bronchiole) that may be observed in histologic sections or in material such as urine or sputum; results from inspissation of fluid material secreted or excreted in the tubular structures. 4. Restraint of a large animal, usually a horse, with ropes and harnesses in a recumbent position. 5. In dentistry, a positive reproduction of the form of the tissues of the upper or lower jaw, which is made by the solidification of plaster, metal, etc., poured into an impression, and over which denture bases or other dental restorations may be fabricated. [M.E. kasten, fr. O.Norse kasta]
bacterial c. a c. in the urine composed of bacteria.
blood c. a c. usually formed in renal tubules, but may occur in bronchioles; consists of inspissated material that includes various elements of blood (i.e., erythrocytes, leukocytes, fibrin, and so on), resulting from bleeding into the glomerulus or tubule, or into the alveolus or bronchiole.
coma c. a renal c. of strongly refracting granules said to be indicative of imminent coma in diabetes.Külz's cylinder;
decidual c. a mold of the interior of the uterus formed of the exfoliated mucous membrane in cases of extrauterine gestation.
dental c. a positive likeness of a part or parts of the oral cavity.
diagnostic c. a positive replica of the form of the teeth and tissues made from an impression.
epithelial c. a c. that contains epithelial cells and their remnants; occurs most frequently in renal tubules and urine as a marker for renal tubular necrosis.
false c. an elongated, ribbon-like mucous thread with poorly defined edges and pointed or split ends, often confused with a true urinary c.cylindroid, mucous c., pseudocast, spurious c;
fatty c. a renal or urinary c. consisting largely of fat globules; those containing doubly refractile bodies (composed of cholesterol) are found in the nephrotic syndrome.
fibrinous c. a yellow c. that somewhat resembles a waxy c.; more likely to occur in the urine of certain patients with acute nephritis.
granular c. a relatively dark, dense urinary c. of coarsely or finely particulate cellular debris and other proteinaceous material, frequently seen in chronic renal disease but also in the recovery phase of acute renal failure. See also waxy c.
hair c. a c. composed of parakeratotic scales attached to scalp hair but freely movable up and down the hair shaft; found in scaling dermatitis of the scalp, including dandruff, psoriasis, and seborrheic dermatitis.pseudonit;
halo c. a c. applied to the shoulders in which metal bars are set that extend over the head to a halo, from which traction may be applied to the head by means of tongs or a halter.
hyaline c. a relatively transparent renal c. composed of proteinaceous material derived from disintegration of cells; seen in patients with renal disease or transiently with exercise, fever, congestive heart failure, and diuretic therapy.
investment c. refractory c
master c. a replica of the prepared tooth surfaces, residual ridge areas, and/or other parts of the dental arch as reproduced from an impression.
mucous c. false c
red blood cell c. a urinary c. composed of a matrix containing red cells in various stages of degeneration and visibility, characteristic of glomerular disease or renal parenchymal bleeding.red cell c;
red cell c. red blood cell c
refractory c. a c. made of material that will withstand the high temperatures of metal casting or soldering without disintegrating.investment c;
renal c. any type of c. formed in a renal tubule, and found in the urine consisting of various materials, e.g., albumin, cells, blood.tube c;
spurious c. false c
tube c. renal c
urinary c.'s c.'s discharged in the urine.
waxy c. a form of urinary c. consisting of homogeneous proteinaceous material that has a high refractive index, in contrast to the low refractive index of hyaline c.'s; waxy c.'s probably represent an advanced stage of the disintegrative process that results in coarsely and finely granular c.'s, and are usually indicative of oliguria or anuria.
white blood cell c. a urinary c. composed of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, characteristic of tubulointerstitial disease, especially pyelonephritis.
white cell c. a c. in the urine composed of white blood cells.

cast brace cast brace (kast bras)

A specially designed plaster or plastic cast incorporating hinges and other brace components; used in the treatment of fractures to promote early activity and early joint motion.

Castellani Castellani

Sir Aldo, Italian physician, 1878-1971. See C.'s bronchitis, paint; C.-Low sign.

casting casting (kas´ting)

1. A metallic object formed in a mold. 2. The act of forming a c. in a mold.
centrifugal c. c. molten metal into a mold by spinning the metal from a crucible at the end of a revolving arm.
ceramo-metal c. a c. made of alloys containing or excluding precious metals, to which dental porcelain can be fused.
gold c. a c. made of gold, usually formed to represent and replace lost tooth structure.
vacuum c. the c. of a metal in the presence of a vacuum.

Castle Castle

William B., U.S. physician, *1897. See C.'s intrinsic factor.

Castleman Castleman

Benjamin, U.S. pathologist, 1906-1982. See C.'s disease.

castor bean castor bean (kas´ter ben)

Ricinus

castor oil castor oil

A fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Ricinus communis (family Euphorbiaceae); a purgative.
aromatic c.o. contains cinnamon oil 3, clove oil 1, vanillin 1, saccharin 0.5, alcohol 30, in c.o. to make 1000; a cathartic.

castrate castrate (kas´trat)

To remove the testicles or the ovaries. [L. castro, pp. -atus, to deprive of generative power (male or female)]

castration castration (kas-tra´shun)

1. Removal of the testicles or ovaries.Huggins' operation 2. See castration complex. [see castrate]
functional c. gonadal atrophy produced by prolonged treatment with sex hormones.

casualty casualty (kazh´u-al-te)

An injury, or the victim of an accident.

CAT CAT

Abbreviation for computerized axial tomography; chloramphenicol acetyl transferase.

cata- cata-

Down; opposite of ana-. See also kata-. Cf. de-. [G. kata, down]

catabasial catabasial (kat-a-ba´se-al)

Denoting a skull in which the basion is lower than the opisthion. [cata- + Mod. L. basion]

catabiotic catabiotic (kat´a-bI-ot´ik)

Used up in the carrying on of the vital processes other than growth, or in the performance of function, referring to the energy derived from food. [cata- + G. biotikos, relating to life]

catabolic catabolic (kat-a-bol´ik)

Relating to or promoting catabolism.

catabolism catabolism (ka-tab´o-lizm)

1. The breaking down in the body of complex chemical compounds into simpler ones (e.g., glycogen to CO₂ and H₂O), often accompanied by the liberation of energy. 2. The sum of all degradative processes.dissimilation (2); Cf. anabolism, metabolism. [G. katabole, a casting down]

catabolite catabolite (ka-tab´o-lIt)

Any product of catabolism.

catachronobiology catachronobiology (kat´a-kron´o-bI-ol´o-je)

The study of the deleterious effects of time on a living system. [cata- + G. chronos, time, + biology]

catacrotic catacrotic (kat-a-krot´ik)

Denoting a pulse tracing in which the downstroke is interrupted by one or more upward waves.

catacrotism catacrotism (ka-tak´ro-tizm)

A condition of the pulse in which there are one or more secondary expansions of the artery following the main beat, producing secondary upward waves on the downstroke of the pulse tracing. [cata- + G. krotos, beat]

catadicrotic catadicrotic (kat´a-dI-krot´ik)

Denoting a pulse tracing in which there are two minor elevations interrupting the downstroke.

catadicrotism catadicrotism (kat-a-dI´kro-tizm)

A condition of the pulse marked by two minor expansions of the artery following the main beat, producing two secondary upward waves on the downstroke of the pulse tracing. [cata + G. di-, two, + krotos, beat]

catadidymus catadidymus (kat-a-did´i-mus)

duplicitas anterior [cata- + G. didymus, twin]

catadioptric catadioptric (kat-a-dI-op´trik)

Employing both reflecting and refractive optical systems.

catagen catagen (kat´a-jen)

A regressing phase of the hair growth cycle during which cell proliferation ceases, the hair follicle shortens, and an anchored club hair is produced.

catagenesis catagenesis (kat-a-jen´e-sis)

involution [cata- + G. genesis, origin]

catalase catalase (kat´a-las)

A hemoprotein catalyzing the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen (2H₂O₂ -> O₂ + 2H₂O); a deficiency of c. is associated with acatalasemia.

catalepsy catalepsy (kat´a-lep-se)

A morbid condition characterized by waxy rigidity of the limbs, which may be placed in various positions that are maintained for a time, lack of response to stimuli, mutism and inactivity; occurs with some psychosis, especially catatonic schizophrenia.anochlesia (1); [G. katalepsis, a seizing, catalepsy, fr. kata, down, + lepsis, a seizure]

cataleptic cataleptic (kat-a-lep´tik)

Relating to, or suffering from, catalepsy.

cataleptoid cataleptoid (kat-a-lep´toyd)

Simulating or resembling catalepsy.

catalogia catalogia (kat´a-lo´je-a)

verbigeration

catalysis catalysis (ka-tal´i-sis)

The effect that a catalyst exerts upon a chemical reaction. [G. katalysis, dissolution]
contact c. a process wherein the catalyst is a solid and the catalyzed reaction is produced after the reactants (usually gases) have made contact with the solid.
surface c. c. at the surface of a solid particle or a macromolecule.

catalyst catalyst (kat´a-list)

A substance that accelerates a chemical reaction but is not consumed or changed permanently thereby.catalyzer;
inorganic c. a c. such as a finely divided metal (Pt, Rh), carbon, etc.
negative c. a c. that retards a reaction.
organic c. 1. enzyme, ribozyme 2. a c. that is an organic molecule.
positive c. See catalyst.
Raney c. Raney Nickel

catalytic catalytic (kat-a-lit´ik)

Relating to or effecting catalysis.

catalyze catalyze (kat´a-lIz)

To act as a catalyst.

catalyzer catalyzer (kat´a-lIz-er)

catalyst

catamenia catamenia (kat-a-me´ne-a)

menses [G. the menses, ntr. pl. of katamenios, monthly, fr. men, month]

catamenial catamenial (kat-a-me´ne-al)

menstrual

catamenogenic catamenogenic (kat´a-men-o-jen´ik)

Causing menstruation.

catamnesis catamnesis (kat-am-ne´sis)

The medical history of a patient after an illness; the follow-up history. [cata- + G mneme, memory]

catamnestic catamnestic (kat-am-nes´tik)

Related to catamnesis.

catapasm catapasm (kat´a-pazm)

A dusting powder applied to raw surfaces or ulcers. [G. katapasma, a powder; katapasso, to sprinkle over]

cataphasia cataphasia (kat-a-fa´ze-a)

verbigeration [cata- + G. phasis, a saying]

cataphora cataphora (ka-taf´o-ra)

Semicoma or somnolence interrupted by intervals of partial consciousness. [G. a falling down]

cataphoresis cataphoresis (kat´a-fo-re´sis)

Movement of positively charged particles (cations) in a solution or suspension toward the cathode in electrophoresis. Cf. anaphoresis. [cata- + G. phoresis, a being carried]

cataphoretic cataphoretic (kat´a-fo-ret´ik)

Relating to cataphoresis.

cataplasia cataplasia , cataplasis (kat-a-pla´se-a, pla´sis)

A degenerative change in cells or tissues that is the reverse of the constructive or developmental change; a return to an earlier or embryonic stage.retrograde metamorphosis (1) , retrogression, retromorphosis; [cata- + G. plasis, a molding]

cataplasm cataplasm (kat´a-plazm)

poultice [G. kataplasma, poultice, fr. kataplasso, to spread over]

cataplectic cataplectic (kat-a-plek´tik)

1. Developing suddenly. 2. Pertaining to cataplexy.

cataplexy cataplexy (kat´a-plek-se)

A transient attack of extreme generalized muscular weakness, often precipitated by an emotional state such as laughing, surprise, fear, or anger. [cata- + G. plexis, a blow, stroke]

cataract cataract (kat´a-rakt)

Loss of transparency of the lens of the eye, or of its capsule.cataracta; [L. cataracta, fr. G. katarrhaktes, a downrushing, a waterfall, fr. kata- rrhegnymi, to break down, rush down]
annular c. congenital c. in which a central white membrane replaces the nucleus.disk-shaped c., life-belt c., umbilicated c;
arborescent c. obsolete term for dendritic c.
atopic c. a c. associated with atopic dermatitis.
axial c. a lenticular opacity in the visual axis of the lens.
black c. a c. in which the lens is hardened and of a dark brown color. In the 19th century, German black c. meant gutta severa (q.v.).cataracta brunescens, cataracta nigra;
blue c. coronary c. of bluish color.cataracta cerulea;
capsular c. a c. in which the opacity affects the capsule only.
capsulolenticular c. a c. in which both the lens and its capsule are involved. See also membranous c.
central c. congenital c. limited to the embryonic nucleus.
cerulean c. a congenital c. with bluish coloring and radial lesions; appears to be at least sometimes autosomal dominant.
complete c. mature c
complicated c. secondary c. (1)
concussion c. traumatic c. occurring with or without a hole in the lens capsule.
congenital c. c., usually bilateral, present at birth. It occurs as an autosomal recessive condition in calves of the Jersey breed. In humans approximately 25% of congenital c.'s are autosomal dominant [MIM*116200, *116700]; X-linked forms also exist [MIM*302200, *302300].
copper c. chalcosis lentis
coralliform c. congenital c. with round or elongated processes radiating from the center of the lens.
coronary c. peripheral cortical developmental c. occurring just after puberty; transmitted as a hereditary dominant characteristic.
cortical c. a c. in which the opacity affects the cortex of the lens.peripheral c;
crystalline c. a hereditary c. with a coralliform or needle-shaped accumulation of crystals in the axial region of an otherwise clear lens.
cuneiform c. cortical c. in which the opacities radiate from the periphery like spokes of a wheel.
cupuliform c. a common form of senile c. often confined to a region just within the posterior capsule.saucer-shaped c;
dendritic c. a congenital sutural c. with complicated branching.
diabetic c. c. occurring in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
disk-shaped c. annular c
electric c. a c. caused by contact with a high-power electric current, or a lightning bolt.cataracta electrica;
embryonic c. [MIM*115650] a congenital c. situated near the anterior Y suture of the fetal lens nucleus.
embryopathic c. congenital c. as a result of intrauterine infection, e.g., rubella.
fibroid c. , fibrinous c. a sclerotic hardening of the capsule of the lens, following exudative iridocyclitis.
floriform c. a congenital c. with opacities arranged like the petals of a flower.
furnacemen's c. infrared c
fusiform c. spindle c
galactose c. a neonatal c. associated with intralenticular accumulation of galactose alcohol. See galactosemia.
glassworker's c. infrared c
glaucomatous c. a nuclear opacity usually seen in absolute glaucoma.
gray c. a c. of gray color, usually seen in senile, mature, or cortical c.
hard c. nuclear c
hook-shaped c. congenital c. with hook-like figures between the fetal and embryonic nuclei.
hypermature c. a c. in which the lens cortex becomes liquid, with the nucleus gravitating within the capsule (Morgagni's c.).overripe c;
hypocalcemic c. a c. occurring with low serum calcium.
immature c. a stage of partial lens opacification.
infantile c. a c. affecting a very young child.
infrared c. a c. secondary to absorption of heat by the lens, or by transmission from the adjacent iris.furnacemen's c., glassworker's c;
intumescent c. a c. swollen because of fluid absorption.
juvenile c. a soft c. occurring in a child or young adult.
lamellar c. a c. in which the opacity is limited to the cortex.zonular c;
life-belt c. annular c
mature c. a c. in which both the nucleus and cortex are opaque.complete c., ripe c;
membranous c. a secondary c. composed of the remains of the thickened capsule and degenerated lens fibers.
Morgagni's c. a hypermature c. in which the nucleus gravitates within the capsule.sedimentary c;
myotonic c. c. occurring in myotonic dystrophy.
nuclear c. a c. involving the nucleus.hard c;
overripe c. hypermature c
perinuclear c. a lamellar c. in which the nucleus is clear but is surrounded by a ring of opacity.
peripheral c. cortical c
pisciform c. a hereditary c. with bilateral fish-shaped opacities in the axial region of the fetal nucleus.
polar c. a capsular c. limited to an area of the anterior or posterior pole of the lens.
posterior subcapsular c. a c. involving the cortex at the posterior pole of the lens.
progressive c. a c. in which the opacification process progresses to involve the entire lens.
punctate c. an incomplete c. in which there are opaque dots scattered through the lens.
pyramidal c. a cone-shaped, anterior polar c.
radiation c. a c. caused by excessive or prolonged exposure to ultraviolet rays, x-rays, radium, beta rays, gamma rays, heat, or radioactive isotopes.
reduplicated c. a type of congenital c. with opacities situated at various levels in the lens.
ripe c. mature c
rubella c. embryopathic c. secondary to intrauterine rubella infection.
saucer-shaped c. cupuliform c
secondary c. 1. a c. that accompanies or follows some other eye disease such as uveitis;complicated c; 2. a c. occurring in the retained lens or capsule after a c. extraction.aftercataract;
sedimentary c. Morgagni's c
senile c. a c. occurring spontaneously in the elderly; mainly a cuneiform c., nuclear c., or posterior subcapsular c., alone or in combination.
siderotic c. a c. resulting from deposition of iron from an iron-containing intraocular foreign body.
soft c. an advanced or mature c. in which the nucleus is not well developed.
spindle c. a c. in which the opacity is fusiform, extending from one pole to the other.fusiform c;
stationary c. a c. that does not progress.
stellate c. congenital c. with lens opacities radiating toward the periphery, with subcapsular and cortical changes.
subcapsular c. a c. in which the opacities are concentrated beneath the capsule.
sugar c. any c. associated with intralenticular accumulation of pentose or hexose alcohols.
sunflower c. chalcosis lentis
sutural c. a congenital type of c. with opacities along the Y sutures of the fetal lens nucleus; usually does not affect vision.
tetany c. a c. that develops in hypocalcemia.
total c. a c. involving the entire lens.
toxic c. a c. caused by drugs or chemicals.
traumatic c. a c. caused by contusion, rupture, or a foreign body.
umbilicated c. annular c
vascular c. congenital c. in which the degenerated lens is replaced with mesodermal tissue.cataracta adiposa, cataracta fibrosa;
zonular c. lamellar c

cataracta cataracta (kat-a-rak´ta)

cataract [L.]
c. adipo´sa vascular cataract
c. brunes´cens black cataract
c. ceru´lea blue cataract
c. elec´trica electric cataract
c. fibro´sa vascular cataract
c. ni´gra black cataract
c. os´sea an obsolete term for an ossified cataract.

cataractogenesis cataractogenesis (kat´a-rak-to-jen´e-sis)

The process of cataract formation. [cataract + G. genesis, production]

cataractogenic cataractogenic (kat´a-rak-to-jen´ik)

Cataract-producing.

cataractous cataractous (kat-a-rak´tus)

Relating to a cataract.

cataria cataria (ka-ta´re-a)

The dried flowering tops of Nepeta cataria (family Labiatae); an emmenagogue and antispasmodic; also reported to produce psychic effects.catnep, catnip; [L. cattus, male cat (post-class)]

catarrh catarrh (ka-tahr´)

Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucus or exudate. [G. katarrheo, to flow down]
malignant c. of cattle malignant catarrhal fever
nasal c. rhinitis
vernal c. vernal conjunctivitis

catarrhal catarrhal (ka-tah´ral)

Relating to or affected with catarrh.

Catarrhina Catarrhina (kat-a-rI´na)

A genus of Old World monkeys in the superfamily Cercopithecoidea. [kata- + G. rhis (rhin-), nose]

catarrhine catarrhine (kat´a-rIn)

Relating to the Catarrhina.

catastalsis catastalsis (kat-a-stal´sis)

A contraction wave resembling ordinary peristalsis but not preceded by a zone of inhibition. [G. kata-stello, to put in order, check]

catastaltic catastaltic (kat-a-stal´tik)

1. Inhibitory, restricting, or restraining. 2. An inhibitory or checking agent, such as an astringent or antispasmodic. [cata- + G. staltos, contracted, fr. stello, to contract]

catastasis catastasis (ka-tas´ta-sis)

1. A condition or state. 2. Restoration to a normal condition or a normal place. [G.]

catatonia catatonia (kat-a-to´ne-a)

A syndrome of psychomotor disturbances characterized by periods of either physical rigidity, negativism, or stupor; may occur in schizophrenia, mood disorders, or organic mental disorders. [G. katatonos, stretching down, depressed, fr. kata, down, + tonos, tone]
excited c. c. in which the patient is excited, impulsive, hyperactive, and combative.
periodic c. regularly reappearing phases of catatonic excitement.
stuporous c. c. in which the patient is subdued, mute, and negativistic, accompanied by varying combinations of staring, rigidity, and cataplexy.

catatonic catatonic , catatoniac (kat-a-ton´ik, -to´ne-ak)

Relating to, or characterized by, catatonia.

catatrichy catatrichy (kat´a-tri-ke) [MIM*116850]

Presence of a forelock of hair that is separate or different in appearance; may be inherited. See Waardenburg syndrome. [cata- + G. thrix, hair]

catatricrotic catatricrotic (kat´a-trI-krot´ik)

Denoting a pulse tracing with three minor elevations interrupting the downstroke.

catatricrotism catatricrotism (kat-a-trI´kro-tizm)

A condition of the pulse marked by three minor expansions of the artery following the main beat, producing three secondary upward waves on the downstroke of the pulse tracing. [cata- + G. tri-, three, + krotos, beat]

catechase catechase (kat´e-kas)

catechol 1,2-dioxygenase

catechin catechin (kat´e-kin)

3,3´,4´,5,7-flavanpentol;derived from catechu, and used as an astringent in diarrhea and as a stain.catechinic acid, catechuic acid, cyanidol;

catechinic acid catechinic acid (kat-e-kin´ik)

catechin

catechol catechol (kat´e-kol)

1. pyrocatechol 2. Term loosely used for catechin, which contains a pyrocatechol moiety, and as the root of catecholamines, which are pyrocatechol derivatives.
c.-O-methyltransferase a transferase that catalyzes the methylation of the hydroxyl group at the 3 position of the aromatic ring of c.'s, including the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine (thus, converting to normetanephrine and metanephrine, respectively), the methyl group coming from S-adenosyl-l-methionine. An important step in the catabolism of the catecholamines.
c. oxidase an enzyme oxidizing c.'s to 1,2-benzoquinones, with O₂. See also monophenol monooxygenase.diphenol oxidase, o-diphenolase;
c. oxidase(dimerizing) an enzyme oxidizing a c., with O₂, to a diphenylenedioxide quinone (e.g., 4 c. + 3O₂ -> 2 dibenzo[1,4]-2,3-dione + 6H₂O).

catecholamines catecholamines (kat-e-kol´a-menz)

Pyrocatechols with an alkylamine side chain; examples of biochemical interest are epinephrine, norepinephrine, and l-dopa. C.'s are major elements in responses to stress.

catechol 1,2-dioxygenase catechol 1,2-dioxygenase

An oxidoreductase catalyzing oxidation of pyrocatechol, with O₂, to cis-cis-muconate.catechase, pyrocatechase;

catechol 2,3-dioxygenase catechol 2,3-dioxygenase

An oxidoreductase oxidizing catechol, with O₂, to 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde.metapyrocatechase;

catechuic acid catechuic acid (kat-e-chu´ik, -ku´ik)

catechin

catechu nigrum catechu nigrum

Black c.n., an extract of the heart wood of Acacia catechu (family Leguminosae), used as an astringent in diarrhea.cutch;

catelectrotonus catelectrotonus (kat´e-lek-trot´o-nus)

The changes in excitability and conductivity in a nerve or muscle in the neighborhood of the cathode during the passage of a constant electric current. [cathode + electrotonus]

Catenabacterium Catenabacterium (kat´e-na-bak-ter´e-um)

eubacterium lactobacillus [L. catena, chain, + bacterium]
C. contor´tum former name for Eubacterium contortum.

catenate catenate (kat´e-nat)

To connect in a series of links like a chain; for example, two rings of mitochondrial DNA are often catenated. [L. catenatus, chained together, fr. catena, chain]

catenating catenating (kat´en-at-ing)

Occurring in a chain or series. [L. catenatus, chained]

catenoid catenoid (kat´e-noyd)

1. Like a chain, such as a chain of fungus spores or a colony of protozoa in which the individuals are joined end to end.catenulate; 2. Surface of net zero curvature generated by the rotation of a catenary (curve of repose of a suspended chain); the interventricular septum of the heart in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis resembles a c., which makes it ineffective in increasing intracavity pressure or in reducing its volume as defined in Laplace's law. [L. catena, chain, + G. eidos, resemblance]

catenulate catenulate (ka-ten´yu-lat)

catenoid (1)

catgut catgut (kat´gut)

An absorbable surgical suture material made from the collagenous fibers of the submucosa of certain animals; misnamed catgut (usually from sheep or cows). [probably from kit, a small violin, through confusion with kit, a small cat]
chromic c. c. impregnated with chromium salts to prolong its tensile strength and retard its absorption.
silverized c. c. prepared by immersion in a 2% solution of colloidal silver for 1 week and then in 95% alcohol for 15 to 30 minutes.

Catha edulis Catha edulis (kath´a ed´yu-lis)

A plant of Ethiopia and Arabia (family Celastraceae), cultivated for use as a stimulant; khat (the fresh leaves and twigs) is chewed or used in the preparation of a beverage; the active principle is pharmacologically related to the amphetamines, probably d-norisoephedrine. [Ar. khat]

Catharanthus alkaloids Catharanthus alkaloids (kath-ar-ran´thus)

Vinca alkaloids, under alkaloid

catharsis catharsis (ka-thar´sis)

1. purgation 2. The release or discharge of emotional tension or anxiety by psychoanalytically guided emotional reliving of past, especially repressed, events.psychocatharsis; [G. katharsis, purification, fr. katharos, pure]

cathartic cathartic (ka-thar´tik)

1. Relating to catharsis. 2. An agent having purgative action.

cathectic cathectic (ka-thek´tik)

Pertaining to cathexis.

cathemoglobin cathemoglobin (ka-them-o-glo´bin)

An artificial derivative of hemoglobin in which the globin is denatured and the iron oxidized.

cathepsin cathepsin (ka-thep´sin)

One of a number of proteinases and peptidases (all endopeptidases) of animal tissues of varying specificities.

catheter catheter (kath´e-ter)

1. A tubular instrument to allow passage of fluid from or into a body cavity. See also line (4). 2. Especially a c. designed to be passed through the urethra into the bladder to drain it of retained urine. [G. katheter, fr. kathiemi, to send down]
acorn-tipped c. a c. used in ureteropyelography to occlude the ureteral orifice and prevent backflow from the ureter during and following the injection of an opaque medium.
angiography c. a thin-walled tube suitable for percutaneous puncture and powered injection of contrast media for radiography; c. diameter is measured on the French scale.
balloon c. a c. used in arterial embolectomy or to float into the pulmonary artery.
balloon-tip c. 1. a tube with a balloon at its tip that can be inflated or deflated without removal after installation; the balloon may be inflated to facilitate passage of the tube through a blood vessel (propelled by the bloodstream) or to occlude the vessel in which the tube alone would allow free flow; such c.'s are used to enter the pulmonary artery to facilitate hemodynamic measurements or to enter arteries and then remove them while inflated to withdraw clots (embolectomy catheter); See also Swan-Ganz c. 2. Fogarty c
bicoudate c. , c. bicoudé (bI-ku-da´) an elbowed c. with a double bend. [bi + Fr. coudé, bent]
Bozeman-Fritsch c. a slightly curved double-channel uterine c. with several openings at the tip.
Braasch c. a bulb-tipped c. used for dilation and calibration.
brush c. a ureteral c. with a finely bristled brush tip that is endoscopically passed into the ureter or renal pelvis and by gentle to-and-fro movement brushes cells from the surface of suspected tumors.
cardiac c. intracardiac c
central venous c. a c. passed through a peripheral or central vein, ending in the thoracic vena cava or right atrium, for measurement of venous pressure or for infusion of concentrated solutions; the peripheral end may connect to a subcutaneous chamber for percutaneous injections given over periods of months or may exit from the skin at a distance from the vein.
conical c. a c. with a cone-shaped tip designed to dilate the ureter.
c. coudé (ku-da´) elbowed c [Fr. coudé, bent]
c. à demeure (a-dem-ër´) an obsolete term for a c. that is retained for a considerable period in the urethra. [Fr. demeurer, to dwell]
de Pezzer c. a self-retaining c. with a bulbous extremity.
double-channel c. a c. with two lumens, allowing irrigation and aspiration.two-way c;
elbowed c. a c. with an angular bend near the beak; used to rise over prostatic obstruction.c. coudé, prostatic c;
eustachian c. a c. used for catheterization of the middle ear through the eustachian tube.
female c. a short, nearly straight c. for passage into the female bladder.
Fogarty c. a c. with an inflatable balloon near its tip; used to remove arterial emboli and thrombi from major veins (e.g., iliofemoral) and to remove stones from the biliary ducts.balloon-tip c. (2);
Foley c. a c. with a retaining balloon.
Gouley's c. a solid curved steel instrument grooved on its inferior surface so that it can be passed over a guide through a urethral stricture.
indwelling c. a c. left in place in the bladder, usually a balloon c.
intracardiac c. a c. that can be passed into the heart through a vein or artery, to withdraw samples of blood, measure pressures within the heart's chambers or great vessels, and inject contrast media; used mainly in the diagnosis and evaluation of congenital, rheumatic, and coronary artery lesions and to evaluate systolic and diastolic cardiac function.cardiac c;
Malecot c. a two- or four-winged c.
Nélaton's c. a flexible c. of red rubber.
olive-tipped c. a ureteral c. with an olive-shaped tip, used to dilate a constricted ureteral orifice; larger sizes are also used for dilating or calibrating urethral strictures.
pacing c. a cardiac c. with one or more electrodes at its tip which can be used to artificially pace the heart.
Pezzer c. See de Pezzer c.
Phillips' c. a c. with a filiform guide for the urethra.
pigtail c. an angiographic c. with a tightly curled end to reduce the impact of the injectant on the vessel wall.
prostatic c. elbowed c
Robinson c. a straight urethral c. with two to six holes to facilitate drainage, especially in the presence of blood clots which may occlude one or more openings.
self-retaining c. a c. so constructed that it remains in urethra and bladder until removed, e.g., indwelling c.; Foley c.
spiral tip c. a c. with a helical filiform tip.
Swan-Ganz c. a thin (5 Fr), flexible, flow-directed c. using a balloon to carry it through the heart to a pulmonary artery; when it is positioned in a small arterial branch, pulmonary wedge pressure is measured in front of the temporarily inflated and wedged balloon.
two-way c. double-channel c
vertebrated c. a c. made of several segments moving on each other like the links of a chain.
whistle-tip c. a c. with an opening at the end and side.
winged c. a soft rubber c. with little flaps at each side of the beak to retain it in the bladder.

catheterization catheterization (kath´e-ter-I-za´shun)

Passage of a catheter.

catheterize catheterize (kath´e-ter-Iz)

To pass a catheter.

catheterostat catheterostat (kath´e-ter-o-stat)

A stand for holding catheters. [catheter + G. statos, standing]

cathexis cathexis (ka-thek´sis)

A conscious or unconscious attachment of psychic energy to an idea, object, or person. [G. kathexis, a holding in, retention]

cathodal (C) cathodal (C) (kath´o-dal)

Of, pertaining to, or emanating from a cathode.cathodic;

cathode (Ca, C) cathode (Ca, C) (kath´od)

The negative pole of a galvanic battery or the electrode connected with it; the electrode toward which positively charged ions (cations) migrate and are reduced, and into which electrons are fed from their source (anode or generator). Cf. anode. negative electrode; [G. kathodos, a way down, fr. kata, down, + hodos, a way]

cathodic cathodic (ka-thod´ik)

cathodal

catholysis catholysis (kath-ol´e-sis)

Electrolysis with a cathode needle.

cation cation (kat´I-on)

An ion carrying a charge of positive electricity, therefore going to the negatively charged cathode. [G. kation, going down]

cation exchange cation exchange

The process by which a cation in a liquid phase exchanges with another cation present as the counter-ion of a negatively charged solid polymer (cation exchanger). A cation-exchange reaction in removal of the Na⁺ of a sodium chloride solution is RSO₃^-H⁺ + Na⁺ -> RSO₃^-Na⁺ + H⁺ (R is the polymer, RSO₃^- is the cation exchanger); if this is combined with the anion-exchange reaction, NaCl is removed from the solution (desalting). Cation exchange may also be used chromatographically, to separate cations, and medicinally, to remove a cation; e.g., H⁺, from gastric contents, or Na⁺ and K⁺ in the intestine. See anion exchange.

cation exchanger cation exchanger

An insoluble solid (usually a polystyrene or a polysaccharide) that has negatively charged radicals attached to it (e.g., -COO-, -SO_3-), which can attract and hold cations that pass by in a moving solution if these are more attracted to the acid groups than the counter ion present.

cationic cationic (kat-I-on´ik)

Referring to positively charged ions and their properties.

cationogen cationogen (kat-I-on´o-jen)

A substance that gives rise to positively charged ions.

catlin catlin , catling (kat´lin, -ling)

A long, sharp-pointed, double-edged knife used in amputations.

catnep catnep , catnip (kat´nep, kat´nip)

cataria

catochus catochus (kat´o-kus)

The trancelike phase of catalepsy in which the patient is conscious but cannot move or speak. [G. katoche, epilepsy (Galen), fr. katecho, to hold fast]

catoptric catoptric (ka-top´trik)

Relating to reflected light. [G. katoptron, mirror]

cauda cauda , pl. caudae (kaw´da, kaw´de) [NA]

tail [L. a tail]
c. epididym´idis [NA] tail of epididymis
c. equi´na [NA] the bundle of spinal nerve roots arising from the lumbosacral enlargement and medullary cone and running through the lumbar cistern (subarachnoid space) within the vertebral canal below the first lumbar vertebra; it comprises the roots of all the spinal nerves below the first lumbar. [L. horse tail]
c. fas´ciae denta´tae uncus band of Giacomini
c. hel´icis [NA] tail of helix
c. nu´clei cauda´ti [NA] tail of caudate nucleus
c. pancre´atis [NA] tail of pancreas
c. stria´ti tail of caudate nucleus

caudad caudad (kaw´dad)

1. In a direction toward the tail. 2. Situated nearer the tail in relation to a specific reference point; opposite of craniad. See also inferior.

caudal caudal (kaw´dal)

Pertaining to the tail.caudalis [NA]; [Mod. L. caudalis]

caudalis caudalis (kaw-da´lis) [NA]

caudal, caudal

caudate caudate (kaw´dat)

1. Tailed; possessing a tail. 2. caudate nucleus

caudatolenticular caudatolenticular (kaw-da´to-len-tik´yu-lar)

Relating to the caudate nucleus and lenticularis.caudolenticular;

caudatum caudatum (kaw-da´tum)

caudate nucleus

caudocephalad caudocephalad (kaw-do-sef´al-ad)

In a direction from the tail toward the head.

caudolenticular caudolenticular (kaw´do-len-tik´yu-lar)

caudatolenticular

caul caul , cowl (kawl)

1. The amnion, either as a piece of membrane capping the baby's head at birth or the whole membrane when delivered unruptured with the baby.galea (4) , veil (2) , velum (2); 2. greater omentum [Gaelic, call, a veil]

caumesthesia caumesthesia (kaw-mes-the´ze-a)

Subjective heat sensation of uncomfortably high temperature; a type of thermal dysesthesia. [G. kauma, heat, + aisthesis, sensation]

causalgia causalgia (kaw-zal´je-a)

Persistent severe burning sensation, usually following partial injury of a peripheral nerve (especially median and tibial) or the brachial plexus, accompanied by trophic changes. [G. kausis, burning, + algos, pain]

causality causality (kawz´al-i-te)

The relating of causes to the effects they produce; the pathogenesis of disease, and epidemiology, are largely concerned with causality.

cause cause (kawz)

That which produces an effect or condition; that by which a morbid change or disease is brought about. [L. causa]
constitutional c. a c. acting from within or through some systemic process or inborn error.
exciting c. the direct provoking c. of a condition.procatarxis (1);
necessary c. an etiological factor without which a result in question will not occur; the occurrence of the result is proof that the factor is operating.
precipitating c. a factor that brings on the onset of manifestations of a disease process.
predisposing c. anything that produces a susceptibility or disposition to a condition without actually causing it.
proximate c. the immediate c. that precipitates a condition.
specific c. a c. the action of which definitely produces the condition in question.
sufficient c. an etiological factor that guarantees that a result in question will occur; non-occurrence of the result is proof that the factor is not operating.

caustic caustic (kaws´tik)

1. Exerting an effect resembling a burn. 2. An agent producing this effect. 3. Denoting a solution of a strong alkali; e.g., caustic soda, NaOH.pyrotic (2); [G. kaustikos, fr. kaio, to burn]

cauterant cauterant (kaw´ter-ant)

1. Cauterizing. 2. A cauterizing agent.

cauterization cauterization (kaw-ter-I-za´shun)

The act of cauterizing. See also cautery.

cauterize cauterize (kaw´ter-Iz)

To apply a cautery; to burn with a cautery.

cautery cautery (kaw´ter-e)

1. An agent or device used for scarring, burning, or cutting the skin or other tissues by means of heat, cold, electric current, or caustic chemicals. 2. Use of a cautery. [G. kauterion, a branding iron]
actual c. a c., such as electrocautery, acting directly through heat and not by chemical means.technocausis;
BICAP c. a form of bipolar electrocoagulation frequently used to arrest gastrointestinal bleeding.
bipolar c. electrocautery by high frequency electrical current passed through tissue from an active to a passive electrode; used for hemostasis.
chemical c. chemocautery
cold c. cryocautery
electric c. electrocautery
galvanic c. obsolete term for electrocautery.
gas c. c. by means of a measured amount of a lighted gas jet.
monopolar c. electrocautery by high frequency electrical current passed from a single electrode, where the cauterization occurs, the patient's body serving as a ground.

cava cava (ka´va)

See inferior vena cava, superior vena cava.

cavagram cavagram (ka´va-gram)

cavogram

caval caval (ka´val)

Relating to a vena cava.

cavascope cavascope (kav´a-skop)

Obsolete term for celoscope. [L. cavum, hole, + G. skopeo, to view]

cave cave (kav)

A hollow or enclosed space or cavity. See cavity, cavitas, cavity, cavern, cavern.
trigeminal c. the cleft in the meningeal layer of dura of the middle cranial fossa near the tip of the petrous part of the temporal bone; it encloses the roots of the trigeminal nerve and the trigeminal ganglion.cavum trigeminale [NA] , Meckel's cavity, Meckel's space, trigeminal cavity;

caveola caveola , pl. caveolae (kav-e-o´la, -le)

A small pocket, vesicle, cave, or recess communicating with the outside of a cell and extending inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Such caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm. They are considered to be sites of uptake of materials into the cell, expulsion of materials from the cell, or sites of addition or removal of cell (unit) membrane to or from the cell surface. [L.]

cavern cavern (kav´ern)

An anatomical cavity with many interconnecting chambers.caverna [NA];
c.'s of corpora cavernosa the vascular spaces of the corpora cavernosa that, together with the intervening fibrous trabeculae, form the erectile tissue of the penis or clitoris.cavernae corporum cavernosorum [NA] , cavities of corpora cavernosa;
c.'s of corpus spongiosum the vascular spaces forming the erectile tissue of the corpus spongiosum penis in the male and the bulb of the vestibule in the female.cavernae corporis spongiosi [NA] , cavities of corpus spongiosum;

caverna caverna , pl. cavernae (ka-ver´na, -ne) [NA]

cavern [L. a grotto, fr. cavus, hollow]
cavernae cor´poris spongio´si [NA] caverns of corpus spongiosum, under cavern
cavernae cor´porum cavernoso´rum [NA] caverns of corpora cavernosa, under cavern

caverniloquy caverniloquy (kav-er-nil´o-kwe)

Low pitched resonant pectoriloquy heard over a lung cavity. [L. caverna, cavern, + loquor, to talk]

cavernitis cavernitis (kav-er-nI´tis)

Inflammation of the corpus cavernosum penis.cavernositis;
fibrous c. c. occasionally associated with Peyronie's disease.

cavernoscope cavernoscope (kav´er-no-skop)

Obsolete term for celoscope.

cavernoscopy cavernoscopy (kav-er-nos´ko-pe)

Obsolete term for celoscopy. [L. caverna, cavern, + G. skopeo, to view]

cavernositis cavernositis (kav´er-no-sI´tis)

cavernitis

cavernostomy cavernostomy (kav-er-nos´to-me)

Obsolete term for opening of any cavity to establish drainage. [L. caverna, cavern, + G. stoma, mouth]

cavernous cavernous (kav´er-nus)

Relating to a cavern or a cavity; containing many cavities.

Cavia Cavia (ka´ve-a)

A genus of the family Caviidae that includes the guinea pigs. [Mod. L., fr. native Indian]
C. porcel´lus a rodent with a very short tail that is not visible externally; native to South America, where it is raised for food; used widely as a laboratory animal in bacteriologic, pathologic, and pharmacologic research.guinea pig;

cavitary cavitary (kav´i-ta-re)

1. Relating to a cavity or having a cavity or cavities. 2. Denoting any animal parasite that has an enteric canal or body cavity and that lives within the host's body.

cavitas cavitas , pl. cavitates (kav´i-tas, -ta´tes)

cavity [Mod. L.]
c. abdomina´lis [NA] abdominal cavity
c. articula´ris [NA] articular cavity
c. corona´lis [NA] crown cavity
c. den´tis [NA] pulp cavity
c. glenoida´lis [NA] mandibular fossa
c. infraglot´ticum [NA] infraglottic cavity
c. laryn´gis [NA] cavity of larynx
c. medulla´ris [NA] medullary cavity
c. na´si [NA] nasal cavity
c. o´ris [NA] oral cavity
c. o´ris pro´pria oral cavity proper
c. pel´vis [NA] pelvic cavity
c. pericardia´lis [NA] pericardial cavity
c. peritonea´lis [NA] peritoneal cavity
c. pharyn´gis [NA] cavity of pharynx
c. pleura´lis [NA] pleural cavity
c. thora´cis [NA] thoracic cavity
c. tympan´ica [NA] tympanic cavity
c. u´teri [NA] uterine cavity

cavitation cavitation (kav-i-ta´shun)

1. Formation of a cavity, as in the lung in tuberculosis. 2. The production of small vapor-containing bubbles or cavities in a liquid by ultrasound.

cavitis cavitis (ka-vI´tis)

celophlebitis

cavity cavity (kav´i-te)

1. A hollow space. A hollow, hole, or cavity. See cave, cavity, cavitas, cavern, cavern. 2. Lay term for the loss of tooth structure due to dental caries.cavum [NA] , cavitas; [L. cavus, hollow]
abdominal c. the space bounded by the abdominal walls, the diaphragm, and the pelvis; it usually is arbitrarily separated from the pelvic cavity by a plane across the superior aperture of the pelvis; however, it may include the pelvis with the abdomen (see abdominopelvic c.); within the c. lie the greater part of the organs of digestion, the spleen, the kidneys, and the suprarenal glands.cavitas abdominalis [NA] , cavum abdominis, enterocele (2);
abdominopelvic c. abdominal c. plus pelvic c.
amniotic c. the fluid-filled c. inside the amnion which contains the developing embryo.
articular c. a joint cavity, the potential space bounded by the synovial membrane and articular cartilages of all synovial joints. Normally, the articular c. contains only sufficient synovial fluid to lubricate the internal surfaces.cavitas articularis [NA] , cavum articulare;
axillary c. axilla
body c. the collective visceral c. of the trunk (thoracic c. plus abdominopelvic c.), bounded by the superior thoracic aperture above, the pelvic floor below, and the body walls (parietes) in between.celom (2) , celoma, coelom;
buccal c. oral vestibule
cleavage c. blastocele
c. of concha the space within the lower, larger portion of the concha below the crus helicis; it forms the vestibule leading into the external acoustic meatus.cavum conchae [NA];
c.'s of corpora cavernosa caverns of corpora cavernosa, under cavern
c.'s of corpus spongiosum caverns of corpus spongiosum, under cavern
cotyloid c. acetabulum
cranial c. the space within the skull occupied by the brain, its coverings, and cerebrospinal fluid.intracranial c;
crown c. the space within the crown of a tooth continuous with the root canal.cavitas coronalis [NA] , cavum coronale;
ectoplacental c. epamniotic c
ectotrophoblastic c. a developmental c. appearing between the trophoblast and the embryonic disk ectoderm in some mammals.
epamniotic c. a developmental c. that exists in some mammals and is derived by division of the proamniotic space; it is further removed from the embryo than the amniotic c. in some mammals.ectoplacental c;
epidural c. the space between the walls of the vertebral canal and the dura mater of the spinal cord.cavum epidurale [NA] , epidural space;
glenoid c. mandibular fossa
greater peritoneal c. peritoneal c
head c. the cephalic region in the embryos of vertebrates containing the modified somites that give rise to the extrinsic eye muscles.
idiopathic bone c. solitary bone cyst
inferior laryngeal c. infraglottic c
infraglottic c. the part of the cavity of the larynx immediately below the glottis.cavitas infraglotticum [NA] , aditus glottidis inferior, cavum infraglotticum, inferior laryngeal c., infraglottic space;
intermediate laryngeal c. portion of the c. of the larynx between the vestibular and vocal folds, with which the ventricles communicate.aditus glottidis superior;
intracranial c. cranial c
c. of larynx a cavity that is continuous above with the pharynx at the level of the aryepiglottic folds and extends downward through the rima glottidis to the infraglottic space.cavitas laryngis [NA] , cavum laryngis;
lesser peritoneal c. omental bursa
Meckel's c. trigeminal cave
medullary c. the marrow cavity in the shaft of a long bone.cavitas medullaris [NA] , cavum medullare;
c. of middle ear tympanic c
nasal c. the cavity on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated respiratory mucosa, extending from the naris anteriorly to the choana posteriorly, and communicating with the paranasal sinuses through their orifices in the lateral wall, from which also project the three conchae; the cribriform plate, through which the olfactory nerves are transmitted, forms the roof; the floor is formed by the hard palate.cavitas nasi [NA] , cavum nasi;
nephrotomic c. nephrocele (2)
oral c. the region consisting of the vestibulum oris, the narrow cleft between the lips and cheeks, and the teeth and gums, and the c. oris propria.cavitas oris [NA] , cavum oris, mouth (1);
oral c. proper the space between the dental arches, limited posteriorly by the isthmus of the fauces (palatoglossal arch).cavitas oris propria;
orbital c. orbit
pelvic c. the space bounded at the sides by the bones of the pelvis, above by the superior aperture of the pelvis, and below by the pelvic diaphragm; it contains the pelvic viscera.cavitas pelvis [NA] , cavum pelvis;
pericardial c. 1. the potential space between the parietal and the visceral layers of the serous pericardium; 2. in the embryo, that part of the primary celom containing the heart; originally it is in open communication with the pericardioperitoneal c.'s and indirectly, through them, with the peritoneal part of the celom.cavitas pericardialis [NA] , cavum pericardii;
peritoneal c. the interior of the peritoneal sac, normally only a potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum.cavitas peritonealis [NA] , cavum peritonei, greater peritoneal c;
perivisceral c. the space between the ectoderm and endoderm in the gastrula.primitive perivisceral c;
pharyngonasal c. nasopharynx
c. of pharynx it consists of a nasal part (nasopharynx) continuous anteriorly with the nasal cavity and receiving the openings of the auditory tubes, an oral part (oropharynx) opening through the fauces into the oral cavity, and a laryngeal part (laryngopharynx) leading into the vestibule of the larynx and to the esophagus.cavitas pharyngis [NA] , cavum pharyngis;
pleural c. the potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura.cavitas pleuralis [NA] , cavum pleurae, pleural space;
pleuroperitoneal c. that part of the embryonic celom later partitioned to give rise to the pleural and peritoneal c.'s.
primitive perivisceral c. perivisceral c
pulmonary c. the portion of the thoracic c. lying on either side of the mediastinum and occupied by a lung; the space existing when a lung is removed.
pulp c. the central hollow of a tooth consisting of the crown cavity and the root canal; it contains the fibrovascular dental pulp and is lined throughout by odontoblasts.cavitas dentis [NA] , c. of tooth, cavum dentis;
Retzius' c. retropubic space [A.A. Retzius]
segmentation c. blastocele
c. of septum pellucidum a slitlike, fluid-filled space of variable width between the left and right transparent septum, which occurs in less than 10% of human brains and may communicate with the third ventricle.cavum septi pellucidi [NA] , Duncan's ventricle, fifth ventricle, pseudocele, pseudoventricle, sylvian ventricle, ventricle of Sylvius, ventriculus quintus, Vieussens' ventricle, Wenzel's ventricle;
somite c. myocele (2)
splanchnic c. the celom or one of the body c.'s derived from it.visceral c;
subarachnoid c. subarachnoid space
subdural c. subdural space
subgerminal c. primitive gut
superior laryngeal c. vestibule of larynx
thoracic c. the space within the thoracic walls, bounded below by the diaphragm and above by the neck.cavitas thoracis [NA] , cavum thoracis;
c. of tooth pulp c
trigeminal c. trigeminal cave
tympanic c. an air chamber in the temporal bone containing the ossicles; it is lined with mucous membrane and is continuous with the auditory tube anteriorly and the tympanic antrum and mastoid air cells posteriorly.cavitas tympanica [NA] , c. of middle ear, cavum tympani, tympanum;
uterine c. , c. of uterus the space within the uterus extending from the cervical canal to the openings of the uterine tubes.cavitas uteri [NA] , cavum uteri;
visceral c. splanchnic c

cavogram cavogram (ka´vo-gram)

An angiogram of a vena cava.cavagram; [(vena) cava + G. gramma, a writing]

cavography cavography (ka-vog´ra-fe)

venacavography

cavosurface cavosurface (ka-vo-sur´fas)

Relating to a cavity and the surface of a tooth.

cavum cavum , pl. cava (ka´vum, -va) [NA]

cavity [L. ntr. of adj. cavus, hollow]
c. abdom´inis abdominal cavity
c. articula´re articular cavity
c. con´chae [NA] cavity of concha
c. corona´le crown cavity
c. den´tis pulp cavity
c. doug´lasi rectouterine pouch
c. epidura´le [NA] epidural cavity
c. infraglot´ticum infraglottic cavity
c. laryn´gis cavity of larynx
c. mediastina´le an inappropriate name sometimes applied to the mediastinum.
c. medulla´re medullary cavity
c. na´si nasal cavity
c. o´ris oral cavity
c. pel´vis pelvic cavity
c. pericar´dii pericardial cavity
c. peritone´i peritoneal cavity
c. pharyn´gis cavity of pharynx
c. pleu´rae pleural cavity
c. psalte´rii Verga's ventricle
c. ret´zii retropubic space [A.A. Retzius]
c. sep´ti pellu´cidi [NA] cavity of septum pellucidum
c. subarachnoid´eum [NA] subarachnoid space
c. subdura´le subdural space
c. thora´cis thoracic cavity
c. trigemina´le [NA] trigeminal cave
c. tym´pani tympanic cavity
c. u´teri uterine cavity
c. ver´gae Verga's ventricle
c. vesicouteri´num uterovesical pouch

cavy cavy (ka´ve)

Common name for Cavia porcellus.

Cazenave Cazenave

Pierre L. Alphée, French dermatologist, 1795-1877. See C.'s vitiligo.

Cb Cb

Symbol for columbium.

C-banding C-banding

See C-banding stain.

CBC CBC

Abbreviation for complete blood count.

CBF CBF

Abbreviation for cerebral or coronary blood flow.

CBG CBG

Abbreviation for corticosteroid-binding globulin.

Cbl Cbl

Abbreviation for cobalamin.

CBPP CBPP

Abbreviation for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.

Cbz Cbz

Abbreviation for carbobenzoxy (benzyloxycarbonyl).

C.C. C.C.

Abbreviation for chief complaint, as recorded on a patient's medical history.

cc cc , c.c.

Abbreviation for cubic centimeter.

CCA CCA

Abbreviation for chimpanzee coryza agent.

CCC CCC

Abbreviation for cathodal closure contraction.

CCDM CCDM

Abbreviation for Control of Communicable Diseases in Man.

CCK CCK

Abbreviation for cholecystokinin.

CCNU CCNU

lomustine

CCTe CCTe

Abbreviation for cathodal closure tetanus.

CCU CCU

Abbreviation for coronary care unit; critical care unit.

CD CD

Abbreviation for curative dose; circular dichroism; cluster of differentiation.

CD2 CD2

Abbreviation for cluster of differentiation 2.

CD3 CD3

Abbreviation for cluster of differentiation 3.

CD4 CD4

Abbreviation for cluster of differentiation 4.

CD8 CD8

Abbreviation for cluster of differentiation 8.

CD 54 CD 54

See intercellular adhesion molecule-1.

CD50 CD⁵⁰

Abbreviation for curative dose.

Cd Cd

Symbol for cadmium.

cd cd

Symbol for candela.

CDC CDC

Abbreviation for Centers for Disease Control; previously known as the Communicable Disease Center.

CD4/CD8 count CD4/CD8 count

The ratio of the number of helper-inducer T lymphocytes to cytotoxic-suppressor T lymphocytes, as measured by monoclonal antibodies to the CD4 surface antigen found on helper-inducer T cells, and the CD8 surface antigen found on cytotoxic-suppressor T cells. In healthy individuals, the H/S ratio ranges between 1.6 and 2.2.When the body mounts an immune response, as against a virus or a transplant, the ratio is almost always reduced because of a decrease in the number of circulating helper-inducer cells and an increase in suppressor cells. The CD4/CD8 count has been used to monitor for signs of organ rejection after transplants, and more recently has become a tool for assessing the relative condition of HIV patients. With the CD4 absolute count and the CD4 lymphocyte percentage, it provides a way of gauging the progression from HIV to AIDS.

CDE blood group CDE blood group

See Rh blood group, Blood Groups appendix.

cDNA cDNA

Abbreviation for complementary DNA.

CDP CDP

Abbreviation for cytidine 5´-diphosphate.

CDP-choline CDP-choline

Abbreviation for cytidine diphosphocholine.

CDP-glyceride CDP-glyceride

Abbreviation for cytidine diphosphoglyceride.

CDP-sugar CDP-sugar

Abbreviation for cytidine diphosphosugar.

Ce Ce

Symbol for cerium.

CEA CEA

Abbreviation for carcinoembryonic antigen.

cebocephaly cebocephaly (se-bo-sef´a-le)

Malformation of the head in which the features are suggestive of a monkey; there is usually a tendency toward cyclopia, with defective or absent nose and closely set eyes. [G. kebos, monkey, + kephale, head]

cec- cec-

See ceco-.

ceca ceca (se´ka)

Plural of cecum.

cecal cecal (se´kal)

1. Relating to the cecum. 2. Ending blindly or in a cul-de-sac.

cecectomy cecectomy (se-sek´to-me)

Excision of the cecum.typhlectomy; [ceco- + G. ektome, excision]

Cecil Cecil

Arthur Bond, U.S. urologist, 1885-1967. See cecil urethroplasty.

cecitis cecitis (se-sI´tis)

Inflammation of the cecum.typhlenteritis, typhlitis, typhloenteritis;

ceco- ceco- , cec-

The cecum. See also typhlo- (1). Cf. typhlo-. [L. caecum, cecum, blind]

cecocolostomy cecocolostomy (se´ko-ko-los´to-me)

Formation of an anastomosis between cecum and colon.

cecofixation cecofixation (se´ko-fik-sa´shun)

cecopexy

cecoileostomy cecoileostomy (se´ko-il-e-os´to-me)

ileocecostomy

cecopexy cecopexy (se´ko-pek-se)

Operative anchoring of a movable cecum.cecofixation, typhlopexy, typhlopexia; [ceco- + G. pexis, fixation]

cecoplication cecoplication (se´ko-pli-ka´shun)

Operative reduction in size of a dilated cecum by the formation of folds or tucks in its wall. [ceco- + L. plico, pp. -atus, to fold]

cecorrhaphy cecorrhaphy (se-kor´a-fe)

Suture of the cecum.typhlorrhaphy; [ceco- + G. rhaphe, suture]

cecosigmoidostomy cecosigmoidostomy (se´ko-sig-moy-dos´to-me)

Formation of a communication between the cecum and the sigmoid colon.

cecostomy cecostomy (se-kos´to-me)

Operative formation of a cecal fistula.typhlostomy; [ceco- + G. stoma, mouth]

cecotomy cecotomy (se-kot´o-me)

Incision into the cecum.typhlotomy; [ceco- + G. tome, incision]

cecum cecum , pl. ceca (se´kum, se´ka) [NA]

1. The cul-de-sac, about 6 cm in depth, lying below the terminal ileum forming the first part of the large intestine.blind gut, intestinum cecum, typhlon; 2. Any similar structure ending in a cul-de-sac. [L. ntr. of caecus, blind]
cupular c. of the cochlear duct the upper blind extremity of the cochlear duct.c. cupulare [NA] , cupular blind sac, lagena (1);
c. cupula´re [NA] cupular c. of the cochlear duct
vestibular c. of the cochlear duct the lower extremity of the cochlear duct, occupying the cochlear recess in the vestibule.c. vestibulare [NA] , vestibular blind sac;
c. vestibula´re [NA] vestibular c. of the cochlear duct

cedar leaf oil cedar leaf oil (se´der)

Oil obtained by steam distillation from the fresh leaves of Thuja occidentalis; used as an insect repellent and counterirritant, and in perfumery.thuja oil;

cedar wood oil cedar wood oil

Volatile oil obtained from the wood of Juniperus virginiana (family Pinaceae); used as an insect repellent, in perfumery, and as a clearing agent in microscopy.

Ceelen Ceelen

Wilhelm, 1884-1964. See C.-Gellerstedt syndrome.

cefaclor cefaclor (sef´a-klor)

A semisynthetic broad spectrum antibiotic derived from cephalosporin C; used orally.

cefadroxil cefadroxil (sef-a-drok´sil)

A semisynthetic broad spectrum antibiotic derived from cephalosporin C; used orally.

cefamandole nafate cefamandole nafate (sef-a-man´dol naf´at)

A semisynthetic broad spectrum antibiotic derived from cephalosporin C; used by injection.

cefazolin cefazolin (se-faz´o-lin)

A broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat a wide variety of serious infections; available as the sodium salt for intramuscular or intravenous administration.

cefonicid disodium cefonicid disodium (se-fon´I-sid)

C₁₈H₁₆N₆Na₂O₈S₃;a broad spectrum long acting cephalosporin antibiotic structurally related to cefamandole.

cefoperazone sodium cefoperazone sodium (se-fo-per´a-zon)

C₂₅H₂₆N₉NaO₈S₂;a semisynthetic piperazine-cephalosporin antibiotic.

ceforanide ceforanide (se-for´a-nId)

C₂₀H₂₁N₇O₆ S₂;a broad spectrum long-acting cephalosporin antibiotic.

cefotaxime sodium cefotaxime sodium (se-fo-taks´em)

C₁₆H₁₆N₅NaO₇S₂;a broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic.

cefotetan disodium cefotetan disodium (sef´o-te-tan)

C₁₇H₁₅N₇Na₂O₈S₄;a broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic.

cefoxitin sodium cefoxitin sodium (se-fok´si-tin)

A semisynthetic antibiotic derived from cephamycin C but structurally and pharmacologically similar to the cephalosporins; used by injection.

ceftazidime sodium ceftazidime sodium (sef-taz´i-dem)

C₂₂H₂₁N₆NaO₇S₂;a cephalosporin antibiotic especially effective against enterobacteria and species of Pseudomonas.

ceftizoxime sodium ceftizoxime sodium (sef-ti-zoks´em)

C₁₃H₁₂N₅NaO₅S₂;a broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic similar to cefotaxime sodium.

ceftriaxone disodium ceftriaxone disodium (sef-trI-aks´on)

C₁₈H₁₆N₈Na₂O₇S₃;a semisynthetic parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic.

cel cel (sel)

A unit of velocity; 1 cm per second. [L. celer, swift]

-cele -cele

Swelling; hernia. [G. kele, tumor]

celectome celectome (se´lek-tom)

Obsolete term for an instrument, such as the harpoon, for obtaining a bit of tissue from the interior of a tumor for examination. [G. kele, tumor, + ektome, excision]

celenteron celenteron (se-len´ter-on)

primitive gut [G. koilos, hollow, + enteron, intestine]

celery seed celery seed (sel´er-e)

The dried ripe fruit of Apium graveolens (family Umbelliferae); has been used in dysmenorrhea and as a sedative.

Celestin Celestin

Felix, French physician, *1900. See C. tube.

celestine blue B celestine blue B (se-les´ten) [C.I. 51050]

A dye recommended as a substitute for hematoxylin when it is unavailable.

celiac celiac (se´le-ak)

Relating to the abdominal cavity. [G. koilia, belly]

celiagra celiagra (se-le-ag´ra)

Rarely used term for sudden painful affection of the stomach or other abdominal organs. [G. koilia, belly, + agra, seizure]

celiectomy celiectomy (se-le-ek´to-me)

Obsolete term for excision of any abdominal organ, or part of one. [G. koilia, belly, + ektome, excision]

celio- celio-

The abdomen. See also celo- (3). [G. koilia, belly]

celiocentesis celiocentesis (se´le-o-sen-te´sis)

Rarely used term for paracentesis of the abdomen. [celio- + G. kentesis, puncture]

celioenterotomy celioenterotomy (se´le-o-en-ter-ot´o-me)

Obsolete term for opening into the intestine through an incision in the abdominal wall. [celio- + G. enteron, intestine, + tome, incision]

celiogastrostomy celiogastrostomy (se´le-o-gas-tros´to-me)

Obsolete term for establishment of a gastric fistula through an incision in the abdominal wall. [celio- + G. gaster, stomach, + stoma, mouth]

celiogastrotomy celiogastrotomy (se´le-o-gas-trot´o-me)

Obsolete term for abdominal section with incision of the stomach. [celio- + G. gaster, stomach, + tome, incision]

celiohysterectomy celiohysterectomy (se´le-o-his-ter-ek´to-me)

abdominal hysterectomy [celio- + G. hystera, womb, + ektome, excision]

celiohysterotomy celiohysterotomy (se´le-o-his-ter-ot´o-me)

abdominal hysterotomy [celio- + G. hystera, womb, + tome, incision]

celiomyalgia celiomyalgia (se´le-o-mI-al´je-a)

Rarely used term for pain in the abdominal muscles. [celio- + G. mys, muscle, + algos, pain]

celiomyomectomy celiomyomectomy (se´le-o-mI-o-mek´to-me)

abdominal myomectomy [celio- + myoma, + G. ektome, excision]

celiomyomotomy celiomyomotomy (se´le-o-mI-o-mot´o-me)

Obsolete term for incision into a myoma after abdominal incision. [celio- + myoma, + G. tome, incision]

celiomyositis celiomyositis (se´le-o-mI-o-sI´tis)

Inflammation of the abdominal muscles. [celio- + G. mys, muscle, + -itis, inflammation]

celioparacentesis celioparacentesis (se´le-o-par-a-sen-te´sis)

Rarely used term for paracentesis of the abdomen. [celio- + G. parakentesis, a puncture for dropsy]

celiopathy celiopathy (se-le-op´a-the)

Rarely used term for any abdominal disease. [celio- + G. pathos, disease]

celiorrhaphy celiorrhaphy (se-le-or´a-fe)

Suture of a wound in the abdominal wall.laparorrhaphy; [celio- + G. rhaphe, seam]

celiosalpingectomy celiosalpingectomy (se´le-o-sal-pin-jek´to-me)

abdominal salpingectomy [celio- + G. salpinx, trumpet + ektome, excision]

celiosalpingotomy celiosalpingotomy (se´le-o-sal-pin-got´o-me)

abdominal salpingotomy [celio- + G. salpinx, trumpet, + tome, incision]

celioscopy celioscopy (se-le-os´ko-pe)

peritoneoscopy [celio- + G. skopeo, to view]

celiotomy celiotomy (se-le-ot´o-me)

Transabdominal incision into the peritoneal cavity.abdominal section, laparotomy (2) , ventrotomy; [celio- + G. tome, incision]
vaginal c. opening the peritoneal cavity through the vagina.culdotomy (2);

celitis celitis (se-lI´tis)

Any inflammation of the abdomen. [G. koilia, belly, + -itis, inflammation]

cell cell (sel)

1. The smallest unit of living structure capable of independent existence, composed of a membrane-enclosed mass of protoplasm and containing a nucleus or nucleoid. C.'s are highly variable and specialized in both structure and function, though all must at some stage replicate proteins and nucleic acids, utilize energy, and reproduce themselves. 2. A small closed or partly closed cavity; a compartment or hollow receptacle. 3. A container of glass, ceramic, or other solid material within which chemical reactions generating electricity take place. [L. cella, a storeroom, a chamber]
A c.'s alpha c.'s of pancreas or of anterior lobe of hypophysis.
absorption c. a small glass chamber with parallel sides, in which absorption spectra of solutions can be obtained.
absorptive c.'s of intestine c.'s on the surface of villi of the small intestine and the luminal surface of the large intestine that are characterized by having microvilli on their free surface.
acid c. parietal c
acidophil c. a c. whose cytoplasm or its granules stain with acid dyes.
acinar c. any secreting c. lining an acinus, especially applied to the c.'s of the pancreas that furnish pancreatic juice and enzymes to distinguish them from the c.'s of ducts and the islets of Langerhans.acinous c;
acinous c. acinar c
acoustic c. a hair c. of the organ of Corti.
adipose c. fat c
adventitial c. pericyte
air c.'s 1. pulmonary alveolus 2. air-containing spaces in the skull.
air c.'s of auditory tube tubal air c.'s
albuminous c. 1. serous c 2. zymogenic c
algoid c. a c. appearing like c.'s of algae, sometimes found in chronic diarrhea.
alpha c.'s of anterior lobe of hypophysis acidophil c.'s that constitute about 35% of the c.'s of the anterior lobe. There are two varieties: one that elaborates somatotropin, another that elaborates prolactin.
alpha c.'s of pancreas c.'s of the islets of Langerhans that secrete glucagon.
alveolar c. any of the c.'s lining the alveoli of the lung, including the squamous alveolar c.'s, the great alveolar c.'s, and the alveolar macrophages.pneumocyte;
amacrine c. a nerve c. with short branching dendrites but believed to lack an axon; Cajal described and named such cells in the retina.
ameboid c. a c. such as a leukocyte, having ameboid movements, with a power of locomotion.wandering c; migratory c;
amniogenic c.'s c.'s from which the amnion develops.
anabiotic c.'s c.'s that are capable of resuscitation after apparent death; the existence of anabiotic tumor c.'s is postulated to explain the recurrence of a cancer after a very long symptomless period following operation.
anaplastic c. 1. a c. that has reverted to an embryonal state; 2. an undifferentiated c., characteristic of malignant neoplasms.
angioblastic c.'s those c.'s in the early embryo from which primitive blood c.'s and endothelium develop.
Anitschkow c. cardiac histiocyte
anterior c.'s anterior ethmoidal air c.'s
anterior ethmoidal air c.'s the anterior group of air cells of the ethmoidal c.'s; each c. communicates with the middle meatus of the nasal cavity.sinus ethmoidales anteriores [NA] , anterior c.'s, anterior sinuses, cellulae anteriores;
anterior horn c. motor neuron
antigen-presenting c.'s (APC) c.'s that process protein antigens into peptides and present them on their surface in a form that can be recognized by lymphocytes. APCs include Langerhans c., dendritic c.'s, macrophages, B c.'s, and activated T c.'s.
antigen-responsive c. antigen-sensitive c
antigen-sensitive c. a small lymphocyte that, although not itself an immunologically activated c., responds to antigenic (immunogenic) stimulus by a process of division and differentiation that results in the production of immunologically activated cells.antigen-responsive c;
apolar c. a neuron without processes.
APUD c.'s See APUD.
argentaffin c.'s c.'s that contain granules which precipitate silver from an ammoniacal silver nitrate solution. See also enteroendocrine c.'s.
argyrophilic c.'s c.'s that bind silver salts but that precipitate silver only in the presence of a reducing agent. See also enteroendocrine c.'s.
Aschoff c. a large cell component of rheumatic nodules in the myocardium with a characteristic nucleus and relatively little cytoplasm.
Askanazy c. Hürthle c
astroglia c. astrocyte
auditory receptor c.'s columnar c.'s in the epithelium of the organ of Corti, having hairs (stereocilia) on their apical ends. See Corti's c.'s.
B c. 1. beta c. of pancreas or of anterior lobe of hypophysis; 2. B lymphocyte
balloon c. 1. an unusually large degenerated c. with pale-staining vacuolated or reticulated cytoplasm, as in viral hepatitis or in degenerated epidermal c.'s in herpes zoster; 2. a large form of nevus c. with abundant nonstaining cytoplasm, formed by vacular degeneration of melanosomes.
band c. any c. of the granulocytic (leukocytic) series that has a nucleus that could be described as a curved or coiled band, no matter how marked the indentation, if it does not completely segment the nucleus into lobes connected by a filament.band neutrophil, rod nuclear c., Schilling's band c., stab c., stab neutrophil, staff c;
basal c. a c. of the deepest layer of stratified epithelium.basilar c;
basaloid c. a c., usually of the epidermis, resembling a basal c.
basilar c. basal c
basket c. 1. a neuron enmeshing the cell body of another neuron with its terminal axon ramifications; 2. smudge c.'s 3. a myoepithelial c. with branching processes that occurs basal to the secretory c.'s of certain salivary gland and lacrimal gland alveoli.
basophil c. of anterior lobe of hypophysis beta c. of anterior lobe of hypophysis
beaker c. goblet c
Beale's c. a bipolar ganglion c. of the heart with one spiral and one straight prolongation.
Berger c.'s hilus c.'s
berry c. a crenated red blood c. with surface spicules.
beta c. of anterior lobe of hypophysis one of a population of functionally diverse c.'s that contain basophilic granules and secrete hormones such as ACTH, lipotropin, thyrotropin, and the gonadotropins.basophil c. of anterior lobe of hypophysis;
beta c. of pancreas the predominant c. of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
Betz c.'s large pyramidal c.'s in the motor area of the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex.Bevan-Lewis c.'s;
Bevan-Lewis c.'s Betz c.'s
bipolar c. a neuron having two processes, such as those of the retina or the spiral and vestibular ganglia of the eighth nerve.
Bizzozero's red c.'s nucleated red blood c.'s in human blood.
blast c. an immature precursor c.; e.g., erythroblast, lymphoblast, neuroblast. See also -blast.
blood c. one of the cells of the blood, a leukocyte or erythrocyte.blood corpuscle;
Boll's c.'s basal c.'s in the lacrimal gland.
bone c. osteocyte
border c.'s c.'s forming the inner boundary of the organ of Corti.
Böttcher's c.'s c.'s of the basilar membrane of the cochlea.
Bowenoid c.'s c.'s characteristic of Bowen's disease; scattered large, round intraepidermal keratinocytes with a hyperchromatic nucleus and pole cytoplasm.
bristle c. hair c. of the inner ear.
bronchic c.'s pulmonary alveolus
bronchiolar exocrine c. Clara c
brood c. mother c
burr c. a crenated red blood c.
C c. 1. a c. of the pancreatic islets of the guinea pig;gamma c. of pancreas; 2. parafollicular c.'s
Cajal's c. 1. horizontal c. of Cajal 2. astrocyte
caliciform c. goblet c
cameloid c. elliptocyte
capsule c. amphicyte
carrier c. phagocyte
cartilage c. chondrocyte
castration c.'s altered basophilic c.'s of the anterior lobe of the pituitary that develop following castration; the body of the c. is occupied by a large vacuole that displaces the nucleus to the periphery, giving the c. a resemblance to a signet ring.signet ring c.'s;
caterpillar c. cardiac histiocyte
centroacinar c. a c. of the pancreatic ductule that occupies the lumen of an acinus; it secretes bicarbonate and water, providing an alkaline pH necessary for enzyme activity in the intestine.
chalice c. goblet c
chief c. the predominant cell type of a gland.
chief c. of corpus pineale pinealocyte
chief c. of parathyroid gland a round clear c. with a centrally located nucleus; secretes parathyroid hormone.
chief c. of stomach zymogenic c
chromaffin c. a c. that stains with chromic salts, in adrenal medulla and paraganglia of the sympathetic nervous system.
chromophobe c.'s of anterior lobe of hypophysis c.'s of the adenohypophysis that are devoid of specific acidophilic or basophilic granules when stained with common differential stains.
Clara c. a rounded, club-shaped, nonciliated c. protruding between ciliated c.'s in bronchiolar epithelium; believed to be secretory in function.bronchiolar exocrine c;
Clarke c.'s large multipolar c.'s characteristic of the thoracic nucleus (Clarke's nucleus in lamina VII) of the spinal cord.
Claudius' c.'s columnar c.'s on the floor of the ductus cochlearis external to the organ of Corti.
clear c. 1. a c. in which the cytoplasm appears empty with the light microscope, as occurs in certain secretory c.'s of eccrine sweat glands and in the parathyroid glands when the glycogen is unstained; 2. any c., particularly a neoplastic one, containing abundant glycogen or other material that is not stained by hematoxylin or eosin, so that the c. cytoplasm is very pale in routinely stained sections.
cleavage c. blastomere
cleaved c. a c. with single or multiple clefts in the nuclear membrane.
clonogenic c. a c. that has the potential to proliferate and give rise to a colony of c.'s; some daughter c.'s from each generation retain this potential to proliferate.
cochlear hair c.'s sensory c.'s in the organ of Corti in synaptic contact with sensory as well as efferent fibers of the cochlear (auditory) nerve; from the apical end of each c. about 100 stereocilia extend from the surface and make contact with the tectorial membrane.Corti's c.'s;
column c.'s neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord whose axons are confined within the central nervous system.
commissural c. a neuron whose axon passes to the opposite side of the neuraxis.heteromeric c;
compound granule c. gitter cgitterzelle;
cone c. of retina cone (2)
connective tissue c. any of the c.'s of varied form occurring in connective tissue.
contrasuppressor c.'s (kon´tra-su-pres´or) a subpopulation of T c.'s, distinct from T helper c.'s, which inhibit T suppressor c. function.
Corti's c.'s cochlear hair c.'s
crescent c. sickle c
cytomegalic c.'s c.'s containing large intranuclear and intracytoplasmic cytomegalic inclusion bodies caused by cytomegalovirus; a member of the family Herpesviridae.
cytotoxic c. suppressor c.'s
cytotrophoblastic c.'s stem c.'s that fuse to form the overlying syncytiotrophoblast of placental villi.Langhans' c.'s (2);
D c. delta c. of pancreas
dark c.'s c.'s in eccrine sweat glands having many ribosomes and mucoid secretory granules.
daughter c. one of the two or more c.'s formed in the division of a parent c.
Davidoff's c.'s Paneth's granular c.'s
decidual c. an enlarged, ovoid connective tissue c. appearing in the endometrium of pregnancy.
decoy c.'s benign exfoliated epithelial c.'s with pyknotic nuclei seen in urinary infections; may be mistaken for malignant c.'s.
deep c. mesangial c
Deiters' c.'s 1. phalangeal c 2. astrocyte
delta c. of anterior lobe of hypophysis a variety of c. having basophilic granules.
delta c. of pancreas a c. of the islets having fine granules and containing somatostatin.D c;
dendritic c.'s in embryonic ectoderm, c.'s of neural crest origin with extensive processes; they develop melanin early.
Dogiel's c.'s the different cell types in cerebrospinal ganglia.
dome c. one of the rounded surface c.'s of the periderm layer of the fetal epidermis.
Downey c. the atypical lymphocyte of infectious mononucleosis.
dust c. alveolar macrophage
effector c. a terminally differentiated leukocyte that performs one or more specific functions. See also effector.
egg c. the unfertilized ovum.
embryonic c. blastomere
enamel c. ameloblast
end c. a fully differentiated c., the mature c. of a lineage.
endodermal c.'s embryonic c.'s forming the yolk sac and giving rise to the epithelium of the alimentary and respiratory tracts and to the parenchyma of associated glands.entodermal c.'s;
endothelial c. one of the squamous c.'s forming the lining of blood and lymph vessels and the inner layer of the endocardium.endotheliocyte;
enterochromaffin c.'s enteroendocrine c.'s
enteroendocrine c.'s c.'s with granules that may be either argentaffinic or argyrophilic; the c.'s, scattered throughout the digestive tract, are of several varieties and are believed to produce at least 20 different gastrointestinal hormones and neurotransmitters.enterochromaffin c.'s, Kulchitsky c.'s;
entodermal c.'s endodermal c.'s
ependymal c. a c. lining the central canal of the spinal cord (those of pyramidal shape) or one of the brain ventricles (those of cuboidal shape).
epidermic c. one of the c.'s of the epidermis.
epithelial c. one of the many varieties of c.'s that form epithelium.
epithelial reticular c. one of the many-branched epithelial c.'s that collectively form the supporting stroma for lymphocytes in the thymus; believed to produce thymosin and other factors that control thymic function.
epithelioid c. 1. a nonepithelial c. having certain characteristics of epithelium; 2. large mononuclear histiocytes having certain epithelial characteristics, particularly in tubercles where they are polygonal and have eosinophilic cytoplasm.
erythroid c. a c. of the erythrocytic series.
ethmoid air c.'s the numerous small air-filled cells of the ethmoidal labyrinth. See anterior ethmoidal air c.'s, middle ethmoidal air c.'s, posterior ethmoidal air c.'s.cellulae ethmoidales [NA] , sinus ethmoidales [NA] , ethmoidal c.'s;
ethmoidal c.'s ethmoid air c.'s
external pillar c.'s See pillar c.'s.
exudation c. exudation corpuscle
Fañanás c. a specialized astrocyte found in the cerebellar cortex.
fasciculata c. a c. of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex that contains numerous lipid droplets due to the presence of corticosteroids.
fat c. a connective tissue c. distended with one or more fat globules, the cytoplasm usually being compressed into a thin envelope, with the nucleus at one point in the periphery.adipocyte, adipose c;
fat-storing c. a multilocular fat-filled c. present in the perisinusoidal space in the liver.lipocyte;
Ferrata's c. hemohistioblast
floor c. an obsolete term for the cell body of pillar c.'s in the floor of the arch of Corti.
foam c.'s c.'s with abundant, pale-staining, finely vacuolated cytoplasm, usually histiocytes that have ingested or accumulated material that dissolves during tissue preparation, especially lipids. See also lipophage.
follicular epithelial c. a c. lining a follicle such as that of the thyroid gland.
follicular ovarian c.'s c.'s of an ovarian follicle that surround the developing ovum; they form the stratum granulosum ovarii and cumulus oophorus.
foreign body giant c. a multinucleate "cell" or syncytium formed around particulate matter in chronic inflammatory reactions.
formative c.'s inner cell mass c.'s of the blastocyst; collectively, these c.'s give rise to the embryo.
foveolar c.'s of stomach theca c.'s of the foveolae of the stomach.
fuchsinophil c. a c. with a special affinity for fuchsin.
fusiform c.'s of cerebral cortex spindle-shaped c.'s in the sixth layer of the cerebral cortex.
G c.'s enteroendocrine c.'s that secrete gastrin, found primarily in the mucosa of the pyloric antrum of the stomach.
gamma c. of pancreas C c. (1)
ganglion c. originally, any nerve c. (neuron); in current usage, a neuron the c. body of which is located outside the limits of the brain and spinal cord, hence forming part of the peripheral nervous system; ganglion c.'s are either 1) the pseudounipolar c.'s of the sensory spinal and cranial nerves (sensory ganglia), or 2) the peripheral multipolar motor neurons innervating the viscera (visceral or autonomic ganglia).gangliocyte;
ganglion c.'s of dorsal spinal root pseudounipolar nerve c. bodies in the ganglia of the dorsal spinal nerve roots; the sensory spinal nerves are composed of the peripheral axon branches of these sensory ganglion c.'s, whereas the central axon branch of each such c. enters the spinal cord as a component of the dorsal root.
ganglion c.'s of retina the nerve c.'s of the retina whose central processes (fibers) form the optic nerve; their peripheral processes synapse with the bipolar c.'s and through them with the rod and cone c.'s; these c. bodies are round or flask-shaped and vary considerably in size.
Gaucher c.'s large, finely and uniformly vacuolated c.'s derived from the reticuloendothelial system, and found especially in the spleen, lymph nodes, liver, and bone marrow of patients with Gaucher's disease; Gaucher c.'s contain kerasin (a cerebroside), which accumulates as a result of a genetically determined absence of the enzyme glucosylceramidase.
gemistocytic c. gemistocytic astrocyte
germ c. sex c
germinal c. a c. from which other c.'s proliferate.
ghost c. 1. a dead c. in which the outline remains visible, but without other cytoplasmic structures or stainable nucleus; 2. an erythrocyte after loss of its hemoglobin.
giant c. a c. of large size, often with many nuclei.
Gierke c.'s small c.'s characteristic of the substantia gelatinosa (lamina II) of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
gitter c. a lipid-laden microglial phagocyte commonly seen at the edge of healing brain infarcts, a result of cellular phagocytosis of lipid from necrotic or degenerating brain c.'s.compound granule c; [Ger. Gitterzelle, fr. Gitter, lattice, wire-net]
glia c.'s See neuroglia.
glitter c.'s polymorphonuclear leukocytes that stain pale blue with gentian violet and contain cytoplasmic granules that exhibit brownian movement; observed in urine sediment and characteristic of pyelonephritis.
globoid c. a large c. of mesodermal origin that is found clustered in the intracranial tissues in globoid cell leukodystrophy.
glomerulosa c. a c. of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex that is the source of aldosterone; the c.'s are arranged in spherical or oval groups.
goblet c. an epithelial c. that becomes distended with a large accumulation of mucous secretory granules at its apical end, giving it the appearance of a goblet.beaker c., caliciform c., chalice c;
Golgi epithelial c. a glial cell found in the cerebellar cortex. See Bergmann's fibers, under fiber.
Golgi's c.'s See Golgi type I neuron, Golgi type II neuron.
Goormaghtigh's c.'s juxtaglomerular c.'s
granule c.'s 1. small nerve cell bodies in the external and internal granular layers of the cerebral cortex; 2. small nerve cell bodies in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex.
granule c. of connective tissue mast c
granulosa c. a c. of the membrana granulosa lining the vesicular ovarian follicle that becomes a luteal c. of the corpus luteum after ovulation.
granulosa lutein c.'s c.'s derived from the membrana granulosa of a mature ovarian follicle that secrete both estrogen and progesterone, and form the major component of the corpus luteum.
great alveolar c.'s cuboidal c.'s connected with the squamous pulmonary alveolar c.'s and having in their cytoplasm lamellated bodies (cytosomes) that represent the source of the surfactant that coats the alveoli.granular pneumonocytes, type II c.'s;
guanine c. a c. whose cytoplasm contains glistening crystals of guanine.
gustatory c.'s taste c.'s
gyrochrome c. See gyrochrome.
hair c.'s sensory epithelial c.'s present in the organ of Corti, in the maculae and cristae of the membranous labyrinth of the ear, and in taste buds; they are characterized by having long stereocilia or kinocilia (or both) which, with the light microscope, appear as fine hairs. See also vestibular hair c.'s, cochlear hair c.'s, taste c.'s.
hairy c.'s medium sized leukocytes that have features of reticuloendothelial c.'s and multiple cytoplasmic projections (hairs) on the c. surface, but which may be a variety of B lymphocyte; they are found in hairy cell leukemia.
Haller c. a variant of ethmoidal air cell developing into the floor of the orbit adjacent to the natural ostium of the maxillary sinus. A diseased Haller c. is capable of obstructing that ostium and producing a maxillary sinusitis.
heart failure c.'s macrophages in the lung during left heart failure that often carry large amounts of hemosiderin. See also siderophore.
HeLa c.'s the first continuously cultured human malignant c.'s, derived from a cervical carcinoma of a patient, Henrietta Lacks; used in the cultivation of viruses.
helmet c. a schistocyte shaped like a military helmet.
helper c. a subset of T lymphocytes that acts in cooperation with B lymphocytes to permit antibody formation.inducer c;
HEMPAS c.'s the abnormal erythrocytes of type II congenital dyserythropoietic anemia. See HEMPAS.
Hensen's c. one of the supporting c.'s in the organ of Corti, immediately to the outer side of the c.'s of Deiters.
heteromeric c. commissural c
hilus c.'s c.'s in the hilus of the ovary that produce androgens; they are thought to be the ovarian counterpart of the interstitial c.'s of the testis.Berger c.'s;
hobnail c.'s c.'s characteristic of a mesonephroma; a round expansion of clear cytoplasm projects into the lumen of neoplastic tubules, but the basal part of the c. containing the nucleus is narrow.
Hofbauer c. a large c. in the connective tissue of the chorionic villi; it appears to be a type of phagocyte.
horizontal c. of Cajal a small fusiform c. found in the superficial layer of the cerebral cortex with its long axis placed horizontally.Cajal's c. (1);
horizontal c.'s of retina c.'s in the outer part of the inner nuclear layer of the retina that lie with their axes more or less parallel with the surface. They are thought to connect the rods of one part of the retina with cones of another part.
horny c. 1. corneocyte
Hortega c.'s microglia
Hürthle c. a large, granular eosinophilic c. derived from thyroid follicular epithelium by accumulation of mitochondria, e.g., in Hashimoto's disease.Askanazy c;
I c. a cultured skin fibroblast containing membrane-bound inclusions; characteristic of mucolipidosis II. See also immunocyte.inclusion c;
immunologically activated c. an immunocyte that is in an elevated state of reactivity capable of carrying out an immune response, in contradistinction to an immunologically competent c.
immunologically competent c. a small lymphocyte capable of being immunologically activated by exposure to a substance that is antigenic (immunogenic) for the respective c.; activation involves either the capacity to produce antibody or the capacity to participate in cell-mediated immunity.
inclusion c. I c
indifferent c. an undifferentiated, nonspecialized c.
inducer c. helper c
innocent bystander c. the destruction of a c. by an immune process even though that c. was not directly targeted.
intercapillary c. mesangial c
internal pillar c.'s See pillar c.'s.
interstitial c.'s 1. c.'s between the seminiferous tubules of the testis that secrete testosterone;Leydig's c.'s; 2. c.'s derived from the theca interna of atretic follicles of the ovary; they resemble luteal c.'s and are an important source of estrogens; 3. pineal c.'s similar to glial c.'s with long processes.
irritation c. Türk c
islet c. one of the c.'s of the pancreatic islets.
Ito c.'s fat-containing c.'s lining hepatic sinusoids.
juvenile c. metamyelocyte
juxtaglomerular c.'s c.'s, located at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle that secrete renin and form a component of the juxtaglomerular complex; they are modified smooth muscle c.'s primarily of the afferent arteriole of the renal glomerulus.Goormaghtigh's c.'s;
K c.'s killer c.'s
karyochrome c. See karyochrome.
keratinized c. corneocyte
killer c.'s cytotoxic c.'s involved in antibody-dependent c.-mediated immune responses; they appear to be T lymphocytes of the suppressor subset with receptors for the Fc portion of IgG molecules, and lyse or damage IgG coated target c.'s without mediation of complement. See antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.K c.'s, null c.'s (1) , T cytotoxic c.'s;
Kulchitsky c.'s enteroendocrine c.'s
Kupffer c.'s phagocytic c.'s of the mononuclear phagocyte series found on the luminal surface of the hepatic sinusoids.stellate c.'s of liver;
lacis c. (lah-se´) one of the c.'s of the juxtaglomerular apparatus found at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle. [Fr. lacis, meshwork]
Langerhans' c.'s dendritic clear c.'s in the epidermis, containing distinctive granules that appear rod- or racket-shaped in section, but lacking tonofilaments, melanosomes, and desmosomes; they carry surface receptors for immunoglobulin (Fc) and complement (C3), and are believed to be antigen fixing and processing c.'s of monocytic origin; active participants in cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity.
Langhans' c.'s 1. multinucleated giant c.'s seen in tuberculosis and other granulomas; the nuclei are arranged in an arciform manner at the periphery of the c.'s;Langhans'-type giant c.'s; 2. cytotrophoblastic c.'s
Langhans'-type giant c.'s Langhans' c.'s (1)
LE c. a polymorphonuclear leukocyte containing an amorphous round body that is a phagocytosed nucleus from another cell plus serum antinuclear globulin (IgG) and complement; formed in vitro in the blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, or by the action of the patient's serum on normal leukocytes.lupus erythematosus c;
Leishman's chrome c.'s basophilic granular leukocytes (basophils) observed in the circulating blood of some persons with blackwater fever.
lepra c.'s distinctive, large, mononuclear phagocytes (macrophages) with a foamlike cytoplasm, and also poorly staining saclike structures resulting from degeneration of such c.'s, observed characteristically in leprous inflammatory reactions; indistinct staining results from numerous, fairly closely packed leprosy bacilli, which are acid-fast and resistant to staining by ordinary methods but may be vividly demonstrated by acid-fast staining procedures.
Leydig's c.'s interstitial c.'s (1)
light c.'s of thyroid parafollicular c.'s
lining c. littoral c
Lipschütz c. centrocyte (1)
littoral c. the c.'s lining the lymphatic sinuses of lymph nodes and the blood sinuses of bone marrow.lining c; [L. littoralis, the seashore]
Loevit's c. erythroblast
lupus erythematosus c. LE c
luteal c. , lutein c. a c. of the corpus luteum of the ovary that is derived from the granulosa cells of the preovulatory follicle; it secretes progesterone and estrogen.
lymph c. lymphocyte
lymphoid c. a parenchymal c. of lymphatic tissue.
macroglia c. astrocyte
malpighian c. a c. of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis.
Marchand's wandering c. a c. of the mononuclear phagocyte system.
marrow c. any c. of bone marrow, especially hemopoietic c.'s.
Martinotti's c. a small multipolar nerve c. with short branching dendrites scattered through various layers of the cerebral cortex; its axon ascends toward the surface of the cortex.
mast c. a connective tissue c. that contains coarse, basophilic, metachromatic granules; the c. is believed to contain heparin and histamine.granule c. of connective tissue, labrocyte, mastocyte, tissue basophil;
mastoid c.'s mastoid air c.'s
mastoid air c.'s numerous small intercommunicating cavities in the mastoid process of the temporal bone that empty into the mastoid or tympanic antrum.cellulae mastoideae [NA] , mastoid c.'s, mastoid sinuses;
Mauthner's c. a large neuron of the spinal cord with its c. body located in the metencephalon of fish and amphibia.
Merkel's tactile c. tactile meniscus
mesangial c. a phagocytic c. in the capillary tuft of the renal glomerulus, interposed between endothelial c.'s and the basement membrane in the central or stalk region of the tuft.deep c., intercapillary c;
mesenchymal c.'s fusiform or stellate c.'s found between the ectoderm and endoderm of young embryos; the shape of the c.'s in fixed material is indicative of the fact that in life they were moving from their place of origin to areas where they would become reaggregated and specialized; most mesenchymal c.'s are derived from established mesodermal layers, but in the cephalic region they also develop from neural crest or neural tube ectoderm; they are the most strikingly pluripotential c.'s in the embryonic body, developing at different locations into any of the types of connective or supporting tissues, to smooth muscle, to vascular endothelium, and to blood cells.
mesoglial c.'s mesoglia
mesothelial c. one of the flat c.'s of mesenchymal origin that form the superficial layer of the serosal membranes lining the body cavities of the abdomen and thorax.
Mexican hat c. target c. (1)
Meynert's c.'s solitary pyramidal c.'s found in the cortex in the region of the calcarine fissure.
microglia c.'s , microglial c.'s microglia
middle c.'s middle ethmoidal air c.'s
middle ethmoidal air c.'s the middle group of air cells of the ethmoidal c.'s; each c. communicates with the middle meatus of the nasal cavity.sinus ethmoidales mediae [NA] , cellulae mediae, middle c.'s, middle ethmoidal sinuses;
midget bipolar c.'s bipolar c.'s in the inner nuclear layer of the retina that synapse with individual cone c.'s in the outer plexiform layer; other larger bipolar c.'s in the inner nuclear layer synapse with both rod and cone c.'s; the axons of both types synapse in the inner plexiform layer with the dendrites of the ganglion c.'s.
migratory c. ameboid c
Mikulicz' c.'s foamy macrophages containing Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis; found in the mucosal nodules in rhinoscleroma.
mirror-image c. 1. a c. whose nuclei have identical features and are placed in the cytoplasm in similar fashion; 2. a binucleate form of Reed-Sternberg c. often found in Hodgkin's disease; the twin nuclei are disposed in relation to an imaginary plane between them like a single nucleus together with its image in a mirror.
mitral c.'s large nerve c.'s in the olfactory lobe of the brain whose dendrites synapse (in glomeruli) with axons of the olfactory receptor c.'s of the nasal mucous membrane, and whose axons pass centrally in the olfactory tract to the olfactory cortex.
monocytoid c. a c. having morphological characteristics of a monocyte but which is nonphagocytic.
mossy c. one of the two types of neuroglia c.'s, consisting of a rather large body with numerous short branching processes.
mother c. a c. which, by division, gives rise to two or more daughter c.'s.brood c., metrocyte, parent c;
motor c. a neuron whose axon innervates peripheral effector c.'s such as muscle fibers or gland c.'s.
mucoalbuminous c.'s mucoserous c.'s
mucoserous c.'s glandular c.'s intermediate in histologic characteristics between serous and mucous c.'s.mucoalbuminous c.'s, seromucous c.'s;
mucous c. a c. secreting mucus; e.g., a goblet c.
mucous neck c. one of the acidic mucin-secreting c.'s in the neck of a gastric gland.
Müller's radial c.'s Müller's fibers (2) , under fiber
multipolar c. a nerve c. with a number of dendrites arising from the c. body.
mural c. a nonendothelial c. enclosed within the basement membrane of retinal capillaries.
myeloid c. specifically, any young c. that develops into a mature granulocyte of blood, but frequently used as a synonym for marrow c.
myoepithelial c. a smooth muscle-like c. of ectodermal origin, found between the epithelium and basement membrane in a number of organs such as mammary, sweat, and lacrimal glands.
myoid c.'s flattened smooth muscle-like c.'s of mesodermal origin that lie just outside the basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule.peritubular contractile c.'s;
Nageotte c.'s c.'s found in the cerebrospinal fluid, one or two per cubic millimeter in health, but in greater numbers in various diseases.
natural killer c.'s large granular lymphocytes which do not express markers of either T or B c. lineage. These c.'s do possess Fc receptors for IgG and can kill target c.'s using antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. NK c.'s can also use perforin to kill c.'s in the absence of antibody. Killing may occur without previous sensitization.NK c.'s;
nerve c. neuron (1)
Neumann's c.'s nucleated c.'s in the bone marrow developing into red blood c.'s.
neurilemma c.'s Schwann c.'s
neuroendocrine c. 1. See neuroendocrine (2). 2. paraneurone
neuroendocrine transducer c. an endocrine c. that releases its hormonal product into the bloodstream only upon receipt of a nervous impulse.
neuroepithelial c.'s neuroepithelium
neuroglia c.'s See neuroglia.
neurolemma c.'s Schwann c.'s
neuromuscular c. a c. of a lower metazoan organism that is both sensitive and contractile.
neurosecretory c.'s nerve c.'s, such as those of the hypothalamus, that elaborate a chemical substance (such as a releasing factor, neuropeptide, or, more rarely, a true hormone) that influences the activity of another structure (e.g., anterior lobe of the hypophysis). See also neurosecretion.
nevus c. the c. of a pigmented cutaneous nevus that differs from a normal melanocyte in that it lacks dendrites.nevocyte;
nevus c., A-type melanocytes in the epidermis in pigmented nevi, resembling epithelial c.'s and frequently containing melanin.
nevus c., B-type small, usually non-pigmented melanocytes in the mid-dermis in pigmented nevi.
nevus c., C-type non-pigmented spindle-shaped melanocytes in the lower dermis in pigmented nevi.
Niemann-Pick c. Pick c
NK c.'s natural killer c.'s
nonclonogenic c. a c. that does not give rise to a colony of c.'s (large numbers of c.'s that are genetically identical); may undergo two or more c. divisions, but all daughter c.'s are destined to die or differentiate (losing all potential to divide).
null c.'s 1. killer c.'s 2. large granular lymphocytes that lack surface markers/membrane associated proteins of either B or T lymphocytes.
nurse c.'s Sertoli's c.'s
oat c. a short, bluntly spindle-shaped c. that contains a relatively large, hyperchromatic nucleus, frequently observed in some forms of undifferentiated bronchogenic carcinoma.
OKT c.'s c.'s recognized by monoclonal antibodies to T lymphocyte antigens: OKT-3 c.'s are T lymphocytes as a class, since all share a common leukocyte differentiation antigen; OKT-4 c.'s are helper c.'s; OKT-8 c.'s are suppressor c.'s. OKT-4/OKT-8 expresses the ratio of helper to suppressor c.'s, sometimes used as a measure of the functional status of the immune system and thus a basis for clinical diagnosis and prognosis. Current usage favors using CD designations. [Ortho-Kung T cell]
olfactory c.'s olfactory receptor c.'s
olfactory receptor c.'s very slender nerve c.'s, with large nuclei and surmounted by six to eight long, sensitive cilia in the olfactory epithelium at the roof of the nose; they are the receptors for smell.olfactory c.'s, Schultze's c.'s;
oligodendroglia c.'s See oligodendroglia.
Onodi c. a variant of a posterior ethmoidal air c. in intimate relationship with the optic nerve just distal to the optic chiasm.
Opalski c. a characteristically altered glial c. in the basal ganglia and thalamus in hepatocerebral degeneration and Wilson's disease.
osseous c. osteocyte
osteochondrogenic c. one of the undifferentiated c.'s in the inner layer of the periosteum of an endochondrally developing bone capable of developing into an osteoblast or a chondroblast.
osteogenic c. one of the c.'s in the inner layer of the periosteum that forms osseous tissue.
osteoprogenitor c. a mesenchymal c. that differentiates into an osteoblast.preosteoblast;
oxyntic c. parietal c
oxyphil c.'s c.'s of the parathyroid gland that increase in number with age; the cytoplasm contains numerous mitochondria and stains with eosin. Similar c.'s, and tumors composed of them, are found in salivary glands and the thyroid; in the latter, also called Hürthle c.'s.
P c. a characteristic specialized c., with probable pacemaker function, found in the S-A node and A-V junction.
packed human blood c.'s whole blood from which plasma has been removed; may be prepared any time during the dating period of the whole blood from which it is derived, but not later than six days after the blood has been drawn if separation of plasma and c.'s is achieved by centrifugation.
pagetoid c.'s atypical melanocytes resembling Paget's c.'s, found in some cutaneous melanomas of the superficial spreading type.
Paget's c.'s relatively large, neoplastic epithelial c.'s (carcinoma c.'s) with hyperchromatic nuclei and palely staining cytoplasm; in Paget's disease of the breast, such c.'s occur in neoplastic epithelium in the ducts and in the epidermis of the nipple, areola, and adjacent skin.
Paneth's granular c.'s c.'s, located at the base of intestinal glands of the small intestine, which contain large acidophilic refractile granules and may produce lysozyme.Davidoff's c.'s;
parafollicular c.'s c.'s present between follicles or interspersed among follicular c.'s; they are rich in mitochondria and are believed to be the source of thyrocalcitonin.C c. (2) , light c.'s of thyroid;
paraganglionic c.'s c.'s of the embryonic sympathetic nervous system that become chromaffin c.'s.
paraluteal c. theca lutein c
paralutein c. (par-a-lu´tin) theca lutein c
parenchymal c. See parenchyma.
parenchymatous c. of corpus pineale pinealocyte
parent c. mother c
parietal c. one of the c.'s of the gastric glands; it lies upon the basement membrane, covered by the chief c.'s, and secretes hydrochloric acid that reaches the lumen of the gland through fine intracellular and intercellular canals (canaliculi).acid c., oxyntic c;
peptic c. zymogenic c
pericapillary c. pericyte
peripolar c. a granular c. located where the parietal and visceral capsules of the renal corpuscle meet; part of the c. faces the filtration space of Bowman.
perithelial c. pericyte
peritubular contractile c.'s myoid c.'s
permissive c. a c. in which the late phase of viral infection follows the early phase and cell death is coupled with massive synthesis of virus; e.g., monkey c.'s are permissive for SV40.
pessary c. a red blood c. in which the hemoglobin has disappeared from the center, leaving only the periphery visible.
phalangeal c. the supporting c.'s of the organ of Corti, attached to the basement membrane and receiving the hair c.'s between their free extremities. See also phalanx (2).Deiters' c.'s (1);
pheochrome c. 1. former term for enteroendocrine c.; 2. pheochromocyte
photo c. a light-detecting electronic device; the device that measures x-ray transmission through a patient for automatic termination of the exposure.
photoreceptor c.'s rod and cone c.'s of the retina.
physaliphorous c. c.'s containing a bubbly or vacuolated cytoplasm, e.g., as characteristically seen in chordoma.
Pick c. a relatively large, rounded or polygonal, mononuclear c., with indistinctly or palely staining, foamlike cytoplasm that contains numerous droplets of a phosphatide, sphingomyelin; such c.'s are widely distributed in the spleen and other tissues, especially those rich in reticuloendothelial components, in patients with Niemann-Pick disease.Niemann-Pick c;
pigment c. a c. containing pigment granules.
pigment c.'s of iris c.'s of the stromal layer of the iris; in dark eyes (but not in blue) they contain granules of pigment.
pigment c.'s of retina c.'s in the outermost layer of the retina that contain pigment granules.
pigment c. of skin melanocyte
pillar c.'s c.'s forming the outer and inner walls of the tunnel in the organ of Corti.Corti's pillars, Corti's rods, pillar c.'s of Corti, tunnel c.'s;
pillar c.'s of Corti pillar c.'s
pineal c.'s c.'s of the corpus pineale or pinealocyte.
plasma c. an ovoid c. with an eccentric nucleus having chromatin arranged like a clock face or spokes of a wheel; the cytoplasm is strongly basophilic because of the abundant RNA in its endoplasmic reticulum; plasma c.'s are derived from B type lymphocytes and are active in the formation of antibodies.plasmacyte;
pluripotent c.'s primordial c.'s that may still differentiate into various specialized types of tissue elements; e.g., mesenchymal c.'s.
polar c. polar body
polychromatic c. a primitive erythrocyte in bone marrow, with basophilic material as well as hemoglobin (acidophilic) in the cytoplasm.polychromatophil c;
polychromatophil c. polychromatic c
posterior c.'s posterior ethmoidal air c.'s
posterior ethmoidal air c.'s the posterior group of air cells of the ethmoidal c.'s; each c. communicates with the superior meatus of the nasal cavity.sinus ethmoidales posteriores [NA] , cellulae posteriores, posterior c.'s;
pregnancy c.'s hypophysial chromophobe c.'s that increase in number and accumulate eosinophil granules during pregnancy.
pregranulosa c.'s capsular c.'s surrounding the primordial ova in the embryonic ovary; they are derived from celomic epithelium.
prickle c. one of the c.'s of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis; so called because of typical shrinkage artifacts that occur in histological preparations, resulting in intercellular bridges at points of desmosomal adhesion.spine c;
primary embryonic c. in a very young embryo, a c. still capable of differentiation.
primitive reticular c. a c. with processes making contact with those of other similar c.'s to form a cellular network; along with the network of reticular fibers, the reticular c.'s form the stroma of bone marrow and lymphatic tissues.
primordial c. a c. from a group that constitutes the primordium of an organ or part of the embryo.
primordial germ c. the most primitive undifferentiated sex cell, found initially outside the gonad.gonocyte;
prolactin c. mammotroph
pseudo-Gaucher c. a plasma c., microscopically resembling a Gaucher c., found in the bone marrow in some cases of multiple myeloma.
pseudounipolar c. unipolar neuron
pseudoxanthoma c. relatively large phagocytic c.'s (macrophages) that contain numerous small lipid vacuoles or hemosiderin (or both), in organizing hemorrhagic or inflammatory lesions.
pulpar c. the specific macrophagic c. of the spleen substance.
Purkinje's c.'s large nerve c.'s of the cerebellar cortex with a piriform cell body and dendrites arranged in a plane transverse to the folium.Purkinje's corpuscles;
pus c. pus corpuscle
pyramidal c.'s neurons of the cerebral cortex which, in sections perpendicular to the cortical surface, exhibit a triangular shape with a long apical dendrite directed toward the surface of the cortex; there are also lateral dendrites, and a basal axon that descends to deeper layers.
pyrrol c. , pyrrhol c. a c. of the mononuclear macrophage system that has a special affinity for pyrrol blue, taking up the dye by a process of pinocytosis.
Raji c. a c. of a cultured line of lymphoblastoid c.'s derived from a Burkitt's lymphoma; it possesses numerous receptors for certain complement components and is thus suitable for use in detection of immune complexes. It expresses certain complement receptors as well as Fc receptors for immunoglobulin G.
reactive c. gemistocytic astrocyte
red blood c. (rbc, RBC) erythrocyte
Reed c.'s Reed-Sternberg c.'s
Reed-Sternberg c.'s large transformed lymphocytes generally regarded as pathognomonic of Hodgkin's disease; a typical c. has a pale-staining acidophilic cytoplasm and one or two large nuclei showing marginal clumping of chromatin and unusually conspicuous deeply acidophilic nucleoli; binucleate Reed-Sternberg c.'s frequently show a mirror-image form (mirror-image c.).Reed c.'s, Sternberg c.'s, Sternberg-Reed c.'s;
Renshaw c.'s inhibitory interneurons that are innervated by collaterals from motoneurons and in turn form synapses with the same and adjacent motoneurons to exert inhibition; identified physiologically and by intracellular injection technic.
resting c. a quiescent c.; one not undergoing mitosis.
resting wandering c. fixed macrophage
restructured c. the viable c. produced by fusion of a karyoplast with a cytoplast.
reticular c. See primitive reticular c.
reticularis c. a c. of the zona reticularis of the innermost part of the adrenal cortex.
reticuloendothelial c. a c. of the reticuloendothelial system.
rhagiocrine c. macrophage
Rieder c.'s abnormal myeloblasts (12 to 20 mum in diameter) in which the nucleus may be widely and deeply indented (i.e., suggestive of lobulation), or may actually be a bi- or multi-lobate structure; such c.'s are frequently observed in acute leukemia, and probably represent a more rapid maturation of the nucleus than that of the cytoplasm.
Rindfleisch's c.'s obsolete eponym for eosinophilic leukocyte.
rod nuclear c. band c
rod c. of retina rod (2)
Rolando's c.'s the nerve c.'s in Rolando's gelatinous substance of the spinal cord.
rosette-forming c.'s T lymphocytes with an affinity for sheep erythrocytes and which, when suspended in serum, bind the uncoated, nonsensitized erythrocytes in a rosette formation.
Rouget c. a c. with several slender processes that embraces the capillary wall in amphibia.capillary pericyte;
sarcogenic c. myoblast
satellite c.'s neuroglial c.'s surrounding the c. body of a ganglion c. in the spinal, cranial, and autonomic ganglia.
satellite c. of skeletal muscle an elongated spindle-shaped c. occupying depressions in the sarcolemma and between it and the basal lamina; believed to play a role in muscle repair and regeneration by fusing with adjacent myofiber.sarcoplast;
scavenger c. phagocyte
Schilling's band c. band c
Schultze's c.'s olfactory receptor c.'s
Schwann c.'s c.'s of ectodermal (neural crest) origin that compose a continuous envelope around each nerve fiber of peripheral nerves; such c.'s are comparable to the oligodendroglia c.'s of brain and spinal cord; like the latter, they may form membranous expansions that wind around axons and thus form the axon's myelin sheath.neurilemma c.'s, neurolemma c.'s;
segmented c. a polymorphonuclear leukocyte matured beyond the band c. so that two or more lobes of the nucleus occur.
sensitized c. 1. a c., including a bacterial c., that has combined with specific antibody to form a complex capable of reacting with complement components; 2. a small, "committed," c. derived, by division and differentiation, from a transformed lymphocyte; 3. a c. that has been either exposed to antigen or opsonized with antibodies and/or complement.
sensory c. a c. in the peripheral nervous system that receives afferent (sensory) input; sensory receptor c.'s.
septal c. a round pale c. of the lungs in the septa between the pulmonary alveoli.
seromucous c.'s mucoserous c.'s
serous c. a c., especially of the salivary gland, that secretes a watery or thin albuminous fluid, as opposed to a mucous c.albuminous c. (1);
Sertoli's c.'s elongated c.'s in the seminiferous tubules to which spermatids are attached during spermiogenesis; they secrete androgen-binding protein and establish the blood-testis barrier by forming tight junctions with adjacent Sertoli's c.'s.nurse c.'s;
sex c. a spermatozoon or an ovum.germ c;
Sézary c. an atypical T lymphocyte seen in the peripheral blood in the Sézary syndrome; it has a large convoluted nucleus and scanty cytoplasm containing PAS-positive vacuoles.
shadow c.'s smudge c.'s
sickle c. an abnormal, crescentic erythrocyte that is characteristic of sickle c. anemia, resulting from an inherited abnormality of hemoglobin (hemoglobin S) causing decreased solubility at low oxygen tension.crescent c., drepanocyte, meniscocyte;
signet ring c.'s castration c.'s
silver c. one of a number of c.'s seen in plaques of multiple sclerosis, having round or oval nuclei, the body of the c. containing many yellow or light brown particles; the c.'s are characteristic of multiple sclerosis, but are found in other conditions, including syphilis.
skein c. reticulocyte
small cleaved c. a lymphoid c. of follicular center c. origin that has an irregularly shaped nucleus with clumped chromatin, absent nucleoli, and one or more clefts in the nuclear membrane.
smudge c.'s immature leukocytes of any type that have undergone partial breakdown during preparation of a stained smear or tissue section, because of their greater fragility; smudge c.'s are seen in largest numbers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.basket c. (2) , Gumprecht's shadows, shadow c.'s;
somatic c.'s the c.'s of an organism, other than the germ c.'s.
sperm c. spermatozoon
spider c. 1. astrocyte 2. a c. in a rhabdomyoma of the heart, with central nucleus and cytoplasmic mass connected to the cell wall by strands of cytoplasm separated by clear glycogen-filled areas.
spindle c. a fusiform c., such as those in the deeper layers of the cerebral cortex.
spine c. prickle c
splenic c.'s large round ameboid c.'s (macrophages) in the splenic pulp.
squamous c. a flat scale-like epithelial c.
squamous alveolar c.'s highly attentuated squamous c.'s that form the gas-permeable epithelium lining the alveoli of the lungs.type I c.'s;
stab c. band c
staff c. band c
standard c. an electrical c. having a definite known voltage; used to calibrate other electric c.'s.
stellate c.'s of cerebral cortex small star-shaped c.'s in the second and fourth layers of the cortex, and large stellate c.'s in the deeper part of the third layer in the visual cortex.
stellate c.'s of liver Kupffer c.'s
stem c. 1. any precursor cell; 2. a c. whose daughter c.'s may differentiate into other c. types.
Sternberg c.'s Reed-Sternberg c.'s
Sternberg-Reed c.'s Reed-Sternberg c.'s
stichochrome c. See stichochrome.
strap c. an elongated tumor c. of uniform width that may show cross-striations; found in rhabdomyosarcoma.
supporting c. sustentacular c
suppressor c.'s cells of the immune system that inhibit or help to terminate an immune response, e.g., suppressor macrophages and suppressor T cells.cytotoxic c;
surface mucous c.'s of stomach c.'s lining the gastric surface and foveolae; a glycoprotein product at the apical end of each c. is secreted and forms a mucous protective film.theca c.'s of stomach;
sustentacular c. one of the ordinary elongated c.'s resting on the basement membrane that surround and serve as a support to the shorter specialized c.'s in certain organs, such as the labyrinth of the inner ear or olfactory epithelium.supporting c;
sympathetic formative c. a neuroblast of the embryonic autonomic nervous system.
sympathicotropic c.'s large epithelioid c.'s in the hilum of the ovary associated with unmyelinated nerve fibers.
sympathochromaffin c. the c. type in the embryonic suprarenal gland from which both sympathetic ganglion c.'s and chromaffin c.'s are developed.
synovial c. fibrotoplast-like c.'s that form 1-6 epithelioid layers in the synovial membrane of joints; believed to contribute proteoglycans and hyaluronate to the synovial fluid.
T c. T lymphocyte
tactile c. one of the epithelioid c.'s of a corpusculum tactus.touch c;
tanned red c.'s erythrocytes subjected to mild treatment with chemicals such as tannic acid so that they adsorb onto their surface soluble antigens; used in hemagglutination tests.
target c. 1. an erythrocyte in target c. anemia, with a dark center surrounded by a light band that again is encircled by a darker ring; it thus resembles a shooting target; such c.'s also appear after splenectomy;Mexican hat c; 2. a c. lysed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, as in graft rejection.
tart c. a monocyte with an engulfed nucleus in which the structure is still well preserved.
taste c.'s darkly staining c.'s in a taste bud that appear to have extending into the gustatory pore long hair-like microvilli containing a number of closely packed microtubules; the taste c.'s stand in synaptic contact with sensory nerve fibers of the facial, glossopharyngeal, or vagus nerves.gustatory c.'s;
T cytotoxic c.'s (Tc) killer c.'s
TDTH c.'s a functional subset of T helper c.'s that are involved in delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.
tendon c.'s elongated fibroblastic c.'s arranged in rows between the collagenous tendon fibers.
Tg c.'s a subset of T c.'s that have an Fc receptor for immunoglobulin G molecules.
theca lutein c. a steroid secretory c. of the corpus luteum that comes from the theca interna of the ovarian follicle at the time of ovulation.paraluteal c., paralutein c;
theca c.'s of stomach surface mucous c.'s of stomach
T helper c.'s (Th) a subset of lymphocytes that secrete various cytokines that regulate the immune response.
Tiselius electrophoresis c. the special container in a Tiselius apparatus containing the solution to be analyzed electrophoretically.
Tm c.'s T helper c.'s that have an Fc receptor for immunoglobulin M molecules.
totipotent c. an undifferentiated c. capable of developing into any type of body c.
touch c. tactile c
Touton giant c. a xanthoma c. in which the multiple nuclei are grouped around a small island of nonfoamy cytoplasm.
transducer c. any c. responding to a mechanical, thermal, photic, or chemical stimulus by generating an electrical impulse synaptically transmitted to a sensory neuron in contact with the c.
transitional c. any c. thought to represent a phase of development from one form to another.
tubal air c.'s occasional small air cells in the inferior wall of the auditory tube, near the tympanic orifice, communicating with the tympanic cavity.cellulae pneumaticae tubae auditivae [NA] , air c.'s of auditory tube;
tufted c. a particular type of c. in the olfactory bulb comparable to the bulb's mitral c. with respect to afferent and efferent relationships, but smaller and more superficially located.
tunnel c.'s pillar c.'s
Türk c. a relatively large, immature c. with certain morphologic features resembling those of a plasma c., although the nuclear pattern is similar to that of a myeloblast; found in circulating blood only in pathologic conditions.irritation c., Türk's leukocyte;
tympanic c.'s tympanic air c.'s
tympanic air c.'s numerous groovelike depressions in the walls of the tympanic cavity, communicating with the tubal air cells.cellulae tympanicae [NA] , tympanic c.'s;
type I c.'s squamous alveolar c.'s
type II c.'s great alveolar c.'s
Tzanck c.'s acantholytic epithelial c.'s seen in the Tzanck test.
undifferentiated c. a primitive c. that has not assumed the morphologic and functional characteristics it will later acquire.
unipolar c. unipolar neuron
vasoformative c. angioblast (1)
veil c. an antigen-presenting c. that has veil-like cytoplasmic processes and circulates in the blood and lymph.veiled c.'s (1);
veiled c.'s 1. veil c 2. See Langerhans' c.'s.
vestibular hair c.'s c.'s in the sensory epithelium of the maculae and cristae of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear; afferent and efferent nerve fibers of the vestibular nerve end synaptically upon them; from the apical end of each c. a bundle of stereocilia and a kinocilium extend into the statoconial membrane of the maculae and the cupula of the cristae.
Virchow's c.'s 1. the lacunae in osseous tissue containing the bone c.'s; also the bone c.'s themselves; 2. corneal corpuscles, under corpuscle
virus-transformed c. a c. that has been genetically changed to a tumor c., the change being subsequently tramsmitted to all descendent c.'s; c.'s transformed by oncornaviruses continue to produce virus in high concentration without being killed; DNA tumor virus-transformed c.'s develop (along with other changes) tumor-associated antigens and rarely produce virus.
visual receptor c.'s the rod and cone c.'s of the retina.
vitreous c. a c. occurring in the peripheral part of the vitreous body that may be responsible for production of hyaluronic acid and possibly of collagen.hyalocyte;
wandering c. ameboid c
Warthin-Finkeldey c.'s giant c.'s with multiple overlapping nuclei, found in lymphoid tissue in measles, especially during the prodromal stage.
wasserhelle c. water-clear c. of parathyroid
water-clear c. of parathyroid a variety of chief c., so-called because the cytoplasm contains much glycogen that is not preserved or stained in the usual preparation.wasserhelle c;
white blood c. (WBC) leukocyte
WI-38 c.'s the first normal human cells, derived from fetal lung tissue, continuously cultivated. [Wistar Institute]
wing c. one of the polyhedral c.'s in the corneal epithelium beneath the surface layer.
yolk c.'s primitive embryonic c.'s lying between the endoderm and mesoderm; they probably give rise to the endothelium of vitelline vessels.
zymogenic c. a c. that secretes an enzyme; specifically a chief c. of a gastric gland or an acinar c. of the pancreas.albuminous c. (2) , chief c. of stomach, peptic c;

cella cella , gen and pl. cellae (sel´a, sel´e)

A room or cell. [L. storeroom, or compartment]
c. me´dia pars centralis ventriculi lateralis

cellicolous cellicolous (se-lik´o-lus)

Living within cells. [L. cella, cells, + colo, to abide in]

cellobiase cellobiase (sel-o-bI´as)

beta-d-glucosidase

cellobiose cellobiose (sel-o-bI´os)

A disaccharide obtained from cellulose and lichenin; a glucose-beta(1 -> 4)-glucoside, differing only from maltose in the nature of the glycoside bond.cellose;

cellohexose cellohexose (sel-o-heks´os)

d-glucose

celloidin celloidin (se-loy´din)

A solution of pyroxylin in ether and alcohol, used for embedding histologic specimens.

cellon cellon (sel´on)

tetrachloroethane

cellona cellona (sel-o´na)

A cellulose bandage impregnated with plaster of Paris.

cellose cellose (sel´os)

cellobiose

cellula cellula , gen and pl. cellulae (sel´yu-la, -le)

1. [NA] In gross anatomy, a small but macroscopic compartment.cellule; 2. In histology, a cell. [L. a small chamber, dim. of cella]
cel´lulae anterio´res anterior ethmoidal air cells, under cell
cel´lulae co´li haustra coli, under haustrum
cel´lulae ethmoida´les [NA] ethmoid air cells, under cell See also anterior ethmoidal air cells, under cell, middle ethmoidal air cells, under cell, posterior ethmoidal air cells, under cell.
cel´lulae mastoid´eae [NA] mastoid air cells, under cell
cel´lulae me´diae middle ethmoidal air cells, under cell
cel´lulae pneumat´icae tu´bae auditi´vae [NA] tubal air cells, under cell
cel´lulae posterio´res posterior ethmoidal air cells, under cell
cel´lulae tympan´icae [NA] tympanic air cells, under cell

cellular cellular (sel´yu-lar)

1. Relating to, derived from, or composed of cells. 2. Having numerous compartments or interstices. [L. cellula, dim. of cella, storeroom]

cellularity cellularity (sel-yu-lar´i-te)

The degree, quality, or condition of cells that are present.

cellulase cellulase (sel´yu-las)

Endo-1,4-beta-glucase;an enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucoside links in cellulose, lichenin, and other beta-d-glucans; found in a variety of microorganisms in soil and in the digestive tracts of herbivores. Used to produce digestive tablets and in the removal of cellulose from foods for special diets.

cellule cellule (sel´yul)

cellula (1)

cellulicidal cellulicidal (sel´yu-li-sI´dal)

Destructive to cells. [cellula + L. caedo, to kill]

cellulifugal cellulifugal (sel-yu-lif´yu-gal)

Moving from, or extending in a direction away from, a cell or cell body; denoting certain cells repelled by other cells, or processes extending from the body of a cell. [cellula + L. fugio, to flee]

cellulin cellulin (sel´yu-lin)

cellulose

cellulipetal cellulipetal (sel-yu-lip´e-tal)

Moving toward, or extending in a direction toward, a cell or cell body. [cellula + L. peto, to seek]

cellulite cellulite (sel´yu-lIt)

1. Colloquial term for deposits of fat and fibrous tissue causing dimpling of the overlying skin. 2. lipoedema

cellulitis cellulitis (sel-yu-lI´tis)

Inflammation of cellular or connective tissue.
acute scalp c. deep inflammation of the scalp without suppuration.
anaerobic c. infection with subcutaneous soft tissues with any of a variety of anaerobic bacteria, usually a mixed culture including Bacteroides species, anaerobic cocci, and clostridia.
dissecting c. perifolliculitis abscedens et suffodiens
eosinophilic c. Wells' syndrome
epizootic c. equine viral arteritis
gangrenous c. infection of soft tissue with anaerobes, usually including clostridia, producing extensive tissue necrosis.necrotizing c;
necrotizing c. gangrenous c
pelvic c. parametritis
phlegmonous c. obsolete term for diffuse phlegmon.

cellulosan cellulosan (sel´yu-lo-san)

hemicellulose

cellulose cellulose (sel´yu-los)

A polysaccharide comprised of cellobiose residues, differing in this respect from starch, which is comprised of maltose residues; it forms the basis of vegetable fiber and is the most abundant organic compound.cellulin; [L. cellula, cell, + -ose]
c. acetate a polymer commonly used as a support medium for electrophoresis.
c. acetate phthalate a reaction product of phthalic anhydride and a partial acetate ester of c.; used as a tablet-coating agent.
carboxymethyl c. c. in which some of the OH groups are modified to contain -CH₂-COOH groups; used in column chromatography.CM-cellulose;
O-diethylaminoethyl c. c. to which diethylaminoethyl groups have been attached; used in anion-exchange chromatography.DEAE-cellulose;
microcrystalline c. purified, partially depolymerized c., prepared by treating a-cellulose, obtained as a pulp from fibrous plant material, with mineral acids; used as a tablet diluent.
oxidized c. 1. cellulosic acid in the form of an absorbable gauze; used as a hemostatic in operations where ligation is not feasible (capillary or venous bleeding from small vessels) because cellulosic acid has a pronounced affinity for hemoglobin and produces an artificial clot; 2. a sterile absorbable substance prepared by the oxidation of cotton containing not less than 16% and not more than 22% of carboxyl. See also oxycellulose.
TEAE-c. c. to which triethylaminoethyl groups have been attached; used in ion-exchange chromatography.O-(triethylaminoethyl) c;
O-(triethylaminoethyl) c. TEAE-c

cellulosic acid cellulosic acid (sel-yu-los´ik)

See oxidized cellulose.

celo- celo-

1. The celom. [G. koiloma, hollow (celom)] 2. Hernia. [G. kele, hernia] 3. The abdomen. See also celio-. [G. koilia, belly]

celom celom , celoma (se´lom, se-lo´ma)

1. The cavity between the splanchnic and somatic mesoderm in the embryo. 2. body cavity [G. koiloma, a hollow]
extraembryonic c. that portion of the c. that extends beyond the confines of the embryonic body.

celomic celomic (se-lom´ik)

Relating to the body cavity.

celonychia celonychia (se-lo-nik´e-a)

koilonychia [G. koilos, hollowed, + onyx (onych-), nail]

celophlebitis celophlebitis (se-lo-fle-bI´tis)

Inflammation of a vena cava.cavitis; [G. koilos, hollow, + phlebitis]

celoscope celoscope (se´lo-skop)

Rarely used term for an optical device for examining the interior of a body cavity. [G. koilos, hollow, + skopeo, to view]

celoscopy celoscopy (se-los´ko-pe)

Rarely used term for examination of any body cavity with an optical instrument.

celosomia celosomia (se-lo-so´me-a)

Congenital protrusion of the abdominal or thoracic viscera, usually with a defect of the sternum and ribs as well as of the abdominal walls.kelosomia; [G. kele, hernia, + soma, body]

Celovirus Celovirus (sel´o-vI-rus)

An adenovirus found in chickens.

celozoic celozoic (se-lo-zo´ik)

Inhabiting any of the cavities of the body; applied to certain parasitic protozoa, chiefly gregarines. [G. koilos, hollow, + zoikos, pertaining to animals]

Celsius Celsius

Anders, Swedish astronomer, 1701-1744. See Celsius scale.

celsius (C) celsius (C)

See Celsius scale.

Celsus Celsus

Aulus (Aurelius) Cornelius, Roman physician and medical writer, ca. 30 B.C.-45 A.D. See C.'s alopecia, area; C. kerion; C.'s papules, under papule, vitiligo.

cement cement (se-ment´)

1. cementum 2. In dentistry, a nonmetallic material used for luting, filling, or permanent or temporary restorative purposes, made by mixing components into a plastic mass that sets, or as an adherent sealer in attaching various dental restorations in or on the tooth. [see cementum]
composite dental c. an organic dental c. modified by the inclusion of inorganic materials treated with a coupling agent to bond them to the polymers.
copper phosphate c. a dental preparation, the combination of a solution of orthophosphoric acid with a c. powder (usually zinc oxide) modified with varying proportions of copper oxide.
dental c. See cement (2).
glass ionomer c. a dental c. produced by mixing a powder prepared from a calcium aluminosilicate glass with an aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid. [ion + -mer (1)]
inorganic dental c. a dental c. consisting usually of metallic salts or oxides which, when mixed with a specific liquid, form a plastic mass that sets.
intercellular c. a hypothetical adhesive substance formerly believed to occur between some epithelial cells.
modified zinc oxide-eugenol c. dental c. obtained by mixing zinc oxide and eugenol with one or more additives.
organic dental c. a dental c. consisting mainly of synthetic polymers.
polycarboxylate c. a powder containing primarily zinc oxide mixed with a liquid containing polyacrylic acid which reacts to form a hard crystalline mass upon standing; when used to lute metal castings to teeth, it has the potential of bonding to the calcium contained in tooth structure as well as to any base metals contained in the casting.
resin c. a monomer or monomer/polymer system used as a dental luting agent; used in cementation of restorations or orthodontic brackets to the teeth.
silicate c. a dental filling material prepared by mixing a modified phosphoric acid solution with a powdered silica alumina fluoride glass.
tooth c. cementum See cement (2).
unmodified zinc oxide-eugenol c. a dental c. obtained by mixing zinc oxide and eugenol without modifiers.
zinc phosphate c. a powder, containing primarily zinc oxide mixed with a liquid containing orthophosphoric acid to form a hard crystalline mass on standing, used in dentistry as a luting agent for cast metal restorations and orthodontic bands, and as a temporary restorative material, or a base under restorations, particularly in deep cavities.

cementation cementation (se-men-ta´shun)

1. The process of attaching parts by means of a cement. 2. In dentistry, attaching a restoration to natural teeth by means of a cement.

cementicle cementicle (se-men´ti-kl)

A calcified spherical body, composed of cementum lying free within the periodontal membrane, attached to the cementum or imbedded within it.

cementification cementification (se-men´ti-fi-ka´shun)

Metaplastic production of cementum or cementoid within a less differentiated connective tissue, e.g., c. of a fibroma.

cementoblast cementoblast (se-men´to-blast)

One of the cells concerned with the formation of the layer of cementum on the roots of teeth. [L. cementum, cement, + G. blastos, germ]

cementoblastoma cementoblastoma (se-men´to-blas-to´ma)

A benign odontogenic tumor of functional cementoblasts; it appears as a mixed radiolucent-radiopaque lesion attached to a tooth root and may cause expansion of the bone cortex or be associated with pain.benign c., true cementoma;
benign c. cementoblastoma

cementoclasia cementoclasia (se-men-to-kla´ze-a)

Destruction of cementum by cementoclasts. [L. cementum, cement, + G. klasis, fracture]

cementoclast cementoclast (se-men´to-klast)

One of the multinucleated giant cells, identical with osteoclasts, that are associated with the resorption of cementum. [L. cementum, cement, + G. klastos, broken]

cementocyte cementocyte (se-men´to-sIt)

An osteocyte-like cell with numerous processes, trapped in a lacuna in the cementum of the tooth. [L. cementum, cement, + G. kytos, cell]

cementodentinal cementodentinal (se-men´to-den´ti-nal)

dentinocemental

cementogenesis cementogenesis (se-men´to-jen´e-sis)

The development of the cementum over the root dentin of a tooth. [cementum + G. genesis, production]

cementoma cementoma (se-men-to´ma)

Nonspecific term referring to any benign cementum-producing tumor; four types are recognized: 1) periapical cemental dysplasia, 2) central ossifying fibroma, 3) cementoblastoma, 4) sclerotic cemental mass. When the type is not specified, c. usually refers to periapical cemental dysplasia. [L. cementum, cement, + G. -oma, tumor]
gigantiform c. the familial occurrence of cemental masses in the jaws; inherited as an autosomal dominant characteristic. See also sclerotic cemental mass.
true c. cementoblastoma

cementum cementum (se-men´tum) [NA]

A layer of bone-like mineralized tissue covering the dentin of the root and neck of a tooth that blends with the fibers of the periodontal ligament.cement (1) , substantia ossea dentis, tooth cement; [L. caementum, rough quarry stone, fr. caedo, to cut]
afibrillar c. c. which, with the electron microscope, appears as laminated, electron-dense reticular material that sometimes overlies the enamel of the tooth.
primary c. c. that has no cementocytes; may cover the entire root of the tooth, but often is missing on the apical third of the root.
secondary c. c. that forms on the root surface after eruption; it contains cementocytes.

cenesthesia cenesthesia (se-nes-the´ze-a)

The general sense of bodily existence; the sensation caused by the functioning of the internal organs.coenesthesia, sixth sense; [G. koinos, common, + aisthesis, sensation]

cenesthesic cenesthesic , cenesthetic (se-nes-the´zik, -sik; -thet´ik)

Relating to cenesthesia.

cenesthopathy cenesthopathy (se-nes-thop´a-the)

Rarely used term for a feeling or sense of general ill-being not related to any particular organ or part of the body. [G. koinos, common, + aisthesis, sensation, + pathos, suffering]

ceno- ceno-

1. Shared in common. [G. koinos, common] 2. New, fresh. [G. kainos, new] 3. Emptiness (rare). See also coeno-. [G. kenos, empty]

cenocyte cenocyte (se´no-sIt)

A multinucleate cell or hypha without cross walls, characteristic of the hyphae of zygomycetes. See also nonseptate mycelium.coenocyte; [G. koinos, common, + kytos, cell]

cenocytic cenocytic (se-no-sit´ik)

Pertaining to or having characteristics of a cenocyte.coenocytic;

cenosite cenosite (se´no-sIt)

A facultative commensal organism; one that can sustain itself apart from its usual host.coinosite; [G. koinos, common, + sitos, food]

cenotrope cenotrope (se´no-trop)

A scientifically more accurate term than the earlier "instinct", denoting the behavior pattern shown by all members of a large group having the same biologic equipment and same experience. [G. koinos, common, + trope, a turning]

censor censor (sen´sor)

In psychoanalytic theory, the psychic barrier that prevents certain unconscious thoughts and wishes from coming to consciousness unless they are so cloaked or disguised as to be unrecognizable. [L. a judge, critic, fr. censeo, to value, judge]

census census

An enumeration of a population, originally for taxation and military purposes, now with many other purposes; basic facts about all persons-age, sex, occupation, nature of residence, etc.- are recorded at the census, which often also includes some information about health status. [L., fr. censeo, to count]

center center (sen´ter)

1. The middle point of a body; loosely, the interior of a body. A center of any kind, especially an anatomical center. 2. A group of nerve cells governing a specific function.centrum [NA]; [L. centrum; G. kentron]
active c. the part of a macromolecule at which a substrate or ligand, upon binding, produces biological activity; for an enzyme, this is the catalytic c., the site on an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction.
anospinal c. the c. in the spinal cord that controls the contraction of the anal sphincter.
Broca's c. the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus of the left or dominant hemisphere, corresponding approximately to Brodmann's area 44; Broca identified this region as an essential component of the motor mechanisms governing articulated speech.Broca's area, Broca's field, motor speech c;
Budge's c. ciliospinal c
catalytic c. See active c.
cell c. cytocentrum
chondrification c. a site of earliest cartilage formation in the body.
ciliospinal c. the preganglionic motor neurons in the first thoracic segment of the spinal cord which give rise to the sympathetic innervation of the dilator muscle of the eye's pupil.Budge's c;
dentary c. a specific ossification c. of the mandible that gives rise to the lower border of its outer plate.
diaphysial c. primary c. of ossification in the shaft of a long bone.
epiotic c. the c. of ossification of the petrous part of the temporal bone that appears posterior to the posterior semicircular canal.
expiratory c. the region of the medulla oblongata that is electrically active during expiration and where electrical stimulation produces sustained expiration.
feeding c. a region of the lateral zone of the hypothalamus, electrical stimulation of which in the rat elicits uninterrupted eating; destruction of the region causes long-lasting anorexia.
germinal c. of Flemming the lightly staining c. in a lymphatic nodule in which the predominant cells are large lymphocytes and macrophages.reaction c;
inspiratory c. the region of the medulla oblongata that is electrically active during inspiration and where electrical stimulation produces sustained inspiration.
Kerckring's c. an occasional independent ossification c. in the occipital bone; it appears in the posterior margin of the foramen magnum at about the sixteenth week of gestation.Kerckring's ossicle;
medullary c. centrum semiovale
microtubule-organizing c. a locus in interphase and mitotic cells from which most microtubules radiate; in the center of this c. is the centriole; this c. determines the polarity of cellular microtubules.
motor speech c. Broca's c
ossific c. c. of ossification
c. of ossification the site of earliest bone formation via accumulation of osteoblasts within connective tissue (membranous ossification) or of earliest destruction of cartilage prior to onset of ossification (endochondral ossification).punctum ossificationis [NA] , ossific c., point of ossification;
primary c. of ossification this is the first site where bone begins to form in the shaft of a long bone or in the body of an irregular bone.punctum ossificationis primarium [NA] , primary point of ossification;
reaction c. germinal c. of Flemming
respiratory c. the region in the medulla oblongata concerned with integrating afferent information to determine the signals to the respiratory muscles; the inspiratory and expiratory c.'s considered together.
c. of ridge the buccolingual midline of the residual ridge.
c. of rotation a point or line around which all other points in a body move. See axis.
satiety c. a term referring to the region of the ventromedial nucleus in the hypothalamus; destruction of this small region in the rat leads to continuous eating and extreme obesity.
secondary c. of ossification this is the center of bone formation appearing later than the punctum ossificationis primarium, usually in epiphysis.punctum ossificationis secundarium [NA] , secondary point of ossification;
semioval c. centrum semiovale
sensory speech c. Wernicke's c
speech c.'s areas of the cerebral cortex centrally involved in speech function; one is in the left inferior frontal gyrus, a second one in the supramarginal, angular, and first and second temporal gyri. See also Broca's c., Wernicke's c.
sphenotic c. one of the paired c.'s of ossification of the sphenoid bone.
vasomotor c. diffuse area of the reticular formation in the lateral medulla containing neurons that control vascular tone; consists of separate vasodepressor and vasopressor areas.
vital c. c. essential to life; usually refers to the centers located in the medulla oblongata which are necessary for the maintenance of respiration and circulation.
Wernicke's c. the region of the cerebral cortex thought to be essential for understanding and formulating coherent, propositional speech; it encompasses a large region of the parietal and temporal lobes near the lateral sulcus of the left cerebral hemisphere; corresponding approximately to Brodmann's areas 40, 39, and 22.sensory speech c., Wernicke's area, Wernicke's field, Wernicke's region, Wernicke's zone;

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Centers for Disease Control (CDC)

The federal facility for disease eradication, epidemiology, and education headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, which encompasses the Center for Infectious Diseases, Center for Environmental Health, Center for Health Promotion and Education, Center for Prevention Services, Center for Professional Development and Training, and Center for Occupational Safety and Health. Formerly named Center for Disease Control (1970), Communicable Disease Center (1946).

centesis centesis (sen-te´sis)

Puncture, especially when used as a suffix, as in paracentesis. [G. kentesis, puncture, fr. kenteo, to prick, pierce]

centi- (c) centi- (c)

Prefix used in the SI and metric systems to signify one hundredth (10^-2). [L. centum, one hundred]

centibar centibar (sen´ti-bar)

One hundredth of a bar.

centigrade (C) centigrade (C) (sen´ti-grad)

1. Basis of the former temperature scale in which 100 degrees separated the melting and boiling points of water. See Celsius scale. 2. One hundredth of a circle, equal to 3.6° of the astronomical circle. [L. centum, one hundred, + gradus, step, degree]

centigram centigram (sen´ti-gram)

One hundredth of a gram; 0.15432358 grain.

centile centile (sen´til)

quantile [L. centum, one hundred, + -ilis, adj. suffix]

centiliter centiliter (sen´ti-le-ter)

10 Milliliters; one hundredth of a liter; 162.3073 minims (U.S.).

centimeter (cm) centimeter (cm) (sen´ti-me-ter)

One hundredth of a meter; 0.3937008 inch.
cubic c. (cc, c.c.) one thousandth of a liter; 1 milliliter.

centimorgan (cM) centimorgan (cM) (sen´ti-mor-gan)

See Morgan.

centinormal centinormal (sen-ti-nor´mal)

One hundredth normal; denoting the concentration of a solution.

centipede centipede (sen´ti-ped)

A venomous predatory arthropod of the order Chilopoda, characterized by one pair of legs per leg-bearing segment. The venom is injected through the first pair of leg-like appendages, modified into piercing claws; the bites may be painful and locally necrotic, but seldom are dangerous, except to very young children. Genera found in the U.S. include Scutigera, Lithobius, Scolopendra, and Geophilus. [L. centum, hundred, + pes (ped-), foot]

centipoise centipoise (sen´ti-poyz)

One hundredth of a poise.

centra centra (sen´tra)

Plural of centrum.

centrad centrad (sen´trad)

1. Toward the center. 2. A unit of measurement of the refracting strength of a prism; it corresponds to the deviation of a ray of light, the arc of which is ¹/₁₀₀ of the radius of the circle, or 0.57°.

centrage centrage (sen´traj)

The condition in which the optical centers of all the reflecting and refracting surfaces of an optical system are on the same axis.

centralis centralis (sen-tra´lis) [NA]

Central; in the center. [L.]

centre médian de Luys centre médian de Luys (sen´tr ma-de-an)

centromedian nucleus [Fr.]

centrencephalic centrencephalic (sen´tren-se-fal´ik)

Relating to the center of the encephalon.

centri- centri- (sen´trik)

Combining form denoting center.

centric centric

Having a center (of a specific kind or number) or having a specific thing as its center (of interest, focus, etc.). [G. kentron, center]

centriciput centriciput (sen-tris´i-put)

The central portion of the upper surface of the skull, between the occiput and the sinciput. [L. centrum, center, + caput, head]

centrifugal centrifugal (sen-trif´yu-gal)

1. Denoting the direction of the force pulling an object outward (away) from an axis of rotation. 2. Sometimes, by analogy, extended to describe any movement away from a center. Cf. eccentric (2). [L. centrum, center, + fugio, to flee]

centrifugalization centrifugalization (sen-trif´yu-gal-i-za´shun)

centrifugation

centrifugalize centrifugalize (sen-trif´yu-gal-Iz)

centrifuge (2)

centrifugation centrifugation (sen-trif-yu-ga´shun)

Subjection to sedimentation, by means of a centrifuge, of solids suspended in a fluid.centrifugalization;
band c. density gradient c
density gradient c. ultracentrifugation of substances in concentrated solutions of cesium salts or of sucrose; at equilibrium, the medium exhibits a concentration (hence density) gradient increasing in the direction of centrifugal force and the substances of interest collect in layers at the levels of their densities. See isopycnic zone.band c., zone c;
zone c. density gradient c

centrifuge centrifuge (sen´tri-fuj)

1. An apparatus by means of which particles in suspension in a fluid are separated by spinning the fluid, the centrifugal force throwing the particles to the periphery of the rotated vessel. 2. To submit to rapid rotary action, as in a c.centrifugalize;

centrilobular centrilobular (sen-tri-lob´yu-lar)

At or near the center of a lobule, e.g., of the liver.

centriole centriole (sen´tre-ol)

Tubular structures, 150 nm by 300 to 500 nm, with a wall having 9 triple microtubules, usually seen as paired organelles lying in the cytocentrum; c.'s may be multiple and numerous in some cells, such as the giant cells of bone marrow. [G. kentron, a point, center]
anterior c. proximal c
distal c. the c. in the developing spermatozoon from which the flagellum develops.posterior c;
posterior c. distal c
proximal c. the c. that lies in a depression in the wall of the posterior portion of the nucleus of the developing spermatozoon.anterior c;

centripetal centripetal (sen-trip´e-tal)

1. afferent 2. Denoting the direction of the force pulling an object toward an axis of rotation.axipetal; [L. centrum, center, + peto, to seek]

centro- centro-

Combining form denoting center. [G. kentron]

centroblast centroblast (sen´tro-blast)

A lymphocyte with a large non-cleaved nucleus. [centro- + G. blastos, germ]

Centrocestus Centrocestus (sen-tro-ses´tus)

A genus of extremely small fish-borne flukes (family Heterophyidae) that may produce intestinal lesions similar to those caused by Heterophyes heterophyes. C. formosana has been reported from man in Taiwan. [G. kentron, point, center, + kestos, belt, both words fr. kenteo, to pierce]

centrocyte centrocyte (sen´tro-sIt)

1. A cell whose protoplasm contains single and double granules of varying size stainable with hematoxylin; seen in lesions of lichen planus.Lipschütz cell; 2. A lymphocyte with a small cleaved nuclei. [centro- + G. kytos, cell]

centrokinesia centrokinesia (sen´tro-ki-ne´se-a)

Movement excited by a stimulus of central origin. [centro- + G. kinesis, movement]

centrokinetic centrokinetic (sen´tro-ki-net´ik)

1. Relating to centrokinesia. 2. excitomotor

centrolecithal centrolecithal (sen-tro-les´i-thal)

Denoting an ovum in which the deutoplasm accumulates centrally. [centro- + G. lekithos, yolk]

centromere centromere (sen´tro-mer)

1. The nonstaining primary constriction of a chromosome which is the point of attachment of the spindle fiber; provides the mechanism of chromosome movement during cell division; the c. divides the chromosome into two arms, and its position is constant for a specific chromosome: near one end (acrocentric), near the center (metacentric), or between (submetacentric). [centro- + G. meros, part]

centroplasm centroplasm (sen´tro-plazm)

The substance of the cytocentrum. [centro- + G. plasma, thing formed]

centrosome centrosome (sen´tro-som)

cytocentrum [centro- + G. soma, body]

centrosphere centrosphere (sen´tro-sfer)

The specialized, often gelated cytoplasm of the cytocentrum. Contains the centrioles from which the astral fibers (microtubules) extend during mitosis.astrocele, statosphere; [centro- + G. sphaira, a ball, sphere]

centrostaltic centrostaltic (sen-tro-stal´tik)

Relating to the center of motion. [centro- + G. stallein, set forth, fetch]

centrum centrum , pl. centra (sen´trum, sen´tra) [NA]

center [L. fr. G. kentron]
c. media´num centromedian nucleus
c. medulla´re c. semiovale
c. ova´le c. semiovale
c. semiova´le the great mass of white matter composing the interior of the cerebral hemisphere; the name refers to the general shape of this white core in horizontal sections of the hemisphere.c. medullare, c. ovale, medullary center, semioval center, Vicq d'Azyr's c. semiovale, Vieussens' c;
c. tendin´eum diaphrag´matis [NA] central tendon of diaphragm
c. tendin´eum perine´i [NA] central tendon of perineum
c. of a vertebra 1. the ossification center of the central mass of the body of a vertebra; 2. body of vertebra (as distinct from the arches).
Vicq d'Azyr's c. semiova´le c. semiovale
Vieussens' c. c. semiovale
Willis' c. nervo´sum celiac ganglia, under ganglion

Centruroides Centruroides (sen-tru-roy´dez)

A genus of North American scorpions, the commonest species of which are C. gracilis, the margarite scorpion; C. vittatus, the stripe-back scorpion; and C. sculpturatus, the deadly sculptured scorpion. See also Scorpionida.

centum (c) centum (c) (sen-tum)

L. hundred [L. one hundred]

cenuris cenuris , coenuris (se-nyu´ris)

A tapeworm bladderworm with multiple inverted scoleces attached to the inner germinative layer; produced by taeniid cestodes of the genus Multiceps, typically found in the brain or tissues of herbivores and the adult worm in the intestine of wolves, dogs, or other canids; rare cases of c. infections in man have been reported. [G. kenos, empty, + G. uris, tail]

cenurosis cenurosis , cenuriasis (sen-yu-ro´sis, sen-yu-rI´a-sis)

Disease produced by the presence of a cenuris cyst that, in sheep, causes a brain infection known as "gid" for the giddy gait induced in the infected animal; human c. has been reported but is extremely unusual, in contrast with hydatid disease.coenurosis;

cephaeline cephaeline (sef-a´e-len)

C₂₈H₃₈N₂O₂; Desmethylemetine; dihydropsychotrine;an alkaloid of ipecac; an emetic and amebicide.

Cephaelis Cephaelis (sef-a-e´lis)

Uragoga [G. kephale, head, + eilo, to roll up, pack close]

cephal- cephal-

See cephalo-.

cephalad cephalad (sef´a-lad)

In a direction toward the head. See also cranial (1).

cephalalgia cephalalgia (sef´al-al´je-a)

headache [cephal- + G. algos, pain]
histaminic c. cluster headache
Horton's c. cluster headache

cephalea cephalea (sef-a-le´a)

headache
c. agita´ta , c. atton´ita violent headache sometimes occurring in influenza and in the early stages of other infectious diseases.

cephaledema cephaledema (sef´al-e-de´ma)

Edema of the head.

cephalemia cephalemia (sef-a-le´-me-a)

Congestion, active or passive, of the brain. [cephal- + G. haima, blood]

cephalexin cephalexin (sef-a-lek´sin)

A broad spectrum antibiotic derived from cephalosporin C.

cephalhematocele cephalhematocele (sef´al-he-mat´o-sel)

A cephalhematoma under the pericranium communicating with the dural sinuses.cephalohematocele; [cephal- + G. haima, blood, + kele, tumor]

cephalhematoma cephalhematoma (sef´al-he-ma-to´ma)

A collection of blood due to an effusion of blood beneath the periosteum frequently in a newborn as a result of birth trauma; contrasted with caput succedaneum, in which the effusion overlies the periosteum and consists of serum.cephalohematoma; [cephal- + G. haima, blood, + -oma, tumor]

cephalhydrocele cephalhydrocele (sef-al-hI´dro-sel)

An accumulation of serous or watery fluid under the pencranium. [cephal- + G. hydor, water, + kele, tumor]

cephalic cephalic (se-fal´ik)

cranial (1)

cephalin cephalin (sef´a-lin)

A term formerly applied to a group of phosphatidic esters resembling lecithin but containing either 2-ethanolamine or l-serine in the place of choline; these are now known as phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. They are widely distributed in the body, especially in the brain and spinal cord, and are used as local hemostatics and as reagents in liver function test.kephalin;

cephaline cephaline (sef´a-lIn)

Denoting members of the protozoan suborder Cephalina (order Eugregarinida), characterized by bodies divided into chambers (anterior protomerite and posterior deutomerite, or anterior epimerite, protomerite, and terminal deutomerite); all are parasites of invertebrates.

cephalitis cephalitis (sef-a-lI´tis)

encephalitis

cephalization cephalization (sef´al-I-za´shun)

1. Evolutionary tendency for important functions of the nervous system to move forward in the brain. 2. Initiation and concentration of the growth tendency at the anterior end of the embryo.

cephalo- cephalo- , cephal-

The head. [G. kephale]

cephalocaudal cephalocaudal (sef´a-lo-kaw´dal)

Relating to both head and tail, i.e., to the long axis of the body. [cephalo- + L. cauda, tail]

cephalocele cephalocele (sef´a-lo-sel)

Protrusion of part of the cranial contents, e.g., meningocele, encephalocele. See also encephalocele.

cephalocentesis cephalocentesis (sef´a-lo-sen-te´sis)

Passage of a hollow needle or trocar and cannula into the brain to drain or aspirate an abscess or the fluid of a hydrocephalus. [cephalo- + G. kentesis, puncture]

cephalochord cephalochord (sef´a-lo-kord)

Intracranial portion of the notochord in the embryo.

cephalodidymus cephalodidymus (sef´a-lo-did´i-mus)

Conjoined twins fused except in the cephalic region; a variety of duplicitas posterior. See conjoined twins, under twin. [cephalo- + G. didymos, twin]

cephalodiprosopus cephalodiprosopus (sef´a-lo-dI-pros´o-pus)

Asymmetrical conjoined twins with the head of the autosite carrying a reduced parasitic head. See conjoined twins, under twin, diprosopus. [cephalo- + G. di-, two, + prosopon, face]

cephalodynia cephalodynia (sef´a-lo-din´e-a)

Headache. [cephalo- + G. odyne, pain]

cephalogenesis cephalogenesis (sef´a-lo-jen´e-sis)

Formation of the head in the embryonic period. [cephalo- + G. genesis, production]

cephaloglycin cephaloglycin (sef´a-lo-glI´sin)

A semisynthetic broad spectrum antibiotic produced from cephalosporin C.

cephalogram cephalogram (sef´a-lo-gram)

cephalometric radiograph

cephalogyric cephalogyric (sef´a-lo-jI´rik)

Relating to rotation of the head. [cephalo- + G. gyros, a circle]

cephalohematocele cephalohematocele (sef´a-lo-he-mat´o-sel)

cephalhematocele

cephalohematoma cephalohematoma (sef´a-lo-he-ma-to´ma)

cephalhematoma

cephalohemometer cephalohemometer (sef´a-lo-he-mom´e-ter)

An instrument showing the degree of intracranial blood pressure. [cephalo- + G. haima, blood, + metron, measure]

cephalomegaly cephalomegaly (sef´a-lo-meg´a-le)

Enlargement of the head. [cephalo- + G. megas, great]

cephalomelus cephalomelus (sef-a-lom´e-lus)

Malformed individual with an accessory limb, resembling a leg or arm, growing from the head. [cephalo- + G. melos, a limb]

cephalomeningitis cephalomeningitis (sef´a-lo-men-in-jI´tis)

Obsolete term for meningitis. [cephalo- + G. meninx (mening-), membrane]

cephalometer cephalometer (sef-a-lom´e-ter)

An instrument used to position the head to produce oriented, reproducible lateral and posterior-anterior headfilms.cephalostat; [cephalo- + G. metron, measure]

cephalometrics cephalometrics (sef-a-lo-met´riks)

In oral surgery and orthodontics: 1. The scientific measurement of the bones of the cranium and face, utilizing a fixed, reproducible position for lateral radiographic exposure of skull and facial bones. 2. A scientific study of the measurements of the head with relation to specific reference points; used for evaluation of facial growth and development, including soft tissue profile. [cephalo- + G. metron, measure]

cephalometry cephalometry (sef-a-lom´e-tre)

Measurements on the living head, or head without removal of the soft parts. See also cephalometrics. [cephalo- + G. metron, measure]
ultrasonic c. measurement of the fetal head by ultrasound.

cephalomotor cephalomotor (sef´a-lo-mo´ter)

Relating to movements of the head.

Cephalomyia Cephalomyia (sef´a-lo-mI´ya)

Former name for Oestrus. [cephalo- + G. myia, fly]

cephalont cephalont (sef´a-lont)

Adult stage of a cephaline gregarine, a sporozoan parasite commonly found in arthropods and other invertebrate hosts. The body is usually divided by a septum into an anterior epimerite and protomerite and a posterior deutomerite; acephaline gregarines lack a dividing septum. [cephalo- + G. on (ont-), being]

cephalopagus cephalopagus (sef-a-lop´a-gus)

Conjoined twins with heads fused but the remainder of the bodies separate. See conjoined twins, under twin. See also craniopagus, duplicitas posterior. [cephalo- + G. pagos, something fixed]

cephalopathy cephalopathy (sef-a-lop´a-the)

encephalopathy [cephalo- + G. pathos, suffering]

cephalopelvic cephalopelvic (sef´a-lo-pel´vik)

Pertaining to the size of the fetal head in relation to the maternal pelvis.

cephalopelvimetry cephalopelvimetry (sef´a-lo-pel-vim´e-tre)

Roentgenographic measurement of the dimensions of the pelvis and the fetal head.pelvicephalography, pelvocephalography; [cephalo- + pelvimetry]

cephalopharyngeus cephalopharyngeus (sef´a-lo-fa-rin´je-us)

See superior constrictor muscle of pharynx.

cephaloridine cephaloridine (sef-a-lor´i-den)

A broad spectrum antimicrobial derived from cephalosporin C.

cephalorrhachidian cephalorrhachidian (sef´a-lo-ra-kid´e-an)

Relating to the head and the spine. [cephalo- + G. rhachis, spine]

cephalosporanic acid cephalosporanic acid (sef´a-lo-spor-an´ik)

The basic chemical nucleus upon which cephalosporin antibiotic derivatives are based.

cephalosporin cephalosporin (sef´a-lo-spor´in)

This is an antibiotic produced by a Cephalosporium, but since the antibiotic was discovered the name Cephalosporium has been removed and the new name is Acremonium.
c. C an antibiotic whose activity is due to the 7-aminocephalosporanic acid portion of the cephalosporanic acid molecule; it is effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but is less potent than c. N. Addition of side chains produced semisynthetic broad spectrum antibiotics with greater antibacterial activity than that of c. C; the antibiotic activity is due to interference with bacterial cell-wall synthesis.
c. N d-4-amino-4-carboxybutyl penicillinic acid;an antibiotic active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but inactivated by penicillinase; on hydrolysis it yields penicillamine.penicillin N, synnematin B;
c. P a steroid antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium, chemically related to fusidic and helvolic acids, that is active only against Gram-positive bacteria.

cephalosporinase cephalosporinase (sef´a-lo-spor´i-nas)

beta-lactamase

Cephalosporium Cephalosporium (sef´a-lo-spo´re-um)

Former name of Acremonium.

cephalostat cephalostat (sef´a-lo-stat)

cephalometer [cephalo- + G. statos, stationary]

cephalothin cephalothin (sef-a-lo´thin)

7-(Thiophene-2-acetamido)cephalosporanic acid;chemically modified cephalosporin C, a broad spectrum antibiotic.

cephalothoracic cephalothoracic (sef´a-lo-tho-ras´ik)

Relating to the head and the chest.

cephalothoracopagus cephalothoracopagus (sef´a-lo-thor-a-kop´a-gus)

Conjoined twins with the bodies fused in the cephalic and thoracic regions. See conjoined twins, under twin. [cephalo- + G. thorax, chest, + pagos, something fixed]
c. asym´metros c. monosymmetros
c. disym´metros a form of c. with the fused head showing equally developed faces directed laterally.
c. monosym´metros a form of c. in which only one of the faces is well developed.c. asymmetros;

cephalotome cephalotome (sef´a-lo-tom)

Instrument formerly used for cutting into the fetal head to permit its compression in cases of dystocia. [cephalo- + G. tome, a cutting]

cephalotomy cephalotomy (sef-a-lot´o-me)

Formerly used operation of cutting into the head of the fetus.

cephalotoxin cephalotoxin (sef´a-lo-tok´sin)

A poison, believed to be a protein, found in the salivary glands of cephalopods (octopus). See also eledoisin.

cephalotribe cephalotribe (sef´a-lo-trIb)

Forceps-like instrument, with strong blades and a screw handle, formerly used to crush the fetal head in cases of dystocia. [G. tribo, to rub, bruise]

cephamycins cephamycins (sef´a-mI´sin)

A family of beta-lactam antibiotics (similar to penicillin and cephalosporins) produced by various Streptomyces species.

cephapirin sodium cephapirin sodium (sef-a-pI´rin)

A semisynthetic broad spectrum antibiotic derived from cephalosporin C; it is used by injection.

cephradine cephradine (sef´ra-den)

A semisynthetic broad spectrum antibiotic derived from cephalosporin C; used orally and by injection.

ceptor ceptor (sep´ter, tor)

receptor (2) [L. capio, pp. captus, to take]
chemical c. c. that initiates chemical reactions in response to the appropriate stimuli.
contact c. a nerve c. in the surface layer of skin or mucous membrane by means of which impulses contributed by direct physical impact are received.
distance c. a nerve mechanism of one of the organs of special sense whereby the subject is brought into relation with his distant environment.

-ceptor -ceptor

Combining form denoting taker, receiver. [L. capio, pp. captus, to take]

cera cera (se´ra)

wax (1) [L.]

ceraceous ceraceous (se-ra´shus)

Waxen. [L. cera, wax]

ceramidase ceramidase (ser-am´i-das)

An enzyme that hydrolyzes ceramides into sphingosine and a fatty acid. A deficiency of this enzyme is associated with Farber's disease.

ceramide ceramide (ser´a-mId)

Generic term for a class of sphingolipid, N-acyl (fatty acid) derivatives of a long chain base or sphingoid such as sphinganine or sphingosine; e.g., CH₃(CH₂)₁₂CH=CH-CHOH-CH(CH₂OH)-NH-CO-R, where R is the fatty-acid residue, attached in this example to 4-sphingenine (sphingosine) in amide linkage. C.'s accumulate in individuals with Farber's disease.
c. dihexoside the accumulated glycolipid noted in glycolipid lipidosis.
c. lactosidase a hydrolytic enzyme (a beta-galactosidase) that acts on c. lactoside, producing glucosylceramide and galactose. A deficiency of this enzyme can result in c. lactoside liposis. Cf. cytolipin.
c. lactoside A lactosylceramide that accumulates in individuals with c. lactoside liposis. Cf. cytolipin.
c. 1-phosphorylcholine sphingomyelins
c. saccharide glycosphingolipid

cerasin cerasin (ser´a-sin)

kerasin

cerat- cerat-

See kerat-.

cerate cerate (se´rat)

A rarely used unctuous solid preparation, harder than an ointment, containing sufficient wax to prevent it from melting when applied to the skin. [L. cera, wax]

ceratin ceratin (ser´a-tin)

keratin

cerato- cerato-

See kerato-.

ceratocricoid ceratocricoid (ser´a-to-krI´koyd)

Relating to the inferior cornua of the thyroid cartilage and to the cricoid cartilage, or the cricothyroid articulation.keratocricoid;

ceratoglossus ceratoglossus (ser´a-to-glos´us)

chondroglossus muscle [L.]

ceratohyal ceratohyal (ser´a-to-hI´al)

Relating to one of the cornua of the hyoid bone.keratohyal;

Ceratophyllidae Ceratophyllidae (ser´a-to-fil´i-de)

A family of mammal and bird fleas, many of which have a wide host range and serve as important vectors of plague, sustaining the infection among wild and domestic rodent hosts. Important genera include Nosopsyllus and Ceratophyllus. [G. keras, horn, + phyllodes, like leaves]

Ceratophyllus Ceratophyllus (ser-a-tof´-a-lus)

A genus of fleas (family Ceratophyllidae) found in temperate climates; includes important fleas of poultry such as C. niger, the western chicken flea, and C. gallinae, the European chicken flea, though these fleas have a wide range of hosts, including man. [cerat- (kerat-) + G. phyllon, leaf]
C. punjaten´sis a species abundant on wild and domestic rodents in India; may serve as a liaison agent between wild rodents and man in the transmission of plague.

cercaria cercaria , pl. cercariae (ser-ka´re-a, -re-e)

The free-swimming trematode larva that emerges from its host snail; it may penetrate the skin of a final host (as in Schistosoma of man), encyst on vegetation (as in Fasciola), in or on fish (as in Clonorchis), or penetrate and encyst in various arthropod hosts. Body and tail are greatly varied in form, and specialized function is adapted to the particular life cycle demands of each species. See also sporocyst (1) , redia. [G. kerkos, tail]

cerci cerci (ser´sI)

Plural of cercus.

cerclage cerclage (sair-klazh´)

1. Bringing into close opposition and binding together the ends of an obliquely fractured bone or the fragments of a broken patella by a ring or by an encircling, tightly drawn wire loop. 2. Operation for retinal detachment in which the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium are brought in contact with the detached sensory retina by a band encircling the sclera posterior to the insertion of the ocular rectus muscles. 3. The placing of a nonabsorbable suture around an incompetent cervical os.tiring; [Fr. an encircling, hooping, banding]

cercocystis cercocystis (ser-ko-sis´tis)

A specialized form of tapeworm cysticercoid larva that develops within the vertebrate host villus rather than in an invertebrate host; e.g., the c. of Hymenolepis nana in its direct or egg-borne cycle in man. See also cysticercus, cysticercoid. [G. kerkos, tail, + kystis, bladder]

cercomer cercomer (ser´ko-mer)

The caudal appendage of a larval cestode, the procercoid stage of pseudophyllid cestodes; it may also be found on the cysticercoid larvae of taenioid cestodes, as well as in many of the hymenolepidids (e.g., Hymenolepis nana). This appendage frequently bears the hooks originally used by the hexacanth in clawing its way into the intermediate host in which the procercoid or other larval stage develops. [G. kerkos, tail + meros, part]

cercomonad cercomonad (ser-ko-mo´nad)

Common name for members of the genus Cercomonas.

Cercomonas Cercomonas (ser-ko-mo´nas)

A genus of freshwater and coprophilic protozoan flagellates in which members have one anterior and one posterior flagellum. Species have been described from the intestine or feces of man and several types of domestic livestock, but have usually proved to be other genera such as Trichomonas or Chilomastix. [G. kerkos, tail + monas (monad-), unit, monad]

Cercopithecoidea Cercopithecoidea (ser´ko-pith-e-koy´de-a)

One of the three superfamilies of the suborder Anthropoidea; includes apes, Old World monkeys, and man. [G. kerkos, tail, + pithekos, monkey]

Cercopithecus Cercopithecus (ser-ko-pith-e´kus)

A genus of the family Cercopithecidae, represented by guenons and common African monkeys.

cercus cercus , gen and pl. cerci (ser´kus, ker´kus; -se, -ke)

1. A stiff hairlike structure. 2. A pair of specialized sensory appendages on the 11th abdominal segment of most insects. [Mod. L., fr. G. kerkos, tail]

cerea flexibilitas cerea flexibilitas (se´re-a flek-si-bil´i-tas)

"Waxy flexibility," in which the limb remains where placed; often seen in catatonia. [L.]

cerebellar cerebellar (ser-e-bel´ar)

Relating to the cerebellum.

cerebellin cerebellin (ser-e-bel´in)

A cerebellum-specific hexadecapeptide localized in the perikarya and dendrites of cerebellar Purkinje cells; used as a marker for Purkinje cell maturation studies of neural development.

cerebellitis cerebellitis (ser-e-bel-I´tis)

Inflammation of the cerebellum.

cerebello- cerebello-

The cerebellum. [L. cerebrum, brain, + -ellum, dim. suff.]

cerebellolental cerebellolental (ser-e-bel´o-len´tal)

Relating to the cerebellum and the lens of the eye.

cerebellomedullary cerebellomedullary (ser-e-bel´o-med´yu-lar-e)

Relating to the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata.

cerebello-olivary cerebello-olivary (ser-e-bel´o-ol´i-var-e)

Relating to the connections of the cerebellum with the inferior olive.

cerebellopontine cerebellopontine (ser-e-bel´o-pon´ten)

Relating to the cerebellum and the pons; denoting especially the c. recess or angle between these two structures.

cerebellorubral cerebellorubral (ser-e-bel´o-ru´bral)

Relating to the connections of the cerebellum with the red nucleus. [cerebello- + L. ruber, red]

cerebellum cerebellum , pl. cerebella (ser-e-bel´um, -bel´a) [NA]

The large posterior brain mass lying dorsal to the pons and medulla and ventral to the posterior portion of the cerebrum; it consists of two lateral hemispheres united by a narrow middle portion, the vermis. [L. dim. of cerebrum, brain]

cerebr- cerebr-

See cerebro-.

cerebra cerebra (se-re´bra)

Plural of cerebrum.

cerebral cerebral (ser´e-bral, se-re´bral)

Relating to the cerebrum.

cerebralgia cerebralgia (ser-e-bral´je-a)

headache [cerebrum + G. algos, pain]

cerebration cerebration (ser-e-bra´shun)

Activity of the mental processes; thinking. See also mentation, cognition.

cerebri- cerebri-

See cerebro-.

cerebriform cerebriform (se-re´bri-form)

Resembling the external fissures and convolutions of the brain. [cerebri- + L. forma, shape, appearance, nature]

cerebritis cerebritis (ser-e-brI´tis)

Focal inflammatory infiltrates in the brain parenchyma.
suppurative c. inflammation (phlegmon) of the brain with suppuration.

cerebro- cerebro- , cerebr- , cerebri-

The cerebrum. See also encephalo-. [L. cerebrum, brain]

cerebrocuprein cerebrocuprein (ser´e-bro-ku´pre-in)

cytocuprein

cerebrogalactose cerebrogalactose (ser´e-bro-ga-lak´tos)

d-Galactose. See galactose.

cerebrogalactoside cerebrogalactoside (ser´e-bro-ga-lak´to-sId)

cerebroside

cerebroma cerebroma

encephaloma

cerebromalacia cerebromalacia (ser´e-bro-ma-la´she-a)

encephalomalacia

cerebromeningitis cerebromeningitis (ser´e-bro-men-in-jI´tis)

meningoencephalitis

cerebron cerebron (ser´e-bron)

phrenosin

cerebronic acid cerebronic acid (ser-e-bron´ik)

2-Hydroxylignoceric acid, 2-hydroxytetraeicosanoic acid; CH₃-(CH₂)₂₁-CHOH-COOH. a constituent of phrenosin (cerebron) and other glycolipids.phrenosinic acid;

cerebropathia cerebropathia (ser´e-bro-path´e-a)

encephalopathy

cerebropathy cerebropathy (ser-e-brop´a-the)

encephalopathy

cerebrophysiology cerebrophysiology (ser´e-bro-fiz-e-ol´o-je)

The physiology of the cerebrum.

cerebrosclerosis cerebrosclerosis (ser´e-bro-skler-o´sis)

Encephalosclerosis, hardening of the cerebral hemispheres. [cerebro- + G. sklerosis, hardening]

cerebrose cerebrose (ser´e-bros)

galactose

cerebroside cerebroside (ser´e-bro-sId)

A class of glycosphingolipid; specifically, a monoglycosylceramide (ceramide monosaccharide), the sugar being attached to the -CHOH- of the sphingoid. c's are found in the myelin sheath of nerve tissue; e.g., kerasin, nervon, oxynervon, phrenosin, these names also being used for the fatty acid involved. C. is sometimes prefixed by gluco-, galacto-, etc., in place of the correct glucosylceramide, etc. The sulfate esters of c.'s are among the sulfatidates.cerebrogalactoside;
c.-sulfatase , c. sulfatidase an enzyme that cleaves sulfate from a sulfated glycosphingolipid (such as a cerebroside 3-sulfate).

cerebrosidosis cerebrosidosis (ser´e-bro-sI-do´sis)

A lipidosis as in Gaucher's disease.

cerebrospinal cerebrospinal (ser´e-bro-spI-nal, se-re´bro-)

Relating to the brain and the spinal cord.encephalorrhachidian, encephalospinal;

cerebrospinant cerebrospinant (ser´e-bro-spI´nant)

Obsolete term for acting upon the cerebral nervous system, the brain and spinal cord and for an agent affecting the cerebrospinal system.

cerebrosterol cerebrosterol (ser´e-bro-ster´ol)

24beta-Hydroxycholesterol;a hydroxylated cholesterol found in the brain and spinal cord.

cerebrotomy cerebrotomy (ser-e-brot´o-me)

Incision of the brain. [cerebro- + G. tome, incision]

cerebrotonia cerebrotonia (ser´e-bro-to´ne-a)

Rarely used term for a personality pattern proposed by William H. Sheldon associated with the relatively thin, ectomorphic bodily type and with predominance of intellective processes; characterized by traits of inhibition, restraint, and concealment. [cerebro- + G. tonos, tone]

cerebrovascular cerebrovascular (ser´e-bro-vas´kyu-lar)

Relating to the blood supply to the brain, particularly with reference to pathologic changes.

cerebrum cerebrum , pl. cerebra cerebrums (ser´e-brum, se-re´brum; -bra; -brumz) [NA]

Originally referred to the largest portion of the brain, including practically all parts within the skull except the medulla, pons, and cerebellum; it now usually refers only to the parts derived from the telencephalon and includes mainly the cerebral hemispheres (cerebral cortex and basal ganglia). [L., brain]

cerecloth cerecloth (ser´kloth)

Gauze or cheese cloth impregnated with wax containing an antiseptic; used in surgical dressings. [L. cera, wax]

Cerenkov Cerenkov

(Cherenkov) Pavel A., Russian physicist and Nobel laureate, *1904. See C. radiation.

ceresin ceresin (ser´e-sin)

A natural mixture of hydrocarbons of high molecular weight; a substitute for beeswax, also used in dentistry for impressions.cerin, cerosin, earth wax, mineral wax (2) , purified ozokerite;

cerin cerin (se´rin)

ceresin

Cerithidea Cerithidea (ser-i-thid´e-a)

A genus of marine and brackish water operculate (prosobranch) snails that serve as first intermediate hosts of a number of trematodes. C. cingulata serves as host for Heterophyes heterophyes in Japan and Southeast Asia; C. scalariformis for cercariae that induce swimmer's itch in the southeastern U.S. from Florida to Texas.

cerium (Ce) cerium (Ce) (ser´e-um)

A metallic element, atomic no. 58, atomic wt. 140.115. [fr. Ceres, the planetoid]
c. oxalate a mixture of the oxalates of c., lanthanum, and other rare earths; has been used in the treatment of vomiting.

cero- cero-

Wax. [L. cera, wax]

ceroid ceroid (se´royd)

A waxlike, golden or yellow-brown pigment first found in fibrotic livers of choline-deficient rats, and also known to be present in some of the cirrhotic livers (and certain other tissues) of human beings. C. is acid-fast, insoluble in fat solvents, and probably a type of lipofuscin, although differing from true lipofuscins by failing to stain with Schmorl's ferric-ferricyanide reduction stain; it also exhibits autofluorescence. Accumulates in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. [L. cera, wax, + G. eidos, appearance]

ceroplasty ceroplasty (se´ro-plas-te)

The manufacture of wax models of anatomical and pathologic specimens or of skin lesions. [G. keros, wax, + plasso, to mold]

cerosin cerosin (ser´o-sin)

ceresin

cerotinic acid cerotinic acid (ser-o-tin´ik)

CH₃-(CH₂)₂₄-COOH; n-hexacosanoic acid;a long-chain fatty acid found in natural waxes and in certain lipids.

certifiable certifiable (ser-ti-fI´a-bl)

Denoting a person showing disordered behavior of sufficient gravity to justify involuntary mental hospitalization.

certification certification (ser´ti-fi-ka´shun)

1. The attainment of board certification in a specialty. 2. The court procedure by which a patient is committed to a mental institution. 3. Involuntary mental hospitalization.

certified nurse-midwife certified nurse-midwife

A registered n.-m. with at least a masters degree in nursing and advanced education in the management of the entire maternity cycle. Achieved through an organized program of study and national testing by the American College of Nurse-Midwives.

certify certify (ser´ti-fI)

To commit a patient to a mental hospital in accordance with the laws of the state. [L. certus, certain, + facio, to make]

cerulean cerulean (se-ru´le-an)

blue [L. caeruleus, blue, fr. caelum, sky]

cerulein cerulein (se-ru´le-in)

A decapeptide with hypotensive activity; stimulates smooth muscle and increases digestive secretions; it is similar in structure to cholecystokinin and the gastrins, but much more potent as a stimulant to gallbladder contraction; also stimulates release of insulin. [fr. Hyla caerulea, from which isolated]

ceruloplasmin ceruloplasmin (se-ru´lo-plaz-min)

A blue copper-containing a-globulin of blood plasma, with a molecular weight of about 140,000 and 8 atoms of copper per molecule; involved in copper transport and regulation, and can reduce O₂ directly without known intermediates; also has ferroxidase and polyamine oxidase properties of unknown significance. C. is absent in congenital Wilson's disease. [L. caeruleus, dark blue]

cerumen cerumen (se-ru´men)

The soft, brownish yellow, waxy secretion (a modified sebum) of the ceruminous glands of the external auditory meatus.ear wax, earwax; [L. cera, wax]
c. inspissa´tum , inspissated c. dried earwax plugging the external auditory canal.

ceruminal ceruminal (se-ru´mi-nal)

Relating to cerumen.

ceruminolytic ceruminolytic (se-ru´mi-no-lit´ik)

One of several substances instilled into the external auditory canal to soften wax. [cerumen, + G. lysis, a loosening]

ceruminoma ceruminoma (se-ru-mi-no´ma)

A usually benign adenomatous tumor of ceruminous glands of the external auditory canal.

ceruminosis ceruminosis (se-ru-mi-no´sis)

Excessive formation of cerumen.

ceruminous ceruminous (se-ru´mi-nus)

Relating to cerumen.

ceruse ceruse (se´rus)

lead carbonate [L. cerussa]

cerveau isolé cerveau isolé (ser-vo´ e-so-la´)

An animal with its mesencephalon transected; it breathes spontaneously but is unresponsive, with abnormal pupils (usually dilated) and a continuous sleep pattern in the electroencephalogram. Cf. encéphale isolé. [Fr. detached brain]

cervical cervical (ser´vI-kal)

Relating to a neck, or cervix, in any sense.cervicalis; [L. cervix (cervic-), neck]

cervicalis cervicalis (ser-vi-ka´lis)

cervical
c. ascen´dens 1. iliocostalis cervicis muscle 2. ascending cervical artery

cervicectomy cervicectomy (ser-vi-sek´to-me)

Excision of the cervix uteri.trachelectomy; [cervix + G. ektome, excision]

cervices cervices (ser´vi-sez)

Plural of cervix.

cervicitis cervicitis (ser-vi-sI´tis)

Inflammation of the mucous membrane, frequently involving also the deeper structures, of the cervix uteri.trachelitis;

cervico- cervico-

A cervix, or neck, in any sense. [L. cervix, neck]

cervicobrachial cervicobrachial (ser´vi-ko-bra´ke-al)

Relating to the neck and the arm.

cervicobuccal cervicobuccal (ser´vi-ko-buk´al)

Relating to the buccal region of the neck of a premolar or molar tooth.

cervicodynia cervicodynia (ser´vi-ko-din´e-a)

Neck pain.trachelodynia; [cervico- + G. odyne, pain]

cervicofacial cervicofacial (ser´vi-ko-fa´shal)

Relating to the neck and the face.

cervicography cervicography (ser-vi-kog´ra-fe)

Technique, equivalent to colposcopy, for photographing part or all of the uterine cervix. [cervix + G. grapho, to write]

cervicolabial cervicolabial (ser´vi-ko-la´be-al)

Relating to the labial region of the neck of an incisor or canine tooth.

cervicolingual cervicolingual (ser´vi-ko-ling´gwal)

Relating to the lingual region of the cervix of a tooth.

cervicolinguoaxial cervicolinguoaxial (ser´vi-ko-ling´gwo-ak´se-al)

Referring to the point angle formed by the junction of the cervical (gingival), lingual, and axial walls of a cavity.

cervico-occipital cervico-occipital (ser´vi-ko-ok-sip´i-tal)

Relating to the neck and the occiput.

cervicoplasty cervicoplasty (ser´vi-ko-plas-te)

Plastic surgery on the cervix uteri or on the neck.

cervicothoracic cervicothoracic (ser´vi-ko-thor-as´ik)

Relating to: 1. The neck and thorax; 2. The transition between the neck and thorax; 3. The fusion of these vertebrae.

cervicotomy cervicotomy (ser-vi-kot´o-me)

Incision into the cervix uteri.trachelotomy; [cervico- + G. tome, incision]

cervicovesical cervicovesical (ser´vi-ko-ves´i-kal)

Relating to the cervix of the uterus and the bladder.

cervilaxin cervilaxin

relaxin

cervix cervix , gen. cervicis , pl. cervices (ser´viks, ser´vi-sis, -sez) [NA]

1. collum 2. Any necklike structure. 3. c. of uterus [L. neck]
c. of the axon the constricted portion of the axon just before the myelin sheath begins.
c. colum´nae posterio´ris a slight constriction of the posterior gray column of the spinal cord, seen on cross-section just behind the gray commissure.
c. den´tis [NA] neck of tooth
c. u´teri [NA] c. of uterus
c. of uterus the lower part of the uterus extending from the isthmus of the uterus into the vagina. It is divided into supravaginal and vaginal parts by its passage through the vaginal wall.c. uteri [NA] , cervix (3) [NA] , neck of uterus, neck of womb;
c. vesi´cae urina´riae [NA] neck of urinary bladder

ceryl ceryl (ser´il)

The hydrocarbon radical, C₂₆H₅₃-, of ceryl alcohol (hexacosanol).hexacosyl;

cesarean cesarean (se-za´re-an)

Denoting a c. section, which was included under lex cesarea, Roman law (715 B.C.); not because performed at the birth of Julius Caesar (100 B.C.).

cesium (Cs) cesium (Cs) (se´ze-um)

A metallic element, atomic no. 55, atomic wt. 132.90543; a member of the alkali metal group. ¹³⁷Cs (half-life equal to 30.1 years) is used in treatment of certain malignancies. [L. caesius, bluish gray]

Cestan Cestan

Raymond, French neurologist, 1872-1934. See C.-Chenais syndrome.

Cestoda Cestoda (ses-to´da)

A subclass of tapeworms (class Cestoidea), containing the typical members of this group, including the segmented tapeworms that parasitize man and domestic animals.Eucestoda; [G. kestos, girdle]

Cestodaria Cestodaria (ses-to-da´re-a)

A subclass of the class Cestoidea, containing tapeworms that lack a scolex and are unsegmented (monozoic), in contrast to the typical tapeworms in the subclass Cestoda; larvae of c. (called lycophora) characteristically have 10 hooklets rather than six. C. are believed to be primitive tapeworms, parasitizing the intestine and celomic cavities of certain fish and a few reptiles.

cestode cestode , cestoid (ses´tod, -toyd)

Common name for tapeworms of the class Cestoidea or its subclasses, Cestoda and Cestodaria.

cestodiasis cestodiasis (ses-to-dI´a-sis)

Disease caused by infection with a cestode.

Cestoidea Cestoidea (ses-toy´de-a)

The tapeworms, a class of platyhelminth flatworms characterized by lack of an alimentary canal and, in typical forms (subclass Cestoda), by a segmented body with a scolex or holdfast organ at one end; adult worms are vertebrate parasites, usually found in the small intestine. [G. kestos, girdle, + eidos, form]

cetaceum cetaceum (se-ta´she-um)

spermaceti [G. ketos, a whale]

cetalkonium chloride cetalkonium chloride (set´al-ko´ne-um)

Benzylhexadecyldimethylammonium chloride;an antibacterial agent.

cethexonium bromide cethexonium bromide (set-heks-o´ne-um)

Hexadecyl(2-hydroxycyclohexyl)dimethylammonium bromide;an antiseptic.

cetostearyl alcohol cetostearyl alcohol (se-to-ste´a-ril)

A component of the hydrophilic ointment ingredient known as emulsifying wax; a mixture of solid aliphatic alcohols consisting chiefly of stearyl and cetyl alcohols.

cetraria cetraria (se-tra´re-a)

The dried plant, Cetraria islandica (family Parmeliaceae), a lichen, not a moss, used as a demulcent and as a folk remedy for bronchitis.Iceland moss; [L. caetra, a short Spanish shield (from shape of the apothecia)]

cetrimonium bromide cetrimonium bromide (se-trI-mo´ne-um)

Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide;an antiseptic.

cetyl cetyl (se´til)

The univalent radical C₁₆H₃₃- of cetyl alcohol.
c. alcohol the 16-carbon alcohol corresponding to palmitic acid, so called because it is isolated from among the hydrolysis products of spermaceti; it is used as an emulsifying aid and in the preparation of "washable" ointment bases.1-hexadecanol, palmityl alcohol;
c. palmitate C₁₅H₃₁CO-OC₁₆H₃₁;a wax; the chief constituent of spermaceti.

cetylpyridinium chloride cetylpyridinium chloride (se´til-pI-ri-din´e-um)

The monohydrate of the quaternary salt of pyridine and cetyl chloride; a cationic detergent with antiseptic action against nonsporulating bacteria.

cetyltrimethylammonium bromide cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (se´til-trI-me´thil-a-mo´ne-um)

Cetrimide;a mixture of dodecyl-, tetradecyl-, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromides; an odorless surface-active agent, readily soluble in water; a disinfectant with a strong bacteriostatic action, used for the sterilization of instruments and utensils.

cevadilla cevadilla (se-va-dil´a)

sabadilla [Sp. dim. of cebada, barley]

cevadine cevadine (sev´a-den)

C₃₂H₄₉NO₉;an alkaloid occurring in the seeds of Schoenocaulon officinale (Sabadilla officinarum), family Liliaceae; highly irritating to skin and mucous membranes. See also veratrine.

cevitamic acid cevitamic acid (sev-i-tam´ik)

ascorbic acid

CF CF

Abbreviation for citrovorum factor; coupling factor.

Cf Cf

Symbol for californium.

CFF CFF

Abbreviation for critical fusion frequency. See critical flicker fusion frequency.

CG CG

Abbreviation for chorionic gonadotropin; phosgene.

CGA CGA

Abbreviation for catabolite gene activator.

cGMP cGMP

Abbreviation for cyclic guanosine 3´,5´-monophosphate.

CGP CGP

Abbreviation for chorionic "growth hormone-prolactin".

CGRP CGRP

Abbreviation for calcitonin gene related peptide.

CGS CGS , cgs

Abbreviation for centimeter-gram-second. See centimeter-gram-second system, centimeter-gram-second unit.

CH CH

Abbreviation for crown-heel length.

Ch1 Ch1

Abbreviation for Christchurch chromosome.

Chabertia Chabertia (cha-ber´te-a)

A genus of strongyle nematodes parasitic in animals. The species C. ovina, the bowel worm, is found in the digestive tract of sheep, goats, cattle, and some wild animals; it feeds on the mucosa of the gut, where in large numbers it can produce considerable damage.

Chaddock Chaddock

Charles G., U.S. neurologist, 1861-1936. See C. reflex, sign.

Chadwick Chadwick

James R., U.S. gynecologist, 1844-1905. See C.'s sign.

chaeta chaeta (ke´ta)

seta [Mod. L. fr. G. chaite, stiff hair]

chafe chafe (chaf)

To cause irritation of the skin by friction. [Fr. chauffer, to heat, fr. L. calefacio, to make warm]

Chagas Chagas

Carlos, Brazilian physician, 1879-1934. See C.'s disease; C.-Cruz disease.

chagoma chagoma (sha-go´ma)

The skin lesion in acute Chagas' disease.

chain chain (chan)

1. In chemistry, a series of atoms held together by one or more covalent bonds. 2. In bacteriology, a linear arrangement of living cells that have divided in one plane and remain attached to each other. [L. catena]
A c. 1. a polypeptide component of insulin containing 21 amino acyl residues, beginning with a glycyl residue (NH₂-terminus); insulin is formed by the linkage of an A c. to a B c. by two disulfide bonds; the amino-acid composition of the A c. is a function of species;glycyl c; 2. in general, one of the polypeptides in a multiprotein complex.
B c. a polypeptide component of insulin containing 30 amino acyl residues, beginning with a phenylalanyl residue (NH₂-terminus); insulin is formed by the linkage of a B c. to an A c. by two disulfide bonds; the amino-acid composition of the B c. is a function of species.phenylalanyl c;
behavior c. related behaviors in a series in which each response serves as a stimulus for the next response.
C c. C-peptide
cold c. a system of protection against high environmental temperatures for heat-labile vaccines, sera and other biological preparations.
electron-transport c. respiratory c
glycyl c. A c. (1)
heavy c. a polypeptide c. of high molecular weight (about 400-500 residue), gamma, a, mu, delta, or epsi c.'s in immunoglobulin, determining the immunoglobulin class and subclass.H chain;
hemolytic c. the hemolysis that occurs when complement is activated by the previously formed union of erythrocytes and specific antibody.
J c. a glycopeptide disulfide that is bonded to polymeric IgA and IgM; its function is to ensure correct polymerization of the subunits of IgA and IgM. [joining]
L c. light c
light c. a polypeptide c. with low molecular weight (about 200 residue), as the kappa or lambda c.'s in immunoglobulin.L c;
long c. in bacteriology, a continuous line of more than eight cells.
ossicular c. auditory ossicles, under ossicle
phenylalanyl c. B c
respiratory c. a sequence of energy-liberating oxidation-reduction reactions whereby electrons are accepted from reduced compounds and eventually transferred to oxygen with the formation of water.cytochrome system, electron-transport c., electron-transport system;
short c. in bacteriology, a string of two to eight cells.
side c. 1. a c. of noncyclic atoms linked to a benzene ring, or to any cyclic c. compound; 2. the atoms of an a-amino acid other than the a-carboxyl group, the a-amino group, the a-carbon, and the hydrogen attached to the a-carbon.

chaining chaining (chan´ing)

Learning related behaviors in a series in which each response serves as a stimulus for the next response.

chalasia chalasia , chalasis (ka-la´ze-a, -la´sis)

Inhibition and relaxation of any previously sustained contraction of muscle, usually of a synergic group of muscles. [G. chalao, to loosen]

chalaza chalaza (ka-la´za)

1. chalazion 2. Suspensory ligament of the yolk in a bird's egg. [G. hail; a small tubercle, a sty (Galen)]

chalazion chalazion , pl. chalazia (ka-la´ze-on, -ze-a)

A chronic inflammatory granuloma of a meibomian gland.chalaza (1) , meibomian cyst, tarsal cyst; [G. dim. of chalaza, a sty]
acute c. hordeolum internum
collar-stud c. a c. that extends through the tarsal plate anteriorly (c. externum) and toward the conjunctiva.

chalcone chalcone (kal´kon)

C₆H₅CH=CH-CO-C₆H₅; 1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-one;the parent compound of a series of plant pigments. All are flavonoids and typically are yellow to orange in color.benzalacetophenone;

chalcosis chalcosis (kal-ko´sis)

Chronic copper poisoning.chalkitis; [G. chalkos, copper, brass]
c. len´tis a cataract caused by excessive intraocular copper.copper cataract, sunflower cataract;

chalicosis chalicosis (kal-i-ko´sis)

Pneumoconiosis caused by the inhalation of dust incident to the occupation of stone cutting.flint disease; [G. chalix, gravel]

chalinoplasty chalinoplasty (kal´in-o-plas-te)

Obsolete term for the correction of defects of the mouth and lips, especially of the corners of the mouth. [G. chalinos, bridle, corner of the mouth, + plastos, formed]

chalk chalk (chawk)

calcium carbonate [L. calx]
French c. talc
prepared c. purified native calcium carbonate, usually molded into cones; used as a mild astringent and antacid.

chalkitis chalkitis (kal-kI´tis)

chalcosis [G. chalkos, copper, brass]

chalone chalone (ka´lon)

Originally, a hormone (e.g., enterogastrone) that inhibits rather than stimulates; now, any one of a number of mitotic inhibitors (often glycoproteins) elaborated by a tissue and active only on that type of tissue, regardless of species; a reversible tissue-specific mitotic inhibitor. [G. + chalao, to relax, + -one]

chalybeate chalybeate (kal-ib´e-at)

Obsolete term for impregnated with or containing iron salts and for a therapeutic agent containing iron. [G. chalyps (chalyb-), steel]

chamazulene chamazulene (cha-maz´yu-len)

1,4-Dimethyl-7-ethylazulene;an anti-inflammatory agent.

chamber chamber (cham´ber)

A compartment or enclosed space. See also camera. [L. camera]
altitude c. a decompression c. for simulating a high altitude environment, particularly its low barometric pressure.high altitude c;
anechoic c. a room designed to absorb all sound so as to eliminate all echoes; used for isolation and sound research on human subjects.
anterior c. of eye the space between the cornea anteriorly and the iris/pupil posteriorly, filled with a watery fluid (aqueous humor) and communicating through the pupil with the posterior chamber.camera anterior bulbi [NA] , camera oculi anterior, camera oculi major;
aqueous c.'s the combined anterior and posterior c.'s of the eye containing the aqueous humor. See anterior c. of eye, posterior c. of eye. See also anterior segment.
decompression c. a c. for exposing organisms to pressures below that of the atmosphere.
Haldane c. an obsolete c. for metabolic studies on animals.
high altitude c. altitude c
hyperbaric c. a c. providing pressures greater than atmospheric, commonly used to treat decompression sickness and to provide hyperbaric oxygenation.
ionization c. a c. for detecting ionization of the enclosed gas; used for determining intensity of ionizing radiation.
posterior c. of eye the ringlike space, filled with aqueous humor, between the iris/pupil anteriorly and the lens and ciliary body posteriorly.camera posterior bulbi [NA] , camera oculi minor, camera oculi posterior;
pulp c. that portion of the pulp cavity which is contained in the crown or body of the tooth.
relief c. a recess in the impression surface of a denture to reduce or eliminate pressure from that specific area of the mouth.
Sandison-Clark c. a c. that can be fitted over a hole punched in a rabbit's ear, so that tissue will grow to fill the defect between two transparent plates; if the distance between the plates is small, the living tissue can be studied microscopically.
sinuatrial c. the common c. formed by the single embryonic atrium and the right and left horns of the sinus venosus.
vitreous c. of eye posterior segment of eyeball
Zappert counting c. a special, standardized glass slide used for counting cells (especially erythrocytes and leukocytes) and other particulate material in a measured volume of fluid; the central portion is precisely ground in such a manner that the uniformly flat surface is exactly 0.1 mm lower than that of two parallel ridges on which a special, uniformly flat coverslip may be placed; accurately etched lines on the flat central portion form the boundaries of groups of squares of known areas, thereby providing the basis for determining the volume of fluid in which the cells are counted. Glass slides of this type are frequently known as hemocytometers.

Chamberlain Chamberlain

W.E., U.S. radiologist, 1891-1947. See C.'s line.

Chamberlen Chamberlen

Peter, English obstetrician, 1560-1631. See C. forceps.

chamecephalic chamecephalic (kam-e-se-fal´ik)

Having a flat head; denoting a skull with a vertical index of 70 or less; similar to tapinocephalic.chamecephalous; [G. chamai, on the ground (low, stunted), + kephale, head]

chamecephalous chamecephalous (kam-e-sef´a-lus)

chamecephalic

chameprosopic chameprosopic (kam´e-pro-sop´ik)

Having a broad face. [G. chamai (adv.), on the ground (low, spread out), + prosopikos, facial]

chamfer chamfer (sham´fer)

A marginal finish on an extracoronal cavity preparation of a tooth which describes a curve from an axial wall to the cavosurface. [fr. O.Fr. chanfrein(t), beveled edge]

chamomile chamomile (kam´o-mIl)

The flowering heads of Anthemis nobilis (family Compositae); a stomachic.camomile; [G. chamaimelon, chamomile, fr. chamai, on the ground, + melon, apple]

Champy Champy

Christian, French physician, *1885. See C.'s fixative.

Chanarin Chanarin

I., 20th century British hematologist. See Dorfman-C. syndrome.

Chance Chance

G.Q., 20th century British radiologist. See C. fracture.

chancre chancre (shang´ker)

The primary lesion of syphilis, which begins at the site of infection after an interval of 10 to 30 days as a papule or area of infiltration, of dull red color, hard, and insensitive; the center usually becomes eroded or breaks down into an ulcer that heals slowly after 4 to 6 weeks.hard c., hard sore, hard ulcer, syphilitic ulcer (1) , ulcus venereum (1); [Fr. indirectly from L. cancer]
hard c. chancre
mixed c. a sore resulting from simultaneous inoculation of a site with syphilis and chancroid.
monorecidive c. a c. that recurs at the site of a previously healed lesion.
c. re´dux a second c. occurring in a syphilitic subject, possibly an allergic reaction without the presence of the specific spirochete.
soft c. chancroid
sporotrichositic c. the initial lesion at the site of skin infection in sporotrichosis.
tularemic c. the primary lesion, usually of finger, thumb, or hand, in tularemia.

chancriform chancriform (shang´kri-form)

Resembling chancre.

chancroid chancroid (shang´kroyd)

An infectious, painful, ragged venereal ulcer at the site of infection by Haemophilus ducreyi, beginning after an incubation period of 3 to 5 days; seen more commonly in men.soft chancre, soft sore, soft ulcer, ulcus venereum (2) , venereal sore, venereal ulcer; [chancre + G. eidos, resemblance]

chancroidal chancroidal (shang-kroy´dal)

Relating to or of the nature of chancroid.

chancrous chancrous (shang´krus)

Characterized by having a chancre.

Chandler Chandler

Paul A., U.S. ophthalmologist, *1896. See C. syndrome.

change change (chanj)

An alteration; in pathology, structural alteration of which the cause and significance is uncertain.shift;
Armanni-Ebstein c. Armanni-Ebstein kidney
Baggenstoss c. distention of pancreatic acini by proteinaceous secretion, seen in dehydration.
Crooke's hyaline c. replacement of cytoplasmic granules of basophil cells of the anterior pituitary by homogenous hyaline material; a characteristic finding in Cushing's syndrome, but usually not present in the cells of a basophil adenoma.Crooke's hyaline degeneration;
fatty c. fatty metamorphosis
c. of life colloquialism for 1. menopause; 2. climacteric.
trophic c.'s trophoneurotic atrophy

Changeux Changeux

Jean-Pierre, French 20th-century biochemist. See Monod-Wyman-Changeux model.

channel channel (chan´el)

A furrow, gutter, or groovelike passageway. See also canal. [L. canalis]
ion c. a specific macromolecular protein pathway, with an aqueous "pore," that traverses the lipid bilayer of a cell's plasma membrane and maintains or modulates the electrical potential across this barrier by allowing controlled influx or exit of small inorganic ions such as Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-, and Ca²⁺. It plays an important role in propagation of the action potential in neurons, but also may control transduction of extracellular signals and contraction in muscle cells. In general, ion c.'s are characterized by their selectivity for certain ions, their specific regulation or gating of these ions, and their specific sensitivity to toxins.
ligand-gated c. a class of ion c.'s whose ionic permeability is regulated by cell membrane receptors that respond to specific extracellular chemical signals.
transnexus c. a hexagonal 15-20Å hydrophilic c. capable of transporting small ions between cardiac muscle cells.
voltage-gated c. a class of ion c.'s that open and close in response to change in the electrical potential across the plasma membrane of the cell; voltage-gated Na⁺ c.'s are important for conducting action potential along nerve cell processes.

Chantemesse Chantemesse

André, French bacteriologist, 1851-1919. See C. reaction.

chaos chaos

1. State of such total disorganization that it has no constructive predicates. 2. A state in which no causal relationships are operating. [G., primeval formless void]
mathematical c. a dynamic system so sensitive to its precise current state (which in practice will never be known exactly) that its behavior, though deterministic, is indistinguishable from random.

chaotropic chaotropic (ka-o-trop´ik)

Pertaining to chaotropism.

chaotropism chaotropism (ka-o-trop´izm)

The property of certain substances, usually ions (e.g., SCN^-, ClO₄^-, guanidinium), to disrupt the structure of water and thereby promote the solubility of nonpolar substances in polar solvents (e.g., water), the unfolding of proteins, the elution from or movement through a chromatographic medium of an otherwise tightly bound substance, etc. [G. chaos, disorder, confusion, + trope, a turning]

CHAP CHAP

Acronym for cyclophosphamide, hexamethylmelamine, doxorubicin (Adriamycin), and cisplatin, a chemotherapy regimen used in the treatment of ovarian cancer.

chaperone chaperone (shap-e-ron)

A protein required for the proper folding and/or assembly of another protein or protein complex. [Eng. escort, protector, fr. Fr. chaperon, hood, fr. chape, cape, fr. L.L. cappa, fr. L. caput, head]

chappa chappa (chap´pa)

A disease marked by subcutaneous nodules, the size of a pigeon's egg, which break down, release a fatty looking material, and form ulcers; the eruption is preceded by severe muscular and articular pains. [W. Af.]

chapped chapped (chapt)

Having or pertaining to skin, especially of the hands, that is dry, scaly, and fissured, owing to the action of cold or to the excess rate of evaporation of moisture from the skin surface. [M.E. chap, to chop, split]

character character (kar´ak-ter)

An attribute in individuals that is amenable to formal and logical analysis and may be used as the basis of generalizations about classes and other statements that transcend individuality.characteristic (1); [G. kharakter, stamp, mark, fr. charasso, to engrave]
acquired c. a c. developed in a plant or animal as a result of environmental influences during the individual's life.
classifiable c. a c. that allows individuals to be sorted into distinct but not quantitative classes, e.g., blood types.
compound c. an inherited c. dependent upon two or more distinct genes.
denumerable c. classifiable c. that is also countable (e.g., number of progeny, number of teeth).discrete c;
discrete c. denumerable c
dominant c. an inherited c. determined by one kind of allele. See phenotype.
inherited c. a single attribute of an animal or plant that is transmitted at one locus from generation to generation in accordance with Mendel's law. See gene.unit c;
mendelian c. an inherited c. under the control of a single locus (although perhaps modified by genes at other loci).
primary sex c.'s the sex glands, testes or ovaries, and the accessory sex organs.
recessive c. an inherited c. determined by an allele in homozygous state only. See dominance of traits.
secondary sex c.'s those c.'s peculiar to the male or female that develop at puberty, e.g., the beard of men and the breasts of women.
sex-linked c. an inherited c. determined by a gene on a gonosome. See gene.
unit c. inherited c

character armor character armor

A habitual pattern of organized defenses against anxiety.

characteristic characteristic (kar´ak-ter-is´tik)

1. character 2. Typical or distinctive of a particular disorder.
receiver operating c. (ROC) a plot of the sensitivity of a diagnostic test as a function of nonspecificity (one minus the specificity). The ROC curve indicates the intrinsic properties of a test's diagnostic performance and can be used to compare the relative merits of competing procedures.

characterization characterization (kar´ak-ter-i-za´shun)

The discernment, description, or attributing of distinguishing traits.
denture c. modification of the form and color of the denture base and/or teeth to produce a more lifelike appearance.

charas charas (char´as)

A resin obtained from mature leaves of selected varieties of Cannabis sativa; used for smoking.

charbon charbon (shar-bawn´)

anthrax (2) [Fr. coal]

charcoal charcoal (char´kol)

Carbon obtained by heating or burning wood with restricted access of air.carbo;
activated c. the residue from the destructive distillation of various organic materials, treated to increase its adsorptive power; used in diarrhea, as an antidote in various forms of poisoning, and in purification processes in industry and research.medicinal c;
animal c. c. produced by incomplete combustion of animal tissues, especially bone.animal black, bone black, bone c;
bone c. animal c
medicinal c. activated c
vegetable c. c. obtained by charring vegetable tissues, especially the wood of willow, beech, birch, or oak.wood c;
wood c. vegetable c

Charcot Charcot

Jean M., French neurologist, 1825-1893. See C.'s arteries, disease, intermittent fever, gait, joint, syndrome, triad, vertigo; C.-Leyden crystals, under crystal; C.-Neumann crystals, under crystal; C.-Robin crystals, under crystal; C.-Böttcher crystalloids, under crystalloid; C.-Marie-Tooth disease; C.-Weiss-Baker syndrome; Erb-C. disease.

Chargaff Chargaff

Erwin, Austrian-U.S. biochemist, *1905. See C.'s rule.

charge transfer charge transfer

See charge transfer complex.

charlatan charlatan (shar´la-tan)

A medical fraud claiming to cure disease by useless procedures, secret remedies, and worthless diagnostic and therapeutic machines.quack; [Fr., fr. It. ciarlare, to prattle]

charlatanism charlatanism (shar´la-tan-izm)

A fraudulent claim to medical knowledge; treating the sick without knowledge of medicine or authority to practice medicine.quackery;

Charles Charles

Jacques, French physicist, 1746-1823. See C. law.

charley horse charley horse (char´le hors)

Localized pain or muscle stiffness following a contusion of a muscle. [slang]

Charlouis Charlouis

M., 19th century Dutch army surgeon in Java. See C.'s disease.

Charlton Charlton

Willy, German physician, *1889. See Schultz-C. phenomenon, reaction.

Charnley Charnley

Sir John, English surgeon, 1911-1988. See C. hip arthroplasty.

Charrière Charrière

Joseph F.B., French instrument maker, 1803-1876. See C. scale.

chart chart

1. A recording of clinical data relating to a patient's case. 2. curve (2) 3. In optics, symbols of graduated size for measuring visual acuity, or test types for determining far or near vision. See Snellen's test types. [L. charta, sheet of papyrus]
Amsler's c. a 10-cm square divided into 5-mm squares upon which an individual may project a defect in the central visual field.
isometric c. (I´so-met-rik) a c. or graph that displays three dimensions on a plane surface.
quality control c. a c. illustrating the allowable limits of error in laboratory test performance, the limits being a defined deviation from the mean of a control serum, most commonly ±2 SD. See also quality control.
Tanner growth c. a series of c.'s showing distribution of parameters of physical development, such as stature, growth curves, and skinfold thickness, for children by sex, age, and stages of puberty.
Walker's c. a system of plotting the relative fetal and placental sizes.

Charters Charters

W.J., U.S. dentist. See C.'s method.

charting charting

Making a record in tabular or graph form of the progress of a patient's condition.clinical recording;

Chassaignac Chassaignac

Edouard P.M., French surgeon, 1804-1879. See C.'s space, tubercle.

Chastek Chastek

Surname of the owner of a farm on which the disease later known as Chastek paralysis was first reported. See Chastek paralysis.

Chaudhry Chaudhry

Anand P. See Gorlin-C.-Moss syndrome.

Chauffard Chauffard

Anatole M.E., French physician, 1855-1932. See C.'s syndrome; Still-C. syndrome.

chaulmoogra oil chaulmoogra oil (chawl-mu´gra)

The fixed oil expressed from seeds of Taraktogenos kurzii and Hydnocarpus wightiana (family Flacourtiaceae); formerly used in the treatment of leprosy.gynocardia oil, hydnocarpus oil;

Chaussier Chaussier

François, French physician, 1746-1828. See C.'s areola, line, sign.

Chauveau Chauveau

J.-B. Auguste, French veterinarian, physiologist, and microbiologist, 1827-1917. See C.'s bacterium.

Chayes Chayes

Herman E.S., U.S. prosthodontist, 1880-1933. See C.'s method.

Ch.B. Ch.B.

Abbreviation for Chirurgiae Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Surgery.

Ch.D. Ch.D.

Abbreviation for Chirurgiae Doctor, Doctor of Surgery.

Cheadle Cheadle

Walter B., English pediatrician, 1835-1910. See C.'s disease.

Cheatle Cheatle

Sir George L., British surgeon, 1865-1951. See C. slit.

DELTA check DELTA check

delta check

checkbite checkbite (chek´bIt)

interocclusal record

checkerberry oil checkerberry oil (chek´er-bar´e)

methyl salicylate

Chédiak Chédiak

Moisés, 20th century Cuban physician. See C.-Higashi disease; C.-Steinbrinck-Higashi anomaly, syndrome.

cheek cheek (chek)

The side of the face forming the lateral wall of the mouth.bucca [NA] , gena, mala (1); [A. S. ceáce]

cheil- cheil-

See cheilo-.

cheilalgia cheilalgia , chilalgia (kI-lal´je-a)

Pain in the lip. [cheil- + G. algos, pain]

cheilectomy cheilectomy , chilectomy (kI-lek´to-me)

1. Excision of a portion of the lip. 2. Chiseling away bony irregularities at osteochondral margin of a joint cavity that interfere with movements of the joint. [cheil- + G. ektome, excision]

cheilectropion cheilectropion , chilectropion (kI-lek-tro´pe-on)

Eversion of the lips or a lip. [cheil- + G. ektropos, a turning out]

cheilion cheilion (kI´le-on)

A cephalometric point located at the angle (corner) of the mouth. [G. cheilos, lips]

cheilitis cheilitis , chilitis (kI-lI´tis)

Inflammation of the lips or of a lip. See also cheilosis. [cheil- + G. -itis, inflammation]
actinic c. solar c
angular c. inflammation and fissuring radiating from the commissures of the mouth secondary to predisposing factors such as lost vertical dimension in denture wearers, nutritional deficiencies, atopic dermatitis, or Candida albicans infection.angular stomatitis, commissural c., perlèche;
commissural c. angular c
contact c. inflammation of the lips resulting from contact with a primary irritant or specific allergen, including ingredients of lipsticks.
c. exfoliati´va an exfoliative dermatitis; it may be related to atopic dermatitis or to contact sensitivity.
c. glandula´ris an acquired disorder, of unknown etiology, of the lower lip characterized by swelling, ulceration, crusting, mucous gland hyperplasia, abscesses, and sinus tracts.Baelz' disease, myxadenitis labialis, Volkmann's c;
c. granulomato´sa chronic, diffuse, soft swelling of the lips, of unknown etiology, microscopically characterized by noncaseating granulomatous inflammation. See also Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome.
impetiginous c. pyoderma of the lips.
solar c. mucosal atrophy with drying, crusting, and fissuring of the vermillion border of the lower lip in older individuals, resulting from chronic exposure to sunlight; dysplastic (premalignant) changes are noted microscopically, analogous to solar keratosis.actinic c;
c. venena´ta allergic contact dermatitis of the lips, as in contact c.
Volkmann's c. c. glandularis

cheilo- cheilo- , cheil-

Lips. See also chilo-, labio-. [G. cheilos, lip]

cheilognathoglossoschisis cheilognathoglossoschisis (kI´lo-nath´o-glos-os´ki-sis)

Associated condition of cleft mandible and lower lip, and bifid tongue. [cheilo- + G. gnathos, jaw, + glossa, tongue, + schisis, cleft]

cheilognathopalatoschisis cheilognathopalatoschisis (kI´lo-nath´o-pal-a-tos´ki-sis)

cheilognathouranoschisis

cheilognathouranoschisis cheilognathouranoschisis (kI-lo-nath´o-yu-ra-nos´ki-sis)

Cleft lip with cleft upper jaw and palate.cheilognathopalatoschisis; [cheilo- + G. gnathos, jaw, + ouranos, sky (roof of mouth), + schisis, cleft]

cheilophagia cheilophagia , chilophagia (kI-lo-fa´je-a)

Biting of the lips. [cheilo- + G. phago, to eat]

cheiloplasty cheiloplasty , chiloplasty (kI´lo-plas-te)

Plastic surgery of the lips.chiloplasty; [cheilo- + G. plastos, formed]

cheilorrhaphy cheilorrhaphy , chilorrhaphy (kI-lor´a-fe)

Suturing of the lip.chilorrhaphy; [cheilo- + G. raphe, suture]

cheilosis cheilosis , chilosis (kI-lo´sis)

A condition characterized by dry scaling and fissuring of the lips, attributed by some to riboflavin and other nutritional deficiencies. See also cheilitis. [cheil- + G. -osis, condition]

cheilostomatoplasty cheilostomatoplasty , chilostomatoplasty (kI-lo-sto´ma-to-plas-te)

Obsolete term for plastic surgery of the lips and mouth. [cheilo- + G. stoma, mouth, + plastos, formed]

cheilotomy cheilotomy , chilotomy (kI-lot´o-me)

Incision into the lip.chilotomy; [cheilo- + G. tome, incision]

cheir- cheir-

See cheiro-.

cheirarthritis cheirarthritis , chirarthritis (kI´rar-thrI´tis)

Obsolete term for inflammation of the joints of the hand.chirarthritis; [cheir- + arthritis]

cheiro- cheiro- , cheir-

Hand. See also chiro-. [G. cheir, a hand]

cheirobrachialgia cheirobrachialgia , chirobrachialgia (kI´ro-bra´ke-al´je-a)

Obsolete term for pain and paresthesia in the hand and arm.chirobrachialgia; [cheiro- + G. brachion, arm, + algos, pain]

cheirognostic cheirognostic , chirognostic (kI´rog-nos´tik)

Able to distinguish between right and left, as of the hands or of which side of the body is touched.chirognostic; [cheiro- + G. gnostikos, perceptive]

cheirokinesthesia cheirokinesthesia (kI´ro-kin-es-the´ze-a)

The subjective sensation of movement of the hands.chirokinesthesia; [cheiro- + G. kinesis, movement, + aisthesis, sensation]

cheirokinesthetic cheirokinesthetic (kI´ro-kin-es-thet´ik)

Relating to cheirokinesthesia.

cheirology cheirology , chirology (kI-rol´o-je)

dactylology [cheiro- + G. logos, word]

cheiromegaly cheiromegaly , chiromegaly (kI´ro-meg´a-le)

macrocheiria [cheiro- + G. megas, large]

cheiroplasty cheiroplasty , chiroplasty (kI´ro-plas-te)

Rarely used term for plastic surgery of the hand.chiroplasty; [cheiro- + G. plastos, formed]

cheiropodalgia cheiropodalgia , chiropodalgia (kI´ro-po-dal´je-a)

Pain in the hands and in the feet.chiropodalgia; [cheiro- + G. pous, foot, + algos, pain]

cheiropompholyx cheiropompholyx , chiropompholyx (kI-ro-pom´fo-liks)

dyshidrosis [cheiro- + G. pompholyx, a bubble, fr. pomphos, a blister]

cheirospasm cheirospasm , chirospasm (kI´ro-spazm)

Spasm of the muscles of the hand, as in writers' cramp.chirospasm; [cheiro- + G. spasmos, spasm]

chelate chelate (ke´lat)

1. To effect chelation. 2. Pertaining to chelation. 3. A complex formed through chelation.

chelation chelation (ke-la´shun)

Complex formation involving a metal ion and two or more polar groupings of a single molecule; thus, in heme, the Fe²⁺ ion is chelated by the porphyrin ring. C. can be used to remove an ion from participation in biological reactions, as in the c. of Ca²⁺ of blood by EDTA, which thus acts as an anticoagulant. [G. chele, claw]

chelicera chelicera , pl. chelicerae (ke-lis´I-ra, -I-re)

One of the two anterior appendages of arachnids; in ticks and parasitic mites, the chelicerae are piercing and cutting structures, and constitute important feeding organs. [G. chele, claw, + keras, horn]

chelidon chelidon (kel´e-don)

cubital fossa [G. chelidon, a swallow, because of fancied resemblance to the shape of a swallow's tail]

cheloid cheloid (ke´loyd)

keloid

Chelonia Chelonia (ke-lo´ne-a)

An order of reptiles, embracing the turtles, tortoises, and terrapins, whose bodies are enclosed in a bony shell covered with epidermal scutes and formed dorsally by expanded ribs and ventrally by a sternal plastron. [G. chelone, a tortoise]

chelonian chelonian (ke-lo´ne-an)

Resembling or relating to a turtle, tortoise, or terrapin.

chem- chem-

See chemo-.

chemexfoliation chemexfoliation (kem´eks-fo-le-a´shun)

A chemosurgical technique designed to remove acne scars or treat chronic skin changes caused by exposure to sunlight.chemical peeling;

chemiatry chemiatry (kem´i-a-tre)

iatrochemistry

chemical chemical (kem´i-kal)

Relating to chemistry.

chemicocautery chemicocautery (kem´i-ko-kaw´ter-e)

chemocautery

chemiluminescence chemiluminescence (kem´e-lu-min-es´ens)

Light produced by chemical action usually at, or below, room temperature.chemoluminescence;

chemiotaxis chemiotaxis (kem´e-o-taks´is)

chemotaxis

chemise chemise (shem-ez´)

A square of gauze fastened to a catheter passed through its center; used to retain a tampon packed around the catheter inserted into a wound, such as that resulting from a perineal section. [Fr. shirt]

chemist chemist (kem´ist)

1. A specialist or expert in chemistry. 2. Pharmacist (British).

chemistry chemistry (kem´is-tre)

1. The science concerned with the atomic composition of substances, the elements and their interreactions, and the formation, decomposition, and properties of molecules. 2. The chemical properties of a substance. 3. Chemical processes. [G. chemeia, alchemy]
analytic c. the application of c. to the determination and detection of composition and identification of specific substances.
applied c. the application of the theories and principles of chemistry to practical purposes.
biological c. biochemistry
clinical c. 1. the c. of human health and disease; 2. c. in connection with the management of patients, as in a hospital laboratory.
ecological c. c. that concentrates on the effects of woman-made chemicals on the environment as well as the development of agents that are not harmful to the environment. 2. the study of the molecular interactions between species and between species and the environment.
epithermal c. so-called "hot atom" c.; the science concerned with the chemical reactions of recoil atoms and free radicals produced in low energy nuclear processes.
inorganic c. the science concerned with compounds not involving carbon-containing molecules.
macromolecular c. the c. of macromolecules (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids) and polymers (nylon, polyethylene, etc).
medical c. c. in its relation to pharmacy, physiology, or any science connected with medicine.
medicinal c. pharmaceutical c
nuclear c. the science concerned with the c. of nuclear reactions and processes.
organic c. that branch of c. concerned with covalently linked atoms, centering around carbon compounds of this type; originally, and still including, the c. of natural products.
pharmaceutical c. medicinal c. in its application to the analysis, development, preparation, and the manufacture of drugs.medicinal c., pharmacochemistry;
physiological c. biochemistry
radiation c. the science concerned with the effects of ionizing or nuclear radiation on chemical reactions or materials.
radiopharmaceutical c. the science concerned with the labeling of pharmaceuticals with radionuclides.
synthetic c. the formation or building up of complex compounds by uniting the more simple ones.

chemo- chemo- , chem-

Chemistry. [G. chemeia, alchemy]

chemoautotroph chemoautotroph (kem´o-aw´to-trof, ke´mo)

An organism that depends on chemicals for its energy and principally on carbon dioxide for its carbon.chemolithotroph; [chemo- + G. autos, self, + trophikos, nourishing]

chemoautotrophic chemoautotrophic (kem´o-aw-to-trof´ik, ke´mo-)

Pertaining to a chemoautotroph.chemolithotrophic;

chemobiodynamics chemobiodynamics (kem´o-bI-o-dI-nam´iks, ke´mo-)

Study devoted to elucidation of correlations between the chemical constitution of various materials and their ability to modify the function and morphology of biological systems. [chemo- + G. bios, life, + dynamis, power]

chemocautery chemocautery (kem´o-kaw-ter-e, ke´mo-)

Any substance that destroys tissue upon application.chemical cautery, chemicocautery;

chemoceptor chemoceptor (kem´o-sep-tor, ke´mo-)

chemoreceptor

chemodectoma chemodectoma (kem´o-dek-to´ma, ke´mo-)

Aortic body, carotid body, chemoreceptor, or glomus jugulare tumor; nonchromaffin paraganglioma; receptoma; a relatively rare, usually benign neoplasm originating in the chemoreceptor tissue of the carotid body, glomus jugulare, and aortic bodies; consisting histologically of rounded or ovoid hyperchromatic cells that tend to be grouped in an alveolus-like pattern within a scant to moderate amount of fibrous stroma and a few large thin-walled vascular channels. Cf. paraganglioma. aortic body tumor, carotid body tumor, chemoreceptor tumor, glomus jugulare tumor, nonchromaffin paraganglioma; [chemo- + G. dektes, receiver, fr. dechomai, to receive, + -oma, tumor]

chemodectomatosis chemodectomatosis (kem´o-dek-to-ma-to´sis, ke´mo-)

Multiple tumors of perivascular tissue of carotid body or presumed chemoreceptor type, which have been reported in the lungs as minute neoplasms.

chemodifferentiation chemodifferentiation (kem´o-dif-er-en-she-a´shun, ke´mo-)

Differentiation of the cellular chemical constituents in the embryo prior to cytodifferentiation; sometimes recognizable histochemically.invisible differentiation;

chemoheterotroph chemoheterotroph (kem´o-het´er-o-trof, ke´mo-)

chemoorganotroph [chem- + G. heteros, other, + trophe, nourishment]

chemoheterotrophic chemoheterotrophic (kem´o-het-er-o-trof´ik, ke´mo-)

chemoorganotrophic

chemoimmunology chemoimmunology (kem´o-im-yu-nol´o-je, ke´mo-)

immunochemistry

chemokines chemokines (ke´mo-kinz)

A group of specific chemotactic polypeptides all of which have a 4-cysteine structure, e.g., interleukin 8. [chemo- + G. kineo, to set in motion]

chemokinesis chemokinesis (kem´o-ki-ne´sis, ke´mo-)

Stimulation of an organism by a chemical. [chemo- + G. kinesis, movement]

chemokinetic chemokinetic (kem´-o-ki-net´ik, ke´mo-)

Referring to chemokinesis.

chemolithotroph chemolithotroph (kem´o-lith´o-trof, ke´mo-)

chemoautotroph

chemolithotrophic chemolithotrophic (kem´o-lith-o-trof´ik, ke´mo-)

chemoautotrophic

chemolithotrophy chemolithotrophy (kem´o-lith´o-trof-e)

The utilization of inorganic compounds or ions to obtain reducing equivalents and energy. [chemo- + G. lithos, stone, mineral, + trophe, nourishment]

chemoluminescence chemoluminescence (kem´o-lu-min-es´ens, ke´mo-)

chemiluminescence

chemolysis chemolysis (kem-ol´i-sis)

Chemical decomposition. [chemo- + G. lysis, dissolution]

chemonucleolysis chemonucleolysis (kem´o-nu-kle-ol´i-sis, ke´mo-)

Injection of chymopapain into the nucleus pulposis of an intervertebral disc. A therapeutic option for the treatment of a herniated nucleus pulposis, e.g., "slipped disc."

chemoorganotroph chemoorganotroph (kem´o-or´ga-no-trof, ke´mo-)

An organism that depends on organic chemicals for its energy and carbon.chemoheterotroph; [chemo- + G. organon, organ, + trophe, nourishment]

chemoorganotrophic chemoorganotrophic (kem´o-or-ga-no-trof´ik, ke´mo-)

Pertaining to a chemoorganotroph.chemoheterotrophic;

chemopallidectomy chemopallidectomy (kem´o-pal-i-dek´to-me, ke´mo-)

Destruction of the globus pallidus by injection of a chemical agent.chemopallidotomy; [chemo- + globus pallidus + G. ektome, excision]

chemopallidothalamectomy chemopallidothalamectomy (kem´o-pal´i-do-thal-a-mek´to-me, ke´mo-)

Destruction of portions of the globus pallidus and thalamus by injection of a chemical substance. [chemo- + globus pallidus + thalamus + G. ektome, excision]

chemopallidotomy chemopallidotomy (kem´o-pal-i-dot´o-me, ke´mo-)

chemopallidectomy [chemo- + globus pallidus + G. tome, incision]

chemoprophylaxis chemoprophylaxis (kem´o-pro´fi-lak´sis, ke´mo-)

Prevention of disease by the use of chemicals or drugs.

chemoreceptor chemoreceptor (kem´o-re-sep´tor, ke´mo-)

Any cell that is activated by a change in its chemical milieu and results in a nerve impulse. Such cells can be either 1) "transducer" cells innervated by sensory nerve fibers (e.g., the gustatory receptor cells of the taste buds; cells in the carotid body sensitive to changes in the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood); or 2) nerve cells proper, such as the olfactory receptor cells of the olfactory mucosa, and certain cells in the brainstem that are sensitive to changes in the composition of the blood or cerebrospinal fluid.chemoceptor;
medullary c. the c.'s in or near the ventrolateral surface of the medulla that are stimulated by local acidity.
peripheral c. the c.'s in the carotid and aortic bodies that are stimulated by chemical changes in the composition of the blood such as hypoxia.

chemoreflex chemoreflex (kem-o-re´fleks, ke-mo-)

A reflex initiated by the stimulation of chemoreceptors, e.g., of a carotid body.

chemoresistance chemoresistance (kem´o-re-zis´tans, ke´mo-)

The resistance of bacteria or malignant cells to the inhibiting action of certain chemical substances used in treatment.

chemosensitive chemosensitive (kem-o-sen´si-tiv, ke-mo-)

Capable of perceiving changes in the chemical composition of the environment, e.g., changes in the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood.

chemoserotherapy chemoserotherapy (kem´o-ser´o-thar-a-pe, ke´mo-)

An obsolete treatment of disease with a combination of drugs and serum.

chemosis chemosis (ke-mo´sis)

Edema of the bulbar conjunctiva, forming a swelling around the cornea. [G. cheme, a yawning, the cockle (from its gaping shell)]

chemosmosis chemosmosis (kem-os-mo´sis)

Chemical reaction between substances initially separated by a membrane. [chem- + G. osmos, a thrusting, an impulsion]

chemostat chemostat (kem´o-stat)

A fermenter for microbial growth in which the ratio of growth to synthesis of secondary products is controlled by the rate at which new medium is added to the culture.

chemosurgery chemosurgery (kem´o-ser-jer-e, ke´mo-)

Excision of diseased tissue after it has been fixed in situ by chemical means.
Mohs' c. a technique for removal of skin tumors with a minimum of normal tissue, by prior necrosis with zinc chloride paste, mapping of the tumor site, and excision and microscopic examination of frozen section of thin horizontal layers of tissue, until all of the tumor is removed. More recently, the preliminary step of chemical necrosis has been omitted.microscopically controlled surgery, Mohs' micrographic surgery, Mohs' surgery;

chemosynthesis chemosynthesis (kem´o-sin´the-sis)

1. Chemical synthesis. 2. Chemolithotrophy.

chemotactic chemotactic (kem-o-tak´tik, ke-mo-)

Relating to chemotaxis.

chemotaxis chemotaxis (kem-o-tak´sis, ke-mo-)

Movement of cells or organisms in response to chemicals, whereby the cells are attracted (positive c. ) or repelled (negative c. ) by substances exhibiting chemical properties.chemiotaxis, chemotropism; [chemo- + G. taxis, orderly arrangement]

chemothalamectomy chemothalamectomy (kem´o-thal-a-mek´to-me, ke´mo-)

Chemical destruction of a part of the thalamus, usually for relief of pain or dyskinesia.chemothalamotomy; [chemo- + thalamus, + G. ektome, excision]

chemothalamotomy chemothalamotomy (kem´o-thal-a-mot´o-me, ke´mo-)

chemothalamectomy

chemotherapeutic chemotherapeutic (kem´o-thar-a-pyu´tik, ke´mo-)

Relating to chemotherapy.

chemotherapeutics chemotherapeutics (kem´o-thar-a-pyu´tiks, ke´mo)

The branch of therapeutics concerned with chemotherapy.

chemotherapy chemotherapy (kem´o-thar-a-pe, ke´mo-)

Treatment of disease by means of chemical substances or drugs; usually used in reference to neoplastic disease. See also pharmacotherapy.
consolidation c. repetitive cycles of treatment during the immediate post-remission period, used especially for leukemia.intensification c;
induction c. use of c. as initial treatment before surgery or radiotherapy of a malignancy.
intensification c. consolidation c
salvage c. use of c. in a patient with recurrence of a malignancy following initial treatment, in hope of a cure or prolongation of life.salvage therapy;

chemotic chemotic (ke-mot´ic)

Relating to chemosis.

chemotransmitter chemotransmitter (kem-o-trans´mit-er, ke-mo-)

A chemical substance produced to diffuse and cause responses of neurons or effector cells.

chemotroph chemotroph (kem-o-trof)

An organism that obtains its energy by the oxidation of inorganic or organic nutrients.

chemotropism chemotropism (kem-o-trop´izm, ke-mo-)

chemotaxis [chemo- + G. tropos, direction, turn]

Chenais Chenais

Louis J., French physician, 1872-1950. See Cestan-C. syndrome.

Cheney Cheney

William D., U.S. radiologist, *1918. See C. syndrome.

chenodeoxycholic acid chenodeoxycholic acid (ke´no-de-oks-e-ko´lik)

3a,7a-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid;a major bile acid in many vertebrates, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine, which facilitates cholesterol excretion and fat absorption; administered to dissolve cholesterol gallstones.chenodiol;

chenodiol chenodiol (ke-no-dI´ol)

chenodeoxycholic acid

chenopodium chenopodium (ke-no-po´de-um)

The dried ripe fruit of Chenopodium ambrosoides (family Chenopodiaceae), American wormwood, from which a volatile oil is distilled and used as an anthelmintic.Jesuit tea, Mexican tea, wormseed (2); [G. chen, goose, + pous (pod-), foot]

Cherenkov Cherenkov

See Cerenkov.

cherry juice cherry juice (char´e)

The juice expressed from the fresh ripe fruit of Prunus cerasus, containing not less than 1.0% of malic acid; used as a flavoring agent, and as a vehicle for cough syrups and other preparations for oral administrations.

cherubism cherubism (char´ub-izm) [MIM*118480]

Hereditary giant cell lesions of the jaws beginning in early childhood; multilocular radiolucencies and progressive symmetric painless swelling of the jaws; bilateral; occurs with no associated systemic manifestations.fibrous dysplasia of jaws; [Hebr. kerubh, cherub]

chest chest

The anterior wall of the chest or thorax; the breast. See also thorax.pectus [NA] , phthinoid (2); [A.S. cest, a box]
alar c. flat c
barrel c. a c. permanently resembling the shape of a barrel, i.e., with increased anteroposterior diameter, roughly equaling the lateral diameter; usually with some degree of kyphosis; seen in cases of emphysema.
flail c. flapping chest wall;loss of stability of thoracic cage following fracture of sternum, ribs, or both.
flat c. a c. in which the anteroposterior diameter is shorter than the average.alar c., pterygoid c;
foveated c. , funnel c. pectus excavatum
keeled c. pectus carinatum
phthinoid c. a long narrow c., the lower ribs being more oblique than usual and sometimes reaching almost to the crest of the ilium, with the scapulae projecting backward, the manubrium sterni depressed, and Louis' angle sharper than normal; such a c. was once considered indicative of pulmonary tuberculosis.
pigeon c. pectus carinatum
pterygoid c. flat c

chestnut chestnut (chest´nut)

A small oval or round horny structure in the skin on the inner side of the legs of the horse. Since the architecture of c.'s varies in every individual, they may be used, like fingerprints of man, for positive identification of individuals.

Cheyne Cheyne

John, Scottish physician, 1777-1836. See C.-Stokes psychosis, respiration.

chi chi (kI)

1. The 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet, chi. 2. In chemistry, denotes the 22nd in a series. 3. Symbol for the dihedral angle between the a-carbon and the side-chains of amino acids in peptides and proteins.

Chiari Chiari

Hans, German pathologist, 1851-1916. See Arnold-C. deformity, malformation, syndrome; C.'s disease, net, syndrome; C. II syndrome; C.-Budd syndrome; Budd-C. syndrome.

Chiari Chiari

Johann B., German obstetrician, 1817-1854. See C.-Frommel syndrome.

chiasm chiasm (kI´azm)

1. The crossing of intertwined chromosomes during prophase. 2. chiasma [G. chiasma]
Camper's c. tendinous c. of the digital tendons
optic c. a flattened quadrangular body in front of the tuber cinereum and infundibulum, the point of crossing or decussation of the fibers of the optic nerves; most of the fibers cross to the opposite side, some run directly forward on each side without crossing, some pass transversely on the posterior surface between the two optic tracts and others pass transversely on the anterior surface between the two optic nerves.chiasma opticum [NA] , optic decussation;
tendinous c. of the digital tendons crossing of the tendons, the passage of the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus (flexor digitorum longus in the foot) through the interval left by the decussation of the fibers of the tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis (flexor digitorum brevis in the foot).chiasma tendinum [NA] , Camper's c;

chiasma chiasma , pl. chiasmata (kI-az´ma, kI-az´ma-ta) [NA]

1. A decussation or crossing of two tracts, such as tendons or nerves; 2. A site at which two homologous chromosomes appear to have exchanged material during meiosis.chiasm (2); [G. chiasma, two crossing lines, fr. the letter chi, 3]
c. op´ticum [NA] optic chiasm
c. ten´dinum [NA] tendinous chiasm of the digital tendons

chiasmapexy chiasmapexy (kI-as´ma-pek-se)

Surgical fixation of the optic chiasma. [G. chiasma, decussation, + pexis, fixation]

chiasmatic chiasmatic (kI-az-mat´ik)

Relating to a chiasm.

chickenpox chickenpox (chik´en-poks)

varicella

Chick-Martin test Chick-Martin test

See under test.

chicle chicle (chik´el)

The partially evaporated viscous, milky juice from Manilkara zapotilla, sapotaceae), which is native to the West Indies, Mexico, and Central America or a mixture of gutta with triterpene alcohols. Used in the manufacture of chewing gum. [Sp., from Nahuatl chictli]

Chievitz Chievitz

Johan H., Danish anatomist, 1850-1901. See C.'s layer, organ.

chigger chigger (chig´er)

The six-legged larva of Trombicula species and other members of the family Trombiculidae; a bloodsucking stage of mites that includes the vectors of scrub typhus.

chigoe chigoe (chig´o)

Common name for Tunga penetrans.

chil- chil-

See chilo-.

Chilaiditi Chilaiditi

Demetrius, Austrian radiologist, *1883. See C.'s syndrome.

chilblain chilblain (chil´blan)

Erythema, itching, and burning, especially of the dorsa of the fingers and toes, and of the heels, nose, and ears caused by vascular constriction on exposure to extreme cold (usually associated with high humidity); lesions can be single or multiple, and can become blistered and ulcerated.erythema pernio, perniosis; [chill + A.S. blegen, a blain]

CHILD CHILD

See CHILD syndrome.

childbearing childbearing (chIld´bar-ing)

Pregnancy and parturition.

childbirth childbirth (chIld´berth)

The process of labor and delivery in the birth of a child. See also birth, accouchement.parturition;

childhood childhood (chIld´hud)

The period of life between infancy and puberty.

chill chill

1. A sensation of cold. 2. A feeling of cold with shivering and pallor, accompanied by an elevation of temperature in the interior of the body; usually a prodromal symptom of an infectious disease due to the invasion of the blood by toxins.rigor (2); [A.S. cele, cold]
smelter's c.'s smelter's fever

chilo- chilo- , chil-

Lips. See also cheilo-. [G. cheilos, lip]

chilomastigiasis chilomastigiasis (kI´lo-mas-ti-gI´a-sis)

Infection with Chilomastix flagellates, such as C. mesnili of the human cecum.chilomastosis;

Chilomastix Chilomastix (kI-lo-mas´tiks)

A genus of protozoan flagellates parasitic in the large intestine of man and other primates, and in many other mammals, birds, amphibia, and reptiles; it is ordinarily nonpathogenic, but one species, C. mesnili, may be an occasional cause of diarrhea in children. [chilo- + G. mastix, whip]

chilomastosis chilomastosis (kI´lo-mas-to´sis)

chilomastigiasis

chiloplasty chiloplasty (kI´lo-plas-te)

cheiloplasty

Chilopoda Chilopoda (kI-lop´o-da)

A class of centipedes (phylum Arthropoda). [chilo- + G. pous, foot]

chilopodiasis chilopodiasis (kI´lo-po-dI´a-sis)

Invasion of one of the cavities, especially the nasal cavity, by a species of Chilopoda.

chilorrhaphy chilorrhaphy (kI-lor´a-fe)

cheilorrhaphy

chilostomatoplasty chilostomatoplasty (kI-lo-sto´ma-to-plas-te)

Variant of cheilostomatoplasty.

chilotomy chilotomy (kI-lot´o-me)

cheilotomy

chimera chimera (kI-mer´a, ki-)

1. In experimental embryology, the individual produced by grafting an embryonic part of one animal on to the embryo of another, either of the same or of another species. 2. An organism that has received a transplant of genetically and immunologically different tissue, such as bone marrow. 3. Dizygotic twins that retain each other as immunologically distinct types of erythrocytes. 4. Sometimes used as a synonym for mosaic. Chimeric antibodies may have the FAB fragment from one species fused with the Fc fragment from another. 5. A protein fusion in which two different proteins, usually from different species, are linked via peptide bonds; usually genetically engineered. 6. Any macromolecule fusion formed by two or more macromolecules from different species or from different genes. [L. Chimaera, G. Chimaira, mythic monster, (lit. a she-goat)]
radiation c. an individual with mosaicism induced by exposure to ionizing radiation. See mosaic.

chimeric chimeric (kI-mer´ik)

1. Relating to a chimera. Cf. chimera (5) , chimeric molecule. 2. Composed of parts that are of different origin and are seemingly incompatible.

chimerism chimerism (kI-mer´izm)

The state of being a chimera.

chimpanzee chimpanzee (chim-pan´ze, chim´pan-ze´)

Generic name for Pan panisus and P. troglodytes. [African dial.]

chin chin

The prominence formed by the anterior projection of the mandible, or lower jaw. The chin.mentum [NA]; [A.S. cin]
double c. buccula
galoche c. (ga-losh) an abnormally narrow, protruding c.

chinic acid chinic acid (chin´ik)

quinic acid

chiniofon chiniofon (kin´e-o-fon)

A mixture of 7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid and sodium bicarbonate, used in the treatment of amebic dysentery.

chinoleine chinoleine (chin´o-le-in)

quinoline (1)

chip chip

A small fragment resulting from breakage, cutting, or avulsion.
bone c.'s small pieces of cancellous bone generally used to fill in bony defects and to promote reossification.

chip-blower chip-blower

An instrument for blowing the debris out of, or drying, a tooth cavity that is being excavated for a filling; it consists of a rubber bulb with a metal nozzle.

chiral chiral (kI´ral)

Denoting an object, such as a molecule in a given configuration or conformation, that possesses chirality. A c. molecule has no plane, axis, or center of symmetry.

chirality chirality (kI-ral´i-te)

The property of nonidentity of an object with its mirror image; used in chemistry with respect to stereochemical isomers. [G. cheir, hand]

chirarthritis chirarthritis (kI-rar-thrI´tis)

cheirarthritis

chiro- chiro- , chir-

The hand. See also cheiro-. [G. cheir, hand]

chirobrachialgia chirobrachialgia (kI´ro-bra-ke-al´je-a)

cheirobrachialgia

chirognostic chirognostic (kI-rog-nos´tik)

cheirognostic

chirokinesthesia chirokinesthesia (kI-ro-kin-es-the´ze-a)

cheirokinesthesia

chirology chirology (kI-rol´o-je)

dactylology

chiroplasty chiroplasty (kI´ro-plas-te)

cheiroplasty

chiropodalgia chiropodalgia (kI´ro-po-dal´je-a)

cheiropodalgia

chiropodist chiropodist (kI-rop´o-dist)

podiatrist [chiro- + G. pous, foot]

chiropody chiropody (kI-rop´o-de)

podiatry

chiropompholyx chiropompholyx (kI-ro-pom´fo-liks)

dyshidrosis

chiropractic chiropractic (kI-ro-prak´tik)

The system that in theory uses the recuperative powers of the body and the relationship between the musculoskeletal structures and functions of the body, particularly of the spinal column and the nervous system, in the restoration and maintenance of health. [chiro- + G. praktikos, efficient]

chiropractor chiropractor (kI-ro-prak´tor)

One who is licensed and certified to practice chiropractic.

Chiroptera Chiroptera (kI-rop´ter-a)

The bats, an order of placental mammals of worldwide distribution, characterized by a modification of the forelimbs that enables them to fly. They are capable of emitting ultrasonic sounds that enable them to echolocate, find flying insect prey, and avoid objects in the dark. Though mostly insectivorous, some species feed on nectar, fruit, fish, and blood; the blood-feeding and insectivorous species are important reservoir hosts of rabies. [chiro- + G. pteron, wing]

chiroscope chiroscope (kI´ro-skop)

A haploscopic instrument used for coordinating hand and eye as the patient draws while looking through it. [chiro- + G. skopeo, to view]

chirospasm chirospasm (kI´ro-spazm)

cheirospasm

chirurg. chirurg.

Abbreviation for L. chirurgicalis, surgical.

chirurgeon chirurgeon (kI-rer´jon)

Obsolete term for surgeon. [G. cheirourgos, fr. cheir, hand, + ergon, work]

chirurgery chirurgery (kI-rer´jer-e)

Obsolete term for surgery. [G. cheirourgia]

chirurgical chirurgical (kI-rer´ji-kal)

Obsolete term for surgical. [L. surgical, fr. chirurgia, surgery, fr. G. cheirourgia, handicraft, fr. cheir, hand + ergon, work]

chisel chisel (chiz´l)

A single beveled end-cutting blade with a straight or angled shank used with a thrust along the axis of the handle for cutting or splitting dentin and enamel.
binangle c. a c. with an angled shank to which a second angle is added in order to bring the cutting edge nearly in line with the axis of the handle so as to restore balance and to prevent it from turning about the axis; used when a c. must be angled for access.

chi-square chi-square (kI´ skwar)

A statistical technique whereby variables are categorized to determine whether a distribution of scores is due to chance or experimental factors.

chitin chitin (kI´tin)

A polymer of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, linked beta(1->4), similar in structure to cellulose and the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature, comprising the horny substance in the exoskeleton of beetles, crabs, certain microorganisms, etc.

chitinase chitinase (kI´ti-nas)

An enzyme catalyzing the random hydrolysis of beta(1->4) linkages in chitin (ultimately releasing N-acetyl-d-glucosamine); some enzymes of this type display lysozyme activity.chitodextrinase, poly-beta-glucosaminidase;

chitinous chitinous (kI´tin-us)

Of or relating to chitin.

chitobiose chitobiose (kI-to-bI´os)

The disaccharide repeating unit in chitin; differs from cellobiose only in the presence of an N-acetylamino group on carbon-2 in place of the hydroxyl group.

chitodextrinase chitodextrinase (kI-to-deks´tri-nas)

chitinase

chitosamine chitosamine (kI-to´sa-men)

d-Glucosamine. See glucosamine.

chiufa chiufa (che-u´fa)

An acute gangrenous proctitis and colitis with high fever, seen in southern Africa and South America at high altitudes; in women, the vulva and vagina may be affected.kanyemba;

CHL CHL

Abbreviation for crown-heel length.

Chlamydia Chlamydia (kla-mid´e-a)

The single genus of the family Chlamydiaceae, including all the agents of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma-trachoma disease groups. Two species are recognized, C. psittaci and C. trachomatis; the latter is differentiated from the former by its intracytoplasmic production of glycogen and its susceptibility to sulfadiazine. The type species is C. trachomatis. Formerly called Bedsonia.Chlamydozoon; [G. chlamys, cloak]
C. pneumo´niae a species that causes pneumonia and upper and lower respiratory disease.
C. psi´ttaci organisms that resemble C. trachomatis, but which form loosely bound intracytoplasmic microcolonies up to 12 mum in diameter, do not produce glycogen in sufficient quantity to be detected by iodine stains, and are not susceptible to sulfadiazine. Various strains of this species cause psittacosis in man and ornithosis in nonpsittacine birds; pneumonitis in cattle, sheep, swine, cats, goats, and horses; enzootic abortion of ewes; bovine sporadic encephalomyelitis; enteritis of calves; epizootic chlamydiosis of muskrats and hares; encephalitis of opossum; and conjunctivitis of cattle, sheep, and guinea pigs.
C. tracho´matis spherical nonmotile organisms that form compact intracytoplasmic microcolonies up to 10 mum in diameter which (by division) give rise to infectious spherules 0.3 mum or more in diameter, accumulate glycogen for a limited period in sufficient quantity to be detected by iodine stain, and are susceptible to sulfadiazine and tetracycline; various strains of this species cause trachoma, inclusion and neonatal conjunctivitis, lymphogranuloma venereum, mouse pneumonitis, nonspecific urethritis, epididymitis, cervicitis, salpingitis, proctitis, and pneumonia; chief agent of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases in the U.S.; the type species of the genus C.

chlamydia chlamydia , pl. chlamydiae (kla-mid´e-a, -mid´e-e)

A vernacular term used to refer to any member of the genus Chlamydia.

Chlamydiaceae Chlamydiaceae (kla-mid´e-a´se-e)

A family of the order Chlamydiales (formerly included in the order Rickettsiales) that includes the agents of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma-trachoma group. The family contains small, coccoid, Gram-negative bacteria that resemble rickettsiae but which differ from them significantly by possessing a unique, obligately intracellular developmental cycle; intracytoplasmic microcolonies give rise to infectious forms by division. The classification of these organisms previously was in a state of flux, but they are now placed in a single genus, Chlamydia, the type genus of the family.

chlamydial chlamydial (kla-mid´e-al)

Relating to or caused by any bacterium of the genus Chlamydia.

chlamydiosis chlamydiosis (kla-mid-e-o´sis)

General term for diseases caused by Chlamydia species. See also ornithosis, psittacosis.

chlamydoconidium chlamydoconidium (klam´i-do-ko-nid´e-um)

A thallic conidium that is thick-walled and may be terminal or intercalary. Seen in a form of asexual reproduction. [G. chlamys, cloak, + conidium]

Chlamydophrys Chlamydophrys (kla-mid´o-fris)

A genus of shelled amebas, commonly found as fecal protozoans. [G. chlamys, cloak, + ophrys, brow]

Chlamydozoon Chlamydozoon (klam´i-do-zo´on)

Chlamydia

chloasma chloasma (klo-az´ma)

Melanoderma or melasma characterized by the occurrence of extensive brown patches of irregular shape and size on the skin of the face and elsewhere; the pigmented facial patches if confluent are also called the mask of pregnancy, and are associated most commonly with pregnancy and use of oral contraceptives.moth patch; [G. chloazo, to become green]
c. bronzi´num a bronze-colored pigmentation, probably produced by hormone imbalance, occurring in gradually increasing areas on the face, neck, and chest in persons exposed continuously to the tropical sun; similar to c. of the temperate zone, but intensified because of strong sunlight.tropical mask;

chlophedianol hydrochloride chlophedianol hydrochloride (klo-fe-dI´a-nol)

2-Chloro-a-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)benzhydrol hydrochloride;an antitussive agent related chemically to the antihistamines.

chlor- chlor- , chloro-

1. Combining form denoting green. 2. Combining form denoting association with chlorine. [G. chloros, green]

chloracetic acid chloracetic acid (klor-a-se´tik)

chloroacetic acid

chloracne chloracne (klor-ak´ne)

An occupational acne-like eruption due to prolonged contact with certain chlorinated compounds (naphthalenes and diphenyls); keratinous plugs (comedones) form in the pilosebaceous orifices, and variously sized small papules (2 to 4 mm) develop.chlorine acne, tar acne;

chloral chloral (klor´al)

CCl₃-CHO; trichloroacetaldehyde;a thin oily liquid with a pungent odor, formed by the action of chlorine gas on alcohol.anhydrous c;
anhydrous c. chloral
c. betaine the adduct formed by chloral hydrate and betaine; it is slowly hydrolyzed in the alimentary tract to chloral hydrate; used as a hypnotic and sedative.
c. hydrate CC1₃CH(OH)₂;a hypnotic, sedative, and anticonvulsant; it is also used externally as a rubefacient, anesthetic, and antiseptic.

m-chloral m-chloral

A polymer of chloral obtained by prolonged contact with sulfuric acid; it has properties similar to those of chloral hydrate.metachloral, p-chloral, trichloral;

p-chloral p-chloral

m-chloral

chloral alcoholate chloral alcoholate

A complex of chloral and ethanol. Prepared by refluxing trichloroacetaldehyde (chloral) or chloral hydrate with alcohol. Alleged to be an active constituent of a "Mickey Finn."

chloralism chloralism (klor´al-izm)

Habitual use of chloral compounds as an intoxicant, or the symptoms caused thereby.

a-chloralose a-chloralose (klor´a-los)

A conjugate of chloral and glucose used as an anesthetic in laboratory animals; it does not depress cardiovascular reflexes as much as most other anesthetic agents.

chlorambucil chlorambucil (klor-am´byu-sil)

4-{p-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl}butyric acid;a nitrogen mustard derivative that depresses lymphocytic proliferation and maturation.chloraminophene, chloroambucil;

chloramine B chloramine B (klor´a-men)

Sodium N-chlorobenzenesulfonamide;a nontoxic antiseptic substance used in wound irrigation as a substitute for chloramine B T.

chloramine T chloramine T

sodium N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide;a nontoxic but strong antiseptic used in the irrigation of wounds and infected cavities.chlorazene;

chloraminophene chloraminophene (klor-am´i-no-fen)

chlorambucil

chloramiphene chloramiphene (klor-am´i-fen)

clomiphene citrate

chloramphenicol chloramphenicol (klor-am-fen´i-kol)

d-(-)-threo-2,2-Dichloro-N-[beta-hydroxy-a-(hydroxymethyl)-p-nitrophenethyl]acetamide;an antibiotic originally obtained from Streptomyces Venezuelae. It is effective against a number of pathogenic microorganisms including Staphylococcus aureus, Brucella abortus, Friedländer's bacillus, and the organisms of typhoid, typhus, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever; active by mouth. A serious reaction resulting in marrow damage with agranulocytosis or aplastic anemia may occur.
c. acetyl transferase (CAT) a bacterial enzyme often used as a marker for examining the control of eucaryotic gene expression.
c. palmitate same action and use as c.
c. sodium succinate chloramphenicol-a-(sodium succinate);the water-soluble sodium succinate derivative of c., suitable for parenteral administration; antibacterial activity, uses, and side effects are similar to those of the parent compound.

chlorate chlorate (klor´at)

A salt of chloric acid.

chlorazanil chlorazanil (klo-raz´a-nil)

2-Amino-4-(p-chloroanilino)-s-triazine;a diuretic.

chlorazene chlorazene (klor´a-zen)

chloramine T

chlorazol black E chlorazol black E (klor´a-zol) [C.I. 30235]

An acid dye, C₃₄H₂₅N₉O₇S₂Na₂, used as a fat and general tissue stain, and to stain protozoa in fecal smears or in tissues.

chlorbenzoxamine chlorbenzoxamine (klor-ben-zok´sa-men)

1-[2-(o-chloro-a-phenylbenzyloxy)phenylbenzyloxy)ethyl]-4-o-methylbenzylpiperazine;an anticholinergic agent.chlorbenzoxyethamine;

chlorbenzoxyethamine chlorbenzoxyethamine (klor´ben-zok-se-eth´a-men)

chlorbenzoxamine

chlorbetamide chlorbetamide (klor-bet´a-mId)

2,2-Dichloro-N-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide;an amebicide.

chlorbutol chlorbutol (klor-byu´tol)

chlorobutanol

chlorcyclizine hydrochloride chlorcyclizine hydrochloride (klor-sik´li-zen)

1-(p-Chlorobenzhydryl)-4-methylpiperazine hydrochloride;an antihistaminic agent.

chlordane chlordane (klor´dan)

A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an insecticide; it may be absorbed through the skin with resultant severe toxic effects: hyperexcitability of central nervous system, tremors, lack of muscular coordination, convulsions, and death; also causes damage to the liver, kidneys, and spleen. It is only mildly toxic to animals.

chlordantoin chlordantoin (klor-dan´to-in)

5-(1-Ethylpentyl)-3-(trichloromethylthio)hydantoin;a topical antifungal agent.

chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride (klor´dI-az-e-pok´sId)

The hydrochloride of 7-chloro-2-methylamino-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepine-4-oxide; an antianxiety agent.

chloremia chloremia (klo-re´me-a)

1. chlorosis 2. hyperchloremia

chlorethene homopolymer chlorethene homopolymer (klor´eth-en)

polyvinyl chloride

chlorguanide hydrochloride chlorguanide hydrochloride (klor-gwah´nId)

chloroguanide hydrochloride

chlorhexidine hydrochloride chlorhexidine hydrochloride (klor-hek´si-den)

1,1´-Hexamethylenebis-[5-(p-chlorophenyl)biguanide]dihydrochloride;a topical antiseptic.

chlorhydria chlorhydria (klor-hI´dre-a)

hyperchlorhydria

chloric acid chloric acid (klor´ik)

An acid of pentavalent chlorine, HClO₃, existing only in solution and as chlorates.

chloride chloride (klor´Id)

A compound containing chlorine, at a valence of -1, as in the salts of hydrochloric acid.
carbamylcholine c. a cholinomimetic drug which reacts with and activates both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. It is slowly hydrolyzed and thus its effects far outlast those of acetylcholine. Used medically to stimulate smooth muscle, as in paralytic ileus following surgery.

chloridimetry chloridimetry (klor-I-dim´e-tre)

The process of determining the amount of chlorides in the blood or urine, or in other fluids.

chloridometer chloridometer (klor-i-dom´e-ter)

An apparatus for determining the amount of chlorides in blood or urine, or other fluids.

chloriduria chloriduria (klor-i-du´re-a)

chloruresis

chlorin chlorin (klor´in)

2,3-Dihydroporphin(e); 2,3-dihydroporphyrin;one of the root structures of the chlorophylls (for structure, see porphyrin). Addition of the two-carbon bridge (see structure of chlorophyll) to c. yields phorbin(e); addition of side chains yields the phorbides, distinguished by a number of arbitrary prefixes (those found in the chlorophylls are pheo- and bacteriopheophorbide); esterification of the propionic group by phytyl yields the respective phytins, and the addition of magnesium yields the chlorophylls (magnesium phytinates). See porphyrins.

chlorinated chlorinated (klor´in-at-ed)

Having been treated with chlorine.

chlorinated lime chlorinated lime

A mixture of varying proportions of complexes of chlorine with calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. Contains 24-37% available chlorine. Decomposes in moist conditions to liberate chlorine. Strong irritant due to chlorine vapors. Used for disinfecting drinking water, sewage etc.; in the bleaching of wood pulp, linen, cotton, straw, oils, soaps, and laundry; as an oxidizer; in destroying caterpillars; and as a decontaminant for mustard gas and similar substances.bleaching powder;

chlorindanol chlorindanol (klor-in´da-nol)

7-Chloro-4-indanol;a spermicide.

chlorine (Cl) chlorine (Cl) (klor´en)

1. A greenish, toxic, gaseous element; atomic no. 17, atomic wt. 35.4527; a halogen used as a disinfectant and bleaching agent in the form of hypochlorite or of c. water, because of its oxidizing power. One of the bioelements. 2. The molecular form of c. (1), Cl₂. [G. chloros, greenish yellow]

chlorine group chlorine group

The halogens.

chloriodized chloriodized (klor-I´o-dIzd)

Containing both chlorine and iodine.

chloriodized oil chloriodized oil

Chlorinated and iodized peanut oil formed by the chemical addition of iodine monochloride; formerly used for radiography of sinus and bronchi.iodochlorol;

chloriodoquin chloriodoquin (klor´e-o-do´kwin)

iodochlorhydroxyquin

chlorisondamine chloride chlorisondamine chloride (klor-i-son´da-men)

4,5,6,7-Tetrachloro-2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-2-methylisoin dolinium chloride;a quaternary ammonium compound with ganglionic blocking action similar to, but more potent than, hexamethonium and pentolinium; used in the management of severe hypertension, including the malignant phase.

chlorite chlorite (klor´It)

A salt of chlorous acid; the radical ClO₂^-.

chlormadinone acetate chlormadinone acetate (klor-mad´i-non)

6-chloro-17-hydroxy-4,6-pregnadiene-3,20-dione acetate; 6-chloro-6-dehydro-17a-acetoxyprogesterone;a progesterone derivative used in conjunction with estrogen as an oral contraceptive.

chlormerodrin chlormerodrin (klor-mer´od-rin)

1-[3-(Chloromercuri)-2-methoxypropyl]urea;a mercurial diuretic chemically related to meralluride.

chlormezanone chlormezanone (klor-mez´a-non)

2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-4-metathiazanone-1,1-dioxide;a muscle relaxant and tranquilizing agent with pharmacologic actions and uses similar to those of meprobamate.

chloro- chloro-

See chlor-.

chloroacetic acid chloroacetic acid (klor´o-a-se´tik)

An acetic acid in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by chlorine. According to the number of atoms so displaced the acid is called monochloroacetic (chloroacetic; ClCH₂COOH), dichloroacetic (Cl₂CHCOOH), or trichloroacetic (Cl₃CCOOH).chloracetic acid;

chloroacetophenone chloroacetophenone (klor´o-as´e-to-fe´non)

C₆H₅COCH₂Cl;a lacrimatory gas; used in training and in riot control.

chloroambucil chloroambucil (klor-o-am´byu-sil)

chlorambucil

chloroanemia chloroanemia (klor´o-a-ne´me-a)

chlorosis

chloroazodin chloroazodin (klor-o-az´o-din)

a,a´-Azo-bis(chloroformamidine);a bactericidal agent used as a surgical antiseptic.

o-chlorobenzalmalononitrile o-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (or´tho-klor´o-ben-zal-ma-lon´o-nI-trIl)

A strong lacrimator used in riot control.

chlorobutanol chlorobutanol (klor-o-byu´ta-nol)

Cl₃CC(CH₃)₂OH; trichloro-tert-butyl alcohol;a hypnotic sedative and local anesthetic; used chiefly in dermatologic preparations and as a preservative in multiple-dose vials for parenteral use.acetone chloroform, chlorbutol;

chlorocresol chlorocresol (klor-o-kre´sol)

p-Chloro-m-cresol;used as an antiseptic and disinfectant; it is more active in acid than in alkaline solutions.

chlorocruorin chlorocruorin (klor-o-kru´or-in)

A greenish hemoglobin-like pigment found in certain worms; contains a porphyrin differing from protoporphyrin by a formyl group in place of the 2-vinyl group.

chloroethane chloroethane (klor-o-eth´an)

ethyl chloride

chloroethylene chloroethylene (klor-o-eth´i-len)

vinyl chloride

chloroform chloroform (klor´o-form)

CHCl₃; methylene trichloride;formerly used by inhalation to produce general anesthesia; also used as a solvent.trichloromethane; [chlor(ine) + form(yl)]
acetone c. chlorobutanol

chloroformism chloroformism (klor´o-form-izm)

Habitual chloroform inhalation, or the symptoms caused thereby.

chlorofucin chlorofucin (klor-o-fu´sin)

chlorophyll c [chloro- + L. fucus, G. phykos, red lichen, + -in]

chloroguanide hydrochloride chloroguanide hydrochloride (klor-o-gwah´nId)

1-(p-chlorophenyl)-5-isopropylbiguanide monohydrochloride;an antimalarial drug.chlorguanide hydrochloride, proguanil hydrochloride;

chlorohemin chlorohemin (klor-o-he´min)

hemin

chloroleukemia chloroleukemia (klor´o-lu-ke´me-a)

chloroma [chloro- + G. leukos, white, + haima, blood]

chloroma chloroma (klo-ro´ma)

A condition characterized by the development of multiple localized green masses of abnormal cells (in most instances, myeloblasts), especially in relation to the periosteum of the skull, spine, and ribs; the clinical course is similar to that of acute myeloid leukemia, although the tumors may precede the findings in blood and bone marrow; observed more frequently in children and young adults. See also granulocytic sarcoma.chloroleukemia, chloromyeloma; [chloro- + G. -oma, tumor]

p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB, pCMB, p-CMB) p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB, pCMB, p-CMB) (klor´o-mer´cyur-e-ben´zo-at)

Organic mercury compound (ClHgC₆H₄COO^-, ClHgBzO^-) that reacts with -SH groups of proteins; an inhibitor of action of those proteins (enzymes) that depend on -SH reactivity. See also p-mercuribenzoate.

chloromethane chloromethane (klor-o-meth´an)

A refrigerant with anesthetic properties when inhaled; it hydrolyzes to methanol.methyl chloride;

chlorometry chlorometry (klo-rom´e-tre)

The measurement of chlorine content, or the use of analytical techniques involving the release or titration of chlorine.

chloromyeloma chloromyeloma (klor´o-mI-e-lo´ma)

chloroma [chloro- + G. myelos, marrow, + -oma, tumor]

chloropenia chloropenia (klor-o-pe´ne-a)

A deficiency in chloride. [chloro- + G. penia, poverty]

chloropercha chloropercha (klor-o-per´cha)

A solution of gutta-percha in chloroform, used in dentistry as an agent to lute gutta-percha filling material to the wall of a prepared root canal.

chlorophenol chlorophenol (klor-o-fe´nol)

One of several substitution products obtained by the action of chlorine on phenol; used as antiseptics.

o-chlorophenol o-chlorophenol

An antiseptic liquid, used in the treatment of lupus.

p-chlorophenol p-chlorophenol

parachlorophenol

chlorophenothane chlorophenothane (klor-o-fen´o-than)

dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

chlorophyll chlorophyll (klor´o-fil)

The magnesium complex of the phorbin derivative found in photosynthetic organisms; light-absorbing green plant pigments that, in living plants, convert light energy into oxidizing and reducing power, thus fixing CO₂ and evolving O₂; the naturally occurring forms are c. a, b, c, and d. See also phorbin.
c. a magnesium(II) pheophytinate a [(pheophytina to a)magnesium(II)];the major pigment found in all oxygen-evolving photosynthetic organisms (higher plants, and red and green algae).
c. b (CH₃ at 7 replaced by CHO in the c. structure), magnesium(II) pheophytinate b [(pheophytinato b) magnesium(II)]; the c. generally characteristic of higher plants (including the Chlorophyta, Euglenaphyta, and green algae). Absent in other types of algae.
c. c the c. present in brown algae, diatoms, and flagellates. Two variants are known: c ₁, in which two hydrogens are lost from C-17 and C-18, thus resembling phytoporphyrin, and the side chain at C-17 becomes an acrylic residue, -CH=CH₂COOH; c₂, in which the same changes are noted, but two more hydrogens are lost from the ethyl group at C-8, making this a vinyl residue like that at C-3. The two compounds can thus be named in terms of phytoporphyrin: magnesium 3¹,3²,17¹,17²-tetradehydro-13²-(methoxycarbonyl)phytoporphyrinate and magnesium 3¹,3²,8¹,8²,17¹,17²-hexadehydro-13²-(methoxycarbonyl)phytoporphyrinate.chlorofucin;
c. d -CH=CH₂ replaced by -CO-CH₃ in the c. structure;the c. found in red algae (Rhodophyceae), together with c. a.
c. esterase chlorophyllase
water-soluble c. derivatives the copper complex of sodium and/or potassium salts of saponified c., used topically for deodorization of chronic lesions and to promote wound repair.

chlorophyllase chlorophyllase (klor-o-fil´-as)

A reversible hydrolyzing enzyme catalyzing the removal of the phytyl group from a chlorophyll, leaving a chlorophyllide.chlorophyll esterase;

chlorophyllide chlorophyllide , chlorophyllid (klor´o-fil-id)

That which remains of a chlorophyll molecule when the phytyl group is removed.

chloropicrin chloropicrin (klor-o-pik´rin)

CCl₃NO₂; trichloronitromethane;a toxic lung irritant and lacrimatory gas; it also causes vomiting, colic, and diarrhea, and therefore is called vomiting gas.nitrochloroform;

chloroplast chloroplast (klor´o-plast)

A plant cell inclusion body containing chlorophyll; occurs in cells of leaves and young stems. Site of photosynthesis in higher plants. [chloro- + G. plastos, formed]

chloroprednisone chloroprednisone (klor-o-pred´ni-son)

6a-Chloro-17,21-dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-tr ione;a topical anti-inflammatory agent.

chloroprocaine hydrochloride chloroprocaine hydrochloride (klor-o-pro´kan)

beta-Diethylaminoethyl-2-chloro-4-aminobenzoate hydrochloride;a local anesthetic similar in action and use to procaine hydrochloride.

chloropsia chloropsia (klo-rop´se-a)

A condition in which objects appear to be colored green, as may occur in digitalis intoxication.green vision; [chloro- + G. opsis, eyesight]

chloropyramine chloropyramine (klor-o-pir´a-men)

2-[p-Chlorobenzyl-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amino]p yridine;an antihistaminic agent.

chloroquine chloroquine (klor´o-kwIn)

7-chloro-4-(4-diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino)quinoline;an antimalarial agent used for the treatment and suppression of Plasmodium vivax, P. malariae, and P. falciparum; available as the phosphate and sulfate. It does not produce a radical cure because it has no effect on the exoerythrocytic stages; c.-resistant strains of P. falciparum have developed in Southeast Asia, Africa, and South America. It is also used for hepatic amebiasis and for certain skin diseases, e.g., lupus erythematosus and lichen planus.

chlorosis chlorosis (klor-o´sis)

Rarely used term for a form of chronic hypochromic microcytic (iron deficiency) anemia, characterized by a great reduction in hemoglobin out of proportion to the decreased number of red blood cells; observed chiefly in females from puberty to the third decade and usually associated with diets deficient in iron and protein.asiderotic anemia, chloremia (1) , chloroanemia, chlorotic anemia, green sickness; [chloro- + G. -osis, condition]

chlorothen citrate chlorothen citrate (klor´o-then)

Chloromethapyrilene citrate; N,N-dimethyl-N´-(2-pyridyl)-N´-(5-chloro-2-thenyl)ethylenediamine citrate;an antihistaminic agent.

chlorothiazide chlorothiazide (klor-o-thI´a-zId)

6-Chloro-7-sulfamyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide;an orally effective diuretic inhibiting renal tubular reabsorption of sodium; used in the treatment of edema due to congestive heart failure, liver disease, pregnancy, premenstrual tension, and drugs; also used as an adjunct in the management of hypertension.
c. sodium c. suitable for parenteral administration.

chlorothymol chlorothymol (klor-o-thI´mol)

C₁₀H₁₃OC1; Monochlorothymol;an antibacterial for topical use.chlorthymol;

chlorotic chlorotic (klo-rot´ik)

Pertaining to or having the characteristic features of chlorosis.

chlorotrianisene chlorotrianisene (klor´o-trI-an´i-sen)

Chlorotris(p-methoxyphenyl)ethylene;a synthetic estrogen derived from stilbene, active by mouth.

chlorous chlorous (klor´us)

1. Relating to chlorine. 2. Denoting compounds of chlorine in which its valence is +3; e.g., c. acid.

chlorous acid chlorous acid

HClO₂;an acid forming chlorites with bases.

beta-chlorovinyldichloroarsine beta-chlorovinyldichloroarsine (klor´o-vI´nil-dI-klor´o-ar´sen)

lewisite

chlorozotocin chlorozotocin (klor´o-zo-to-sin)

A nitrogen mustard compound which is a chloroethylnitrosourea compound used in cancer chemotherapy; an antineoplastic.

chlorphenesin chlorphenesin (klor-fen´e-sin)

3-(p-Chlorophenoxy)-1,2-propenediol;a topical antifungal agent.
c. carbamate carbamic acid 3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-hydroxypropyl ester;a skeletal muscle relaxant.

chlorphenindione chlorphenindione (klor-fen-in-dI´on)

An anticoagulant related chemically to phenindione.

chlorpheniramine maleate chlorpheniramine maleate (klor-fen-ir´a-men)

(±)-2-[p-Chloro-a-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]benzyl]pyridine maleate;an antihistamine.

chlorphenol red chlorphenol red (klor-fe´nol)

An acid-base indicator (MW 423, pK 6.0): yellow at pH values below 5.1, red above 6.7.

chlorphenoxamine chlorphenoxamine (klor-fen-ok´sa-men)

2-(p-Chloro-a-methyl-a-phenylbenzyloxy)-N,N-dimethylethylamine hydrochloride;used in the management of idiopathic, arteriosclerotic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism, usually with concomitant administration of other anti-parkinsonian agents.

chlorphentermine hydrochloride chlorphentermine hydrochloride (klor-fen´ter-men)

4-Chloro-a,a-dimethylphenethylamine hydrochloride;a sympathomimetic amine used as an anorexiant.

chlorproethazine hydrochloride chlorproethazine hydrochloride (klor-pro-eth´a-zen)

2-Chloro-10-(3-diethylaminopropyl)phenothiazine;a skeletal muscle relaxant.

chlorproguanil hydrochloride chlorproguanil hydrochloride (klor-pro´gwah-nil)

The 3,4-dichloro homologue of chloroguanide; used for causal prophylaxis and suppression of falciparum malaria.

chlorpromazine chlorpromazine (klor-pro´ma-zen)

10-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-2-chlorophenothiazine;a phenothiazine antipsychotic agent with antiemetic, antiadrenergic, and anticholinergic actions. Although chemically related to promethazine, it has no antihistamine action, depresses conditioned reflexes and the hypothalamic centers, and has a hypotensive action of central origin.
c. hydrochloride c. suitable for oral, intramuscular, and intravenous administration.

chlorpropamide chlorpropamide (klor-pro´pa-mId)

1-(p-Chlorophenylsulfonyl)-3-propylurea;an orally effective hypoglycemic agent related chemically and pharmacologically to tolbutamide; used in controlling hyperglycemia in selected patients with adult onset (type II) diabetes mellitus.

chlorprothixene chlorprothixene (klor-pro-thik´sen)

2-Chloro-9-(3-dimethylaminopropylidene)thiaxanthene;an antipsychotic of the thioxanthene group; it also possesses antiemetic, adrenolytic, spasmolytic, and antihistaminic actions.

chlorquinaldol chlorquinaldol (klor-kwin´al-dol)

5,7-Dichloro-8-hydroxyquinaldine;a keratoplastic, antibacterial, and antifungal agent used in the treatment of cutaneous bacterial and mycotic infections.

chlortetracycline chlortetracycline (klor´tet-ra-sI´klen)

An antibiotic agent; a naphthacene derivative, obtained from Streptomyces aureofaciens;active against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms including hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, typhoid bacilli, and brucellae, as well as against certain viruses. Also available as c. calcium and c. hydrochloride.

chlorthalidone chlorthalidone (klor-thal´i-don)

2-Chloro-5-(1-hydroxy-3-oxo-1-isoindolinyl)benzenesulfonamide;an orally effective diuretic and antihypertensive agent, used in the treatment of edema associated with congestive heart failure, renal disease, hepatic cirrhosis, pregnancy, and premenstrual tension; it produces an increase in the excretion of sodium, chloride, potassium, and water.

chlorthenoxazin chlorthenoxazin (klor-then-ok´sa-zin)

2-(2-Chloroethyl)-2,3-dihydro-4H-1,3-benzoxazin-4-one;an antipyretic and analgesic.

chlorthymol chlorthymol (klor-thI´mol)

chlorothymol

chloruresis chloruresis (klor-yu-re´sis)

The excretion of chloride in the urine.chloriduria, chloruria;

chloruretic chloruretic (klor-yu-ret´ik)

Relating to an agent that increases the excretion of chloride in the urine, or to such an effect.

chloruria chloruria (klor-yu´re-a)

chloruresis

chlorzoxazone chlorzoxazone (klor-zok´sa-zon)

5-Chloro-2-benzoxazolol;a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant used in the treatment of painful muscle spasm due to musculoskeletal disorder.

choana choana , pl. choanae (ko´an-a, ko-a´ne) [NA]

The opening into the nasopharynx of the nasal cavity on either side.isthmus pharyngonasalis, posterior naris, postnaris; [Mod. L. fr. G. choane, a funnel]
primary c. , primitive c. initial opening of the nasal pits and olfactory sac of the embryo into the rostral part of the primordial oronasal cavity, before the formation of the secondary palate.
secondary c. the definitive c. opening into the nasopharynx, after the nasal chambers have been lengthened by the formation of the secondary palate.internal nostril;

choanal choanal (ko´a-nal)

Pertaining to a choana.

choanate choanate (ko´an-at)

Having a funnel, i.e., with a ring or collar.

choanoflagellate choanoflagellate (ko´an-o-flaj´e-lat)

choanomastigote

choanoid choanoid (ko´a-noyd)

Funnel-shaped.infundibuliform; [G. choane, funnel, + eidos, resemblance]

choanomastigote choanomastigote (ko´an-o-mas´tI-got)

A term, in the series used to describe developmental stages of the parasitic flagellates, denoting the "barleycorn" form of the flagellate in the genus Crithidia characterized by a collarlike extension surrounding the anterior and through which the single flagellum emerges. See also amastigote, epimastigote, promastigote, trypomastigote.choanoflagellate, collared flagellate; [G. choane, a funnel, + mastix, whip]

Choanotaenia infundibulum Choanotaenia infundibulum (ko-a-no-te´ne-a)

An important species of cosmopolitan tapeworm of fowls, occurring in the small intestine and transmitted by houseflies and stableflies; related to Dipylidium, the double-pored dog tapeworm. [G. choane, a funnel, + L., fr. G. tainia, tapeworm]

Chodzko's reflex Chodzko's reflex

See under reflex.

choke choke (chok)

1. To prevent respiration by compression or obstruction of the larynx or trachea. 2. Any obstruction of the esophagus in herbivorous animals by a partly swallowed foreign body. [M.E. choken, fr. O.E. aceocian]
thoracic c. obstruction by a foreign body in the thoracic portion of the esophagus of an animal.

chokes chokes (choks)

A manifestation of decompression sickness or altitude sickness characterized by dyspnea, coughing, and choking.

chol- chol-

See chole-.

cholagogic cholagogic (ko-la-goj´ik)

cholagogue (2)

cholagogue cholagogue (ko´la-gog)

1. An agent that promotes the flow of bile into the intestine, especially as a result of contraction of the gallbladder. 2. Relating to such an agent or effect.cholagogic; [chol- + G. agogos, drawing forth]

cholaic acid cholaic acid (ko-la´ik)

taurocholic acid

cholalic acid cholalic acid (ko-lal´ik)

cholic acid

cholane cholane , 5beta-cholane (ko´lan)

Parent hydrocarbon of the cholanic acids (cholic acids); androstane with a -CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH₃ group in the 17 position. 5a-Cholane is sometimes called allocholane. For structures, see steroids.

cholaneresis cholaneresis (ko-la-ner´e-sis)

Increase in output of cholic acid or its conjugates. [cholane + G. hairesis, a taking]

cholangeitis cholangeitis (ko´lan-je-I´tis)

cholangitis

cholangiectasis cholangiectasis (ko-lan-je-ek´ta-sis)

Dilation of the bile ducts, usually as a sequel to obstruction. [chol- + G. angeion, vessel, + ektasis, a stretching]

cholangiocarcinoma cholangiocarcinoma (ko-lan´je-o-kar-si-no´ma)

An adenocarcinoma, primarily in intrahepatic bile ducts, composed of ducts lined by cuboidal or columnar cells that do not contain bile, with abundant fibrous stroma; cirrhosis is usually absent.

cholangioenterostomy cholangioenterostomy (ko-lan´je-o-en-ter-os´to-me)

Surgical anastomosis of bile duct to intestine.

cholangiofibrosis cholangiofibrosis (ko-lan´je-o-fI-bro´sis)

Fibrosis of the bile ducts. [chol- + G. angeion, vessel, + fibrosis]

cholangiogastrostomy cholangiogastrostomy (ko-lan´je-o-gas-tros´to-me)

Formation of a communication between a bile duct and the stomach. [chol- + G. angeion, vessel, + gaster, belly, + stoma, mouth]

cholangiogram cholangiogram (ko-lan´je-o-gram)

The radiographic record of the bile ducts obtained by cholangiography.

cholangiography cholangiography (ko-lan-je-og´ra-fe)

Radiographic examination of the bile ducts. [chol- + G. angeion, vessel, + grapho, to write]
cystic duct c. radiography of the biliary system after introduction of contrast medium through the cystic duct.
intravenous c. c. of bile ducts opacified by hepatic secretion of an intravenously injected contrast medium.
percutaneous c. radiography of the biliary system after introduction of contrast medium by introducing a needle through the skin inferior to the right costal margin, and inserting it into the substance of the liver or into the gallbladder.

cholangiole cholangiole (ko-lan´je-ol)

A ductule occurring between a bile canaliculus and an interlobular bile duct.canal of Hering; [chol- + G. angeion, vessel, + -ole, small]

cholangiolitis cholangiolitis (ko-lan´je-o-lI´tis)

Inflammation of the small bile radicles or cholangioles.

cholangioma cholangioma (ko-lan´je-o´ma)

A neoplasm of bile duct origin, especially within the liver; may be either benign or malignant (cholangiocarcinoma). [chol- + G. angeion, vessel, + -oma, tumor]

cholangiopancreatography cholangiopancreatography (ko-lan´je-o-pan-kre-a-tog´ra-fe)

Radiographic examination of the bile ducts and pancreas.
endoscopic retrograde c. (ERCP) a method of c. using an endoscope to inspect and cannulate the ampulla of Vater, with injection of contrast medium for radiographic examination of the pancreatic, hepatic, and common bile ducts.

cholangioscopy cholangioscopy (ko-lan-je-os´ko-pe)

Visual examination of bile ducts utilizing a fiberoptic endoscope. [chol- + G. angeion, vessel, + skopeo, to examine]

cholangiostomy cholangiostomy (ko-lan-je-os´to-me)

Formation of a fistula into a bile duct. [chol- + G. angeion, vessel, + stoma, mouth]

cholangiotomy cholangiotomy (ko-lan-jI-ot´o-mI)

Incision into a bile duct. [chol- + G. angeion, vessel, + tome, incision]

cholangitis cholangitis (ko-lan-jI´tis)

Inflammation of a bile duct or the entire biliary tree.angiocholitis, cholangeitis; [chol- + G. angeion, vessel, + -itis, inflammation]
ascending c. c. lenta
c. lenta (len-ta´) low-grade bacterial infection of the biliary tract; sometimes a cause of fever of unknown origin.ascending c;
primary sclerosing c. recurrent or persistent obstructive jaundice, frequently with ulcerative colitis, due to extensive obliterative fibrosis of the extrahepatic or intrahepatic bile ducts; generally progresses to cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and liver failure; seen most commonly in young men.
recurrent pyogenic c. repeated attacks of c., commonly noted among Asians living in Asia, associated with the presence of multiple intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct stones and strictures.

cholanic acid cholanic acid (ko-lan´ik)

cholic acid

cholanopoiesis cholanopoiesis (ko´lan-o-poy-e´sis)

Synthesis by the liver of cholic acid or its conjugates, or of natural bile salts. [chol- + G. ano, upward, + poiesis, making]

cholanopoietic cholanopoietic (ko´lan-o-poy-et´ik)

Pertaining to or promoting cholanopoiesis.

cholanthrene cholanthrene (ko-lan´thren)

A polycyclic, somewhat carcinogenic hydrocarbon, structural parent of the highly carcinogenic 3 (or 20)-methylcholanthrene.

cholascos cholascos (ko-las´kos)

Rarely used term for escape of bile into the free peritoneal cavity. [chol- + G. askos, bag]

cholate cholate (ko´lat)

A salt or ester of a cholic acid.
c. ligase an enzyme that converts c., coenzyme A, and ATP, to choloyl-coenzyme A, AMP, and pyrophosphate.cholyl-coenzyme A synthetase;
c. synthetase , c. thiokinase cholate-CoA ligase.

chole- chole- , chol- , cholo-

Bile. Cf. bili-. [G. chole]

cholecalciferol cholecalciferol (ko´le-kal-sif´er-ol)

(5Z,7E)-(3S)-9,10-secocho lesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol;formed by breakage of 9,10 bond in 7-dehydrocholesterol by ultraviolet irradiation, yielding a double bond between C-10 and C-19; probably the vitamin D of animal origin found in the skin, fur, and feathers of animals and birds exposed to sunlight, and also in butter, brain, fish oils, and egg yolk.vitamin D₃; calciol;

cholechromopoiesis cholechromopoiesis (ko´le-kro-mo-poy-e´sis)

Synthesis of bile pigments by the liver. [chole- + G. chroma, color, + poiesis, making]

cholecyst cholecyst (ko´le-sist)

gallbladder

cholecystagogic cholecystagogic (ko´le-sis-ta-goj´ik)

Stimulating activity of the gallbladder.

cholecystagogue cholecystagogue (ko-le-sis´ta-gog)

A substance that stimulates activity of the gallbladder. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + agogos, leader]

cholecystatony cholecystatony (ko´le-sis-tat´o-ne)

Atonia, weakness, or failure of function of the gallbladder. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + atonia, atony]

cholecystectasia cholecystectasia (ko´le-sis-tek-ta´ze-a)

Rarely used term for dilation of the gallbladder. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + ektasis, extension]

cholecystectomy cholecystectomy (ko´le-sis-tek´to-me)

Surgical removal of the gallbladder. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + ektome, excision]

cholecystenterostomy cholecystenterostomy (ko´le-sist-en-ter-os´to-me)

Formation of a direct communication between the gallbladder and the intestine.enterocholecystostomy; [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + enteron, intestine, + stoma, mouth]

cholecystenterotomy cholecystenterotomy (ko´le-sist-en-ter-ot´o-me)

Incision of both intestine and gallbladder.enterocholecystotomy; [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + enteron, intestine, + tome, a cutting]

cholecystic cholecystic (ko-le-sis´tik)

Relating to the cholecyst, or gallbladder.

cholecystis cholecystis (ko-le-sis´tis)

gallbladder [chole- + G. kystis, bladder]

cholecystitis cholecystitis (ko´le-sis-tI´tis)

Inflammation of the gallbladder. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + -itis, inflammation]
acute c. inflammation and/or hemorrhagic necrosis, with variable infection, ulceration, and neutrophilic infiltration of the gallbladder wall; usually due to impaction of a stone in the cystic duct.
chronic c. chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, usually secondary to lithiasis, with lymphocytic infiltration and fibrosis that may produce marked thickening of the wall.
emphysematous c. c. due to infection with gas-producing bacteria, giving rise to gas in the gallbladder.
xanthogranulomatous c. chronic c. with conspicuous nodular infiltration by lipid macrophages; may be associated with biliary obstruction by calculi.

cholecystocolostomy cholecystocolostomy (ko´le-sis´to-ko-los´to-me)

Establishment of a communication between the gallbladder and the colon.colocholecystostomy, cystocolostomy; [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + kolon, colon, + stoma, mouth]

cholecystoduodenostomy cholecystoduodenostomy (ko-le-sis´to-du-o-de-nos´to-me)

Establishment of a direct communication between the gallbladder and the duodenum.duodenocholecystostomy, duodenocystostomy (1); [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + L. duodenum + G. stoma, mouth]

cholecystogastrostomy cholecystogastrostomy (ko-le-sis´to-gas-tros´to-me)

Establishment of a communication between the gallbladder and the stomach. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + gaster, stomach, + stoma, mouth]

cholecystogram cholecystogram (ko-le-sis´to-gram)

The radiographic record of the gallbladder obtained by cholecystography.

cholecystography cholecystography (ko-le-sis-tog´ra-fe)

Radiographic study of the gallbladder after oral administration of a cholecystopaque; or scintigraphic imaging of the gallbladder and central bile ducts after administration of a radiopharmaceutical secreted by the liver.Graham-Cole test; [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + grapho, to write]

cholecystoileostomy cholecystoileostomy (ko-le-sis´to-il-e-os´to-me)

Establishment of a communication between the gallbladder and the ileum. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + ileum + G. stoma, mouth]

cholecystojejunostomy cholecystojejunostomy (ko-le-sis´to-je-ju-nos´to-me)

Establishment of a communication between the gallbladder and the jejunum. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + jejunum, + G. stoma, mouth]

cholecystokinase cholecystokinase (ko-le-sis-to-kI´nas)

An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of cholecystokinin.

cholecystokinetic cholecystokinetic (ko´le-sis´to-ki-net´ik)

Promoting emptying of the gallbladder.

cholecystokinin (CCK) cholecystokinin (CCK) (ko´le-sis-to-kI´nin)

A polypeptide (of 33 residues) hormone liberated by the upper intestinal mucosa on contact with gastric contents; stimulates contraction of the gallbladder and secretion of pancreatic juice. See also sincalide.pancreozymin;

cholecystolithiasis cholecystolithiasis (ko-le-sis´to-li-thI´a-sis)

Presence of one or more gallstones in the gallbladder. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + lithos, stone]

cholecystolithotripsy cholecystolithotripsy (ko-le-sis´to-lith´o-trip-se)

Crushing or fragmentation of a gallstone by manipulation of the unopened gallbladder. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + lithos, stone, + tripsis, a rubbing]

cholecystomy cholecystomy (ko-le-sis´to-me)

cholecystotomy

cholecystopaque cholecystopaque (ko-le-sis´to-pak)

A radiographic contrast medium that opacifies the gallbladder following oral administration, by virtue of hepatic secretion and gallbladder concentration; used in cholecystography.

cholecystopathy cholecystopathy (ko´le-sis-top´a-the)

Disease of the gallbladder.

cholecystopexy cholecystopexy (ko-le-sis´to-pek-se)

Suture of the gallbladder to the abdominal wall. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + pexis, fixation]

cholecystorrhaphy cholecystorrhaphy (ko´le-sis-tor´a-fe)

Suture of an incised or ruptured gallbladder. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + rhaphe, sewing]

cholecystosonography cholecystosonography (ko-le-sis´to-so-nog´ra-fe)

Ultrasonic examination of the gallbladder. [cholecysto- + sonography]

cholecystostomy cholecystostomy (ko´le-sis-tos´to-me)

Establishment of a fistula into the gallbladder. [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + stoma, mouth]

cholecystotomy cholecystotomy (ko´le-sis-tot´o-me)

Incision into the gallbladder.cholecystomy; [chole- + G. kystis, bladder, + tome, incision]
laparoscopic c. minimally invasive surgical technique for removal of the gallbladder that uses a laparoscope for visualization of the gallbladder and placement of instruments into the abdominal cavity through trocars, therefore avoiding the traditional incision.

choledoch choledoch (ko´le-dok)

common bile duct [G. choledochos, containing bile, fr. chole, bile, + dechomai, to receive]

choledoch- choledoch-

See choledocho-.

choledochal choledochal (ko-le-dok´al, ko-led´o-kal)

Relating to the common bile duct.

choledochectomy choledochectomy (ko-led-o-kek´to-me)

Surgical removal of a portion of the common bile duct. [choledoch- + G. ektome, excision]

choledochendysis choledochendysis (ko´led-o-ken´dI-sis)

choledochotomy [choledoch- + G. endysis, an entering in]

choledochiarctia choledochiarctia (ko´led-o-ki-ark´te-a)

Obsolete term for stenosis of the gall duct. [choledoch- + L. artus (improperly arctus), narrow]

choledochitis choledochitis (ko-led-o-kI´tis)

Inflammation of the common bile duct. [choledoch- + G. -itis, inflammation]

choledocho- choledocho- , choledoch-

The ductus choledochus (the common bile duct). [G. choledochos, containing bile, fr. chole, bile, + dechomai, to receive]

choledochocholedochostomy choledochocholedochostomy (ko-led´o-ko-ko-led´o-kos´to-me)

Operative joining of divided portions of common bile duct. [choledocho- + choledocho- + G. stoma, mouth]

choledochoduodenostomy choledochoduodenostomy (ko-led´o-ko-du´o-de-nos´to-me)

Formation of a communication, other than the natural one, between the common bile duct and the duodenum. [choledocho- + duodenum + G. stoma, mouth]

choledochoenterostomy choledochoenterostomy (ko-led´o-ko-en-ter-os´to-me)

Establishment of a communication, other than the natural one, between the common bile duct and any part of the intestine. [choledocho- + G. enteron, intestine, + stoma, mouth]

choledochography choledochography (ko-led´o-kog´ra-fe)

Radiographic examination of the bile duct after the administration of a radiopaque substance. [choledocho- + G. grapho, to write]

choledochojejunostomy choledochojejunostomy (ko-led´o-ko-je-ju-nos´to-me)

Anastomosis between the common bile duct and the jejunum. [choledocho- + jejuno- + G. stoma, mouth]

choledocholith choledocholith (ko-led´o-ko-lith)

Stone in the common bile duct. [choledocho- + G. lithos, stone]

choledocholithiasis choledocholithiasis (ko-led´o-ko-lith-I´a-sis)

Presence of a gallstone in the common bile duct.

choledocholithotomy choledocholithotomy (ko-led´o-ko-li-thot´o-me)

Incision of the common bile duct for the extraction of an impacted gallstone. [choledocho- + G. lithos, stone, + tome, incision]

choledocholithotripsy choledocholithotripsy (ko-led´o-ko-lith´o-trip-se)

Crushing or fragmentation of a gallstone in the common bile duct by manipulation without opening of the duct.choledocholithotrity; [choledocho- + G. lithos, stone, + tripsis, rubbing]

choledocholithotrity choledocholithotrity (ko-led´o-ko-li-thot´ri-te)

choledocholithotripsy

choledochoplasty choledochoplasty (ko-led´o-ko-plas-te)

Plastic surgery of the common bile duct. [choledocho- + G. plastos, formed]

choledochorrhaphy choledochorrhaphy (ko-led-o-kor´ra-fe)

Suturing together the divided ends of the common bile duct. [choledocho- + G. rhaphe, suture]

choledochostomy choledochostomy (ko-led-o-kos´to-me)

Establishment of a fistula into the common bile duct. [choledocho- + G. stoma, mouth]

choledochotomy choledochotomy (ko-led-o-kot´o-me)

Incision into the common bile duct.choledochendysis; [choledocho- + G. tome, incision]

choledochous choledochous (ko-led´o-kus)

Containing or conveying bile.

choledochus choledochus (ko-led´o-kus)

common bile duct [see choledoch]

choleglobin choleglobin (ko-le-glo´bin)

A pigmented compound of globin and iron porphyrin (with an open ring due to cleavage of the a-methene bridge by a-methyl oxygenase); the first intermediate in the degradation of hemoglobin, further degraded successively to verdohemochrome, biliverdin, and bilirubin.bile pigment hemoglobin, green hemoglobin, verdohemoglobin;

cholehematin cholehematin (ko-le-he´ma-tin)

A red pigment in the bile of herbivorous animals; derived from chlorophyll and a product of hematin oxidation.

cholehemia cholehemia (ko-le-he´me-a)

cholemia [chole- + G. haima, blood]

choleic choleic (ko-le´ik)

cholic

choleic acids choleic acids

Compounds of bile acids and sterols.

cholelith cholelith (ko´le-lith)

gallstone [chole- + G. lithos, stone]

cholelithiasis cholelithiasis (ko´le-li-thI´a-sis)

Presence of concretions in the gallbladder or bile ducts.chololithiasis;

cholelithotomy cholelithotomy (ko´le-li-thot´o-me)

Operative removal of a gallstone. [chole- + G. lithos, stone, + tome, incision]

cholelithotripsy cholelithotripsy (ko-le-lith´o-trip-se)

Rarely used term for the crushing of a gallstone. [chole- + G. lithos, stone, + tripsis, a rubbing]

cholelithotrity cholelithotrity (ko-le-li-thot´ri-te)

Rarely used term for the crushing of a gallstone. [chole- + G. lithos, stone, + L. tero, pp. tritus, to rub]

cholemesis cholemesis (ko-lem´e-sis)

Vomiting of bile. [chole- + G. emesis, vomiting]

cholemia cholemia (ko-le´me-a)

The presence of bile salts in the circulating blood.cholehemia; [chole- + G. haima, blood]

cholemic cholemic (ko-le´mik)

Relating to cholemia.

cholepathia cholepathia (ko-le-path´e-a)

1. Disease of bile ducts. 2. Irregularity in contractions of the bile ducts.
c. spas´tica spastic contraction of the bile ducts.

choleperitoneum choleperitoneum (ko´le-par-i-to-ne´um)

Obsolete term for bile in the peritoneum, which may lead to bile peritonitis.

choleperitonitis choleperitonitis (ko´le-per-i-to-nI´tis)

bile peritonitis

cholepoiesis cholepoiesis (ko´le-poy-e´sis)

Formation of bile.cholopoiesis; [chole- + G. poiesis, making]

cholepoietic cholepoietic (ko´le-poy-et´ik)

Relating to the formation of bile.

cholera cholera (kol´er-a)

1. Formerly, a nonspecific term for a variety of gastrointestinal disturbances. 2. An acute epidemic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, now occurring primarily in Asia. A soluble toxin elaborated in the intestinal tract by the bacterium activates the adenylate cylase of the mucosa, causing active secretion of an isotomic fluid resulting in profuse watery diarrhea, extreme loss of fluid and electrolytes, and dehydration and collapse, but no gross morphologic change in the intestinal mucosa.Asiatic c; [L. a bilious disease, fr. G. chole, bile]
Asiatic c. cholera (2)
fowl c. a destructive disease of domestic fowls caused by Pasteurella multocida.
hog c. an acute, highly contagious, and fatal disease of swine caused by the hog cholera virus, a member of the Togaviridae, and characterized by a sudden onset, high fever, depression, diarrhea, cutaneous hemorrhages, and frequently encephalomyelitic symptoms; pigs may die of the virus infection alone, or from complications of secondary bacterial infections; transmission is by direct contact or ingestion of contaminated food, particularly garbage.swine fever, swine pest;
c. infan´tum old term for a disease of infants, characterized by vomiting, profuse watery diarrhea, fever, prostration, and collapse.
c. mor´bus old term for acute severe gastroenteritis of unknown etiology, marked by severe colic, vomiting, and diarrhea with watery stools; formerly common during hot weather.
pancreatic c. diarrhea pancreatica
c. sic´ca an old term for a malignant form of disease seen during epidemics of Asiatic c. in which death occurs without diarrhea.
typhoid c. old term for c. (2) with predominantly cerebral manifestations such as confusion or dementia.

choleragen choleragen (kol´er-a-jen)

A term suggested for a factor(s) produced during growth in vitro of the cholera vibrio and causes diarrhea. [cholera + G. -gen, producing]

choleraic choleraic (kol´er-a´ik)

Relating to cholera.

choleraphage choleraphage (kol´er-a-faj)

Bacteriophage of Vibrio cholerae. [cholera + G. phago, to eat]

choleresis choleresis (ko-ler-e´sis)

The secretion of bile as opposed to the expulsion of bile by the gallbladder. [chole- + G. hairesis, a taking]

choleretic choleretic (kol-er-et´ik)

1. Relating to choleresis. 2. An agent, usually a drug, that stimulates the liver to increase output of bile.

cholerheic cholerheic (kol-e-re´ik)

Denoting diarrhea produced secondary to unabsorbed bile salts. [chole- + G. hairesis, a taking]

choleric choleric (kol´er-ik)

bilious (3)

choleriform choleriform (kol´er-i-form)

Resembling cholera.choleroid;

cholerigenic cholerigenic , cholerigenous (kol´er-i-jen´ik, -ij´en-us)

Causing or engendering cholera.

cholerine cholerine (kol´er-en)

A mild form of diarrhea seen during epidemics of Asiatic cholera.

choleroid choleroid (kol´er-oyd)

choleriform

cholerrhagia cholerrhagia (ko-le-ra´je-a)

Extensive flow of bile. [chole- + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]

cholerrhagic cholerrhagic (ko-le-raj´ik)

Referring to the flow of bile.

cholescintigraphy cholescintigraphy (ko-le-sin-tig´ra-fe)

Examination of the gall bladder and bile ducts by nuclear medicine scanning; radionuclide cholecystography. [chole- + scintigraphy]

cholestane cholestane (ko´les-tan)

The parent hydrocarbon of cholesterol. For structure, see steroids.

cholestanol cholestanol (ko-les´tan-ol)

5a-cholestan-3beta-ol; 3beta-hydroxycholestane;differing from cholesterol in the absence of the double bond.

cholestanone cholestanone (ko-les´tan-on)

An oxidation product of cholestanol, differing from it in the presence of a ketone oxygen in place of the 3-hydroxyl group; an isomer of coprostanone.

cholestasia cholestasia , cholestasis (ko-les-ta´se-a, -les´ta-sis)

An arrest in the flow of bile; c. due to obstruction of bile ducts is accompanied by formation of plugs of inspissated bile in the small ducts, canaliculi in the liver, and elevation of serum direct bilirubin and some enzymes. [chole- + G. stasis, a standing still]

cholestatic cholestatic (ko-les-tat´ik)

Tending to diminish or stop the flow of bile.

cholesteatoma cholesteatoma (ko-les-te-a-to´ma)

1. A mass of keratinizing squamous epithelium and cholesterol in the middle ear, usually resulting from chronic otitis media, with squamous metaplasia or extension of squamous epithelium inward to line an expanding cystic cavity that may involve the mastoid and erode surrounding bone. 2. An epidermoid cyst arising in the central nervous system in man or animals. [cholesterol + G. stear (steat), tallow, + -oma, tumor]

cholesteatomatous cholesteatomatous (ko-les-te-a-to´ma-tus)

Of or pertaining to cholesteatoma.

cholestenone cholestenone (ko-les´ten-on)

A dehydrocholestanone, differing from cholestanone by the presence of a double bond between carbons 4 and 5.

cholesteremia cholesteremia (ko-les-ter-e´me-a)

The presence of enhanced quantities of cholesterol in the blood.cholesterinemia, cholesterolemia; [cholesterol + G. haima, blood]

cholesteride cholesteride (ko-les´ter-Id)

Obsolete term for a cholesteryl ester of a fatty acid.

cholesterin cholesterin (ko-les´ter-in)

cholesterol

cholesterinemia cholesterinemia (ko-les´ter-in-e´me-a)

cholesteremia

cholesterinosis cholesterinosis (ko-les´ter-in-o´sis)

cholesterolosis
cerebrotendinous c. cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis

cholesterinuria cholesterinuria (ko-les´ter-i-nu´re-a)

cholesteroluria [cholesterin + G. ouron, urine]

cholesteroderma cholesteroderma (ko-les´ter-o-der´ma)

xanthochromia

cholesterol cholesterol (ko-les´ter-ol)

5-cholesten-3beta-ol (cholestane with a 5,6 double bond and a 3beta hydroxyl group); the most abundant steroid in animal tissues, especially in bile and gallstones, and present in food, especially that rich in animal fats; circulates in the plasma complexed to proteins of various densities and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atheroma formation in arteries.cholesterin;

cholesterolemia cholesterolemia (ko-les´ter-ol-e´me-a)

cholesteremia [cholesterol + G. haima, blood]

cholesterologenesis cholesterologenesis (ko-les´ter-ol-o-jen´e-sis)

The biosynthesis of cholesterol.

cholesterolosis cholesterolosis (ko-les´ter-ol-o´sis)

1. A condition resulting from a disturbance in metabolism of lipids, characterized by deposits of cholesterol in tissue, as in Tangier disease. 2. Cholesterol crystals in the anterior chamber of the eye, as in aphakia with associated retinal separation.cholesterinosis, cholesterosis;
extracellular c. obsolete term for erythema elevatum diutinum characterized by lipid deposits in vessel walls.

cholesteroluria cholesteroluria (ko-les´ter-ol-u´re-a)

The excretion of cholesterol in the urine.cholesterinuria;

cholesterosis cholesterosis (ko´les-ter-o´sis)

cholesterolosis
c. cu´tis xanthomatosis

cholestyramine cholestyramine (ko-les´ter-a-men)

An anion exchange resin used to bind dietary cholesterol and hence prevent its systemic absorption. Used to treat hypercholesteremia. Can bind many acidic drugs in the gastrointestinal tract and prevent their absorption.

choleuria choleuria (ko-le-yu´re-a)

biliuria

choleverdin choleverdin (ko-le-ver´din)

biliverdin

cholic cholic (ko´lik)

Relating to the bile.choleic;

cholic acid cholic acid

A family of steroids comprising the bile acids (or salts), generally in conjugated form (e.g., glycocholic and taurocholic acids). Chemically, c.a.'s are cholan-24-oic (cholanic) acids (the terminal C₂₄ of cholane becoming a -COOH group); biologically, c.a.'s are derived from cholesterol (a cholestane derivative) and display varying degrees of oxidation (OH groups) and orientation at positions 3, 7, and 12. It is these oxidations and orientations that distinguish the several c.a.'s; e.g., c.a. is 3a,7a,12a-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid, deoxycholic acid is 3a,12a-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid.cholalic acid, cholanic acid;

cholicele cholicele (ko´li-sel)

Enlargement of the gallbladder due to retained fluids. [G. chole, bile, + kele, tumor]

choline choline (ko´len)

HOCH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₃⁺; (2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium ion;found in most animal tissues either free or in combination as lecithin (phosphatidylcholine), acetate (acetylcholine), or cytidine diphosphate (cytidine diphosphocholine). It is included in the vitamin B complex; as acetylcholine (choline esterified with acetic acid), it is essential for synaptic transmission. Several salts of choline are used in medicine.lipotropic factor, transmethylation factor;
c. acetylase c. acetyltransferase
c. acetyltransferase an enzyme catalyzing the condensation of choline and acetyl-coenzyme A, forming O-acetylcholine and coenzyme A.c. acetylase;
activated c. cytidine diphosphocholine
c. chloride a lipotropic agent.
c. dihydrogen citrate (2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium citrate;a lipotropic agent.
c. esterase I acetylcholinesterase
c. esterase II cholinesterase
c. kinase an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of O-phosphocholine and ADP from choline and ATP.c. phosphokinase;
c. phosphatase phospholipase D
c. phosphate cytidylyltransferase an enzyme that catalyzes a key step in lecithin biosynthesis: CTP + phosphocholine <-> pyrophosphate + CDP-choline.
c. phosphokinase c. kinase
c. salicylate c. salt of salicyclic acid, an analgesic and antipyretic (because of the salicylate moiety).
c. theophyllinate oxtriphylline

cholinephosphotransferase cholinephosphotransferase (ko´len-fos-fo-trans´fer-as)

An enzyme catalyzing the reaction between CDP-choline and 1,2-diacylglycerol to form a phosphatidylcholine and CMP. The last step in lecithin biosynthesis.

cholinergic cholinergic (kol-in-er´jik)

Relating to nerve cells or fibers that employ acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter. Cf. adrenergic. [choline + G. ergon, work]

cholinester cholinester (ko´lin-es-ter)

An ester of choline; e.g., acetylcholine.

cholinesterase cholinesterase (ko-lin-es´ter-as)

One of a family of enzymes capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of acylcholines and a few other compounds. Found in cobra venom. See also acetylcholinesterase.butyrocholinesterase, butyrylcholine esterase, choline esterase II, nonspecific c., pseudocholinesterase, "s"-type c;
"e"-type c. acetylcholinesterase ["e" in erythrocyte]
nonspecific c. cholinesterase
specific c. acetylcholinesterase
"s"-type c. cholinesterase ["s" in serum]
true c. acetylcholinesterase

cholinesterase reactivator cholinesterase reactivator

A drug that reacts directly with the alkylphosphorylated enzyme to free the active unit; the drugs used therapeutically to reactivate phosphorylated forms of acetylcholinesterase are oximes, e.g., diacetylmonoxime, monoisonitrosoacetone, 2-pralidoxime.

cholinoceptive cholinoceptive (ko´lin-o-sep´tiv)

Referring to chemical sites in effector cells with which acetylcholine unites to exert its actions. Cf. adrenoceptive. [acetylcholine + L. capio, to take]

cholinolytic cholinolytic (ko´lin-o-lit´ik)

Preventing the action of acetylcholine. [acetylcholine + G. lysis, loosening]

cholinomimetic cholinomimetic (kol´i-no-mi-met´ik)

Having an action similar to that of acetylcholine, the substance liberated by cholinergic nerves; term proposed to replace the less accurate term, parasympathomimetic. Cf. adrenomimetic. [acetylcholine + G. mimetikos, imitating]

cholinoreactive cholinoreactive (ko´lin-o-re-ak´tiv)

Responding to acetylcholine and related compounds.

cholinoreceptors cholinoreceptors (kol´i-no-re-sep´terz, -torz)

See cholinergic receptors, under receptor.

cholistine sulphomethate sodium cholistine sulphomethate sodium (ko-lis´ten sul-fo-meth´at)

colistimethate sodium

cholo- cholo-

See chole-.

chololith chololith (kol´o-lith)

Obsolete term for gallstone.

chololithiasis chololithiasis (kol-o-li-thI´a-sis)

cholelithiasis

chololithic chololithic (kol-o-lith´ik)

Rarely used term relating in any way to gallstones.

choloplania choloplania (kol-o-pla´ne-a)

The presence of bile salts in the blood or tissues. [cholo- + G. plane, a wandering]

cholopoiesis cholopoiesis (ko-lo-poy-e´sis)

cholepoiesis

cholorrhea cholorrhea (kol-o-re´a)

Obsolete term for an excessive secretion of bile. [cholo- + G. rhoia, a flow]

choloscopy choloscopy (ko-los´ko-pe)

Rarely used term for cholangioscopy. [cholo- + G. skopeo, to view]

cholothorax cholothorax (ko-lo-thor´aks)

Bile in the pleural cavity.

choloyl choloyl (ko´lo-il)

The radical of cholic acid or cholate.

choluria choluria (ko-lu´re-a)

biliuria [G. chole, bile, + ouron, urine]

cholyl-coenzyme A cholyl-coenzyme A (ko´lil-ko-en´zIm)

A condensation product of cholic acid and coenzyme A; an intermediate in the formation of bile salts from bile acids, as taurocholic acid from cholic acid.
c.-c.A synthetase cholate ligase

chondral chondral (kon´dral)

cartilaginous [G. chondros, cartilage]

chondralgia chondralgia (kon-dral´je-a)

chondrodynia [G. chondros, cartilage, + algos, pain]

chondralloplasia chondralloplasia (kon´dral-o-pla´ze-a)

Occurrence of cartilage in abnormal situations in the bony skeleton. [G. chondros, cartilage, + allos, other, + plasia, formed]

chondrectomy chondrectomy (kon-drek´to-me)

Excision of cartilage. [G. chondros, cartilage, + ektome, excision]

Chondrichthyes Chondrichthyes (kon-drik´thi-ez)

Class of cartilaginous fishes, including the sharks, rays, and chimeras. [G. chondros, cartilage, + ichthys, a fish]

chondrification chondrification (kon´dri-fi-ka´shun)

Conversion into cartilage. [G. chondros, cartilage, + L. facio, to make]

chondrify chondrify (kon´dri-fI)

To become cartilaginous.

chondrin chondrin (kon´drin)

Obsolete term for a gelatin-like substance obtained from cartilage by boiling. See collagen.

chondrio- chondrio-

See chondro-.

chondriosome chondriosome

Obsolete term for mitochondrion.

chondritis chondritis (kon-drI´tis)

Inflammation of cartilage. [G. chondros, cartilage, + -itis, inflammation]
costal c. costochondritis

chondro- chondro- , chondrio-

1. Cartilage or cartilaginous. 2. Granular or gritty substance. [G. chondrion, dim. of chondros, groats (coarsely ground grain), grit, gristle, cartilage]

chondroblast chondroblast (kon´dro-blast)

A dividing cell of growing cartilage tissue.chondroplast; [chondro- + G. blastos, germ]

chondroblastoma chondroblastoma (kon´dro-blas-to´ma)

A benign tumor arising in the epiphyses of long bones, consisting of highly cellular tissue resembling fetal cartilage.

chondrocalcin chondrocalcin (kon´dro-kal-sin)

A 69,000 molecular weight protein believed to play a role in mineralization in hard tissue.

chondrocalcinosis chondrocalcinosis (kon´dro-kal-si-no´sis)

Calcification of cartilage. [chondro- + calcium + G. -osis, condition]
articular c. [MIM*118600] a disease characterized by deposits of calcium pyrophosphate crystals free of urate in synovial fluid, articular cartilage, and adjacent soft tissue; causes various forms of arthritis commonly characterized by goutlike attacks of pain, swelling of joints, and radiologic evidence of calcification in articular cartilage (pseudogout); sometimes inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and associated with certain diseases in others.

chondroclast chondroclast (kon´dro-klast)

A multinucleated cell (giant cell) involved in the resorption of calcified cartilage; morphologically identical to osteoblasts. [chondro- + G. klastos, broken in pieces]

chondrocostal chondrocostal (kon-dro-kos´tal)

costochondral [chondro- + L. costa, rib]

chondrocranium chondrocranium (kon-dro-kra´ne-um)

A cartilaginous skull; the cartilaginous parts of the developing skull. [chondro- + G. kranion, skull]

chondrocyte chondrocyte (kon´dro-sIt)

A nondividing cartilage cell; occupies a lacuna within the cartilage matrix.cartilage cell; [chondro- + G. kytos, a hollow (cell)]
isogenous c.'s a clone of cartilage cells derived from one cell by division; occur in a cluster called an isogenous nest.

chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis (kon-dro-der-ma-tI´tis nod-yu-lar´is kron´i-ka hel´i-sis)

A benign, chronic, small, painful nodule (or nodules) on the helix of the ear in elderly white males, which may occasionally become ulcerated.Winkler's disease;

chondrodynia chondrodynia (kon-dro-din´e-a)

Pain in cartilage.chondralgia; [chondro- + G. odyne, pain]

chondrodysplasia chondrodysplasia (kon´dro-dis-pla´ze-a)

chondrodystrophy [chondro- + G. dys, bad, + plasis, a molding]
c. puncta´ta dysplasia epiphysialis punctata

chondrodystrophia chondrodystrophia (kon´dro-dis-tro´fe-a)

chondrodystrophy
c. calcif´icans congen´ita dysplasia epiphysialis punctata
c. congen´ita puncta´ta Conradi's disease

chondrodystrophy chondrodystrophy (kon-dro-dis´tro-fe) [MIM*215150]

A disturbance in the development of the cartilage primordia of the long bones, especially the region of the epiphysial plates, resulting in arrested growth of the long bones and dwarfism in which the extremities are abnormally short, but the head and trunk are essentially normal; autosomal recessive inheritance.chondrodysplasia, chondrodystrophia; [chondro- + G. dys, bad, + trophe nourishment]
asphyxiating thoracic c. asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia
asymmetrical c. enchondromatosis
hereditary deforming c. 1. hereditary multiple exostoses, under exostosis 2. enchondromatosis
hypoplastic fetal c. dysplasia epiphysialis punctata

chondroectodermal chondroectodermal (kon´dro-ek-to-der´mal)

Relating to ectodermally derived cartilage; e.g., branchial cartilages that may have developed from the neural crest.

chondrofibroma chondrofibroma (kon´dro-fI-bro´ma)

chondromyxoid fibroma

chondrogenesis chondrogenesis (kon-dro-jen´e-sis)

Formation of cartilage.chondrosis (1); [chondro- + G. genesis, origin]

chondroglossus chondroglossus (kon-dro-glos´us)

See chondroglossus muscle. [chondro- + G. glossa, tongue]

chondroid chondroid (kon´droyd)

1. Resembling cartilage.cartilaginoid; 2. Uncharacteristically developed cartilage, primarily cellular with a basophilic matrix and thin or nonexistent capsules. [chondro- + G. eidos, resemblance]

chondroitin chondroitin (kon-dro´i-tin)

A (muco)polysaccharide (proteoglycan) composed of alternating residues of beta-d-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-d-galactosamine sulfate in alternating beta(1-3) and beta(1-4) linkages; present among the ground substance materials in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue.
c. sulfate A c. with sulfuric residues esterifying the 4-hydroxyl groups of the galactosamine residues; found in connective tissue.
c. sulfate B dermatan sulfate
c. sulfate C c. with sulfuric residues esterifying the 6-hydroxyl groups of the galactosamine residues.

chondrology chondrology (kon-drol´o-je)

The study of cartilage. [chondro- + G. logos, treatise]

chondrolysis chondrolysis (kon-drol´i-sis)

Disappearance of articular cartilage as the result of disintegration or dissolution of the cartilage matrix and cells.

chondroma chondroma (kon-dro´ma)

A benign neoplasm derived from mesodermal cells that form cartilage. [chondro- + G. -oma, tumor]
extraskeletal c. a c. located in soft tissues, usually of the fingers, hands, and feet, not connected to underlying bone or periosteum.
juxtacortical c. periosteal c
periosteal c. a c. that develops from periosteum or periosteal connective tissue.juxtacortical c;

chondromalacia chondromalacia (kon´dro-ma-la´she-a)

Softening of any cartilage. [chondro- + G. malakia, softness]
c. feta´lis an intrauterine form of c. in which the fetus is born dead with soft pliable limbs.
generalized c. relapsing polychondritis
c. of larynx the presence of soft laryngeal cartilage, most often seen in epiglottis of young children.laryngomalacia;
c. pate´llae a softening of the articular cartilage of the patella; may cause patellalgia.
systemic c. relapsing polychondritis

chondromatosis chondromatosis (kon´dro-ma-to´sis)

Presence of multiple tumor-like foci of cartilage.
synovial c. c. or osteocartilaginous nodules occurring in the synovial membrane of a joint.synovial osteochondromatosis;

chondromatous chondromatous (kon-dro´ma-tus)

Pertaining to or manifesting the features of a chondroma.

chondrome chondrome (kon´drom)

The genetic information contained in all of the mitochondria of a cell. [mitochondria + -ome]

chondromere chondromere (kon´dro-mer)

A cartilage unit of the fetal axial skeleton developing within a single metamere of the body; a primordial cartilaginous vertebra together with its costal component. [chondro- + G. meros, part]

chondromucin chondromucin (kon-dro-myu´sin)

chondromucoid

chondromucoid chondromucoid (kon-dro-myu´koyd)

Obsolete terms for a mucoprotein from cartilage; probably chondroitin sulfate, plus other materials.chondromucin, chondroprotein;

chondromyxoma chondromyxoma (kon´dro-mik-so´ma)

chondromyxoid fibroma

chondro-osseous chondro-osseous (kon-dro-os´e-us)

Relating to cartilage and bone, either as a mixture of the two tissues or as a junction between the two, such as the union of a rib and its costal cartilage.

chondro-osteodystrophy chondro-osteodystrophy (kon´dro-os´te-o-dis´tro-fe)

Term used for a group of disorders of bone and cartilage which includes Morquio syndrome and similar conditions.osteochondrodystrophia deformans, osteochondrodystrophy;

chondropathy chondropathy (kon-drop´a-the)

Any disease of cartilage. [chondro- + G. pathos, suffering]

chondropharyngeus chondropharyngeus (kon´dro-far-in-je´us)

See middle constrictor muscle of pharynx.

chondrophyte chondrophyte (kon´dro-fIt)

An abnormal cartilaginous mass that develops at the articular surface of a bone. [chondro- + G. phytos, a growth]

chondroplast chondroplast (kon´dro-plast)

chondroblast [chondro- + G. plastos, formed]

chondroplasty chondroplasty (kon´dro-plas-te)

Reparative or plastic surgery of cartilage. [chondro- + G. plastos, formed]

chondroporosis chondroporosis (kon´dro-por-o´sis)

Condition of cartilage in which spaces appear, either normal (in the process of ossification) or pathologic. [chondro- + L. porosus, porous]

chondroprotein chondroprotein (kon-dro-pro´ten)

chondromucoid

chondrosarcoma chondrosarcoma (kon´dro-sar-ko´ma)

A malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people; most c.'s arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion.

chondrosin chondrosin , chondrosine (kon´dro-sin)

A disaccharide composed of one molecule of d-glucuronic acid and one of d-galactosamine (chondrosamine); a component of the chondroitins.

chondrosis chondrosis (kon-dro´sis)

1. chondrogenesis 2. Obsolete term for a cartilaginous tumor.

chondroskeleton chondroskeleton (kon´dro-skel´e-ton)

A skeleton formed of hyaline cartilage; e.g., that of the human embryo or of certain adult fishes such as the shark or ray.

chondrosternal chondrosternal (kon-dro-ster´nal)

1. Relating to a sternal cartilage. 2. Relating to the costal cartilages and the sternum.

chondrosternoplasty chondrosternoplasty (kon-dro-ster´no-plas-te)

Surgical correction of malformations of the sternum.

chondrotome chondrotome (kon´dro-tom)

A very stiff scalpel-shaped knife used in cutting cartilage.cartilage knife, ecchondrotome; [chondro- + G. tome, cutting]

chondrotomy chondrotomy (kon-drot´o-me)

Division of cartilage. [chondro- + G. tome, a cutting]

chondrotrophic chondrotrophic (kon-dro-trof´ik)

Influencing the nutrition and thereby the development and growth of cartilage. [chondro- + G. trophe, nourishment]

chondroxiphoid chondroxiphoid (kon-dro-zif´oyd)

Relating to the xiphoid or ensiform cartilage. [chondro- + G. xiphos, sword, + eidos, appearance]

chondrus chondrus (kon´drus)

1. cartilage 2. The plant Chondrus crispus, Fucus crispus, or Gigartina mamillosa (family Gigartinaceae); a demulcent in chronic and intestinal disorders.carrageen (1) , carragheen, Irish moss, pearl moss; [G. chondros, gristle]

chonechondrosternon chonechondrosternon (ko´ne-kon-dro-ster´non)

pectus excavatum [G.choane (chone), funnel, + chondros, cartilage, + sternon, sternum]

CHOP CHOP

Acronym for cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone, a chemotherapy regimen for treatment of lymphomas.

Chopart Chopart

François, French surgeon, 1743-1795. See C.'s amputation, joint.

chord- chord-

Cord. See also cord-. [G. chorde]

chorda chorda , pl. chordae (kor´da, -de) [NA]

A tendinous or a cord-like structure. See also cord. [L., cord]
c. chirurgica´lis surgical catgut. [L.]
c. dorsa´lis notochord (2)
c. mag´na tendo calcaneus
c. obli´qua [NA] oblique ligament of elbow joint
c. spermat´ica spermatic cord
c. spina´lis spinal cord
chor´dae tendin´eae [NA] the tendinous strands running from the papillary muscles to the atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid).tendinous cords;
c. tym´pani [NA] a nerve given off from the facial nerve in the facial canal which passes through the posterior canaliculus of the c. tympani into the tympanic cavity, crosses over the tympanic membrane and handle of the malleus, and passes out through the anterior canaliculus of the c. tympani in the petrotympanic fissure to join the lingual branch of the mandibular nerve in the infratemporal fossa; it conveys taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and carries parasympathetic preganglionic fibers to the submandibular ganglion, for innervation of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.cord of tympanum, tympanichord;
c. umbilica´lis umbilical cord
c. vertebra´lis obsolete term for notochord (2) .
c. voca´lis , pl. chor´dae voca´les vocal fold
chor´dae willis´ii Willis' cords, under cord

chordal chordal (kor´dal)

Relating to any chorda or cord, especially to the notochord.

chorda-mesoderm chorda-mesoderm (kor-da-mes´o-derm)

That part of the protoderm of a young embryo which has the potentiality of forming notochord and mesoderm.

Chordata Chordata (kor-da´ta)

The phylum that includes the vertebrates, defined by possession of: 1) a single dorsal nerve cord (the brain and spinal cord of mammals); 2) a cartilaginous rod, the notochord, which forms dorsal to the primitive gut in the early embryo, and is surrounded and replaced by the vertebral column in the subphylum vertebrata; 3) by presence at some stage in development of gill slits in the pharynx or throat. [L. chorda, fr. G. chorde, a string]

chordate chordate (kor´dat)

An animal of the phylum Chordata.

chordee chordee (kor-de´)

1. Painful erection of the penis in gonorrhea or Peyronie's disease, with curvature resulting from lack of distensibility of the corpus cavernosum urethrae.gryposis penis, penis lunatus; 2. Ventral curvature of the penis, most apparent on erection, as seen in hypospadias due to congenital shortness of the ventral skin and, on rare occasions, in patients with a normally situated meatus. [Fr. corded]

chorditis chorditis (kor-dI´tis)

Inflammation of a cord; usually a vocal cord. [G. chorde, cord, + -itis, inflammation]
c. voca´lis infe´rior an inflammation limited mainly to the undersurface of the vocal cords and adjacent parts.chronic subglottic laryngitis;

chordoma chordoma (kor-do´ma)

A rare solitary slowly growing neoplasm of skeletal tissue in adults, derived from persistent portions of the notochord; composed of cells arranged in lobules, with abundant quantities of extracellular mucus; some cells contain vacuoles of mucus that resemble soap bubbles (physaliphorous cells); most frequently in region clivus or lumbar-sacral cord. [(noto)chord + G. -oma, tumor]

chordoskeleton chordoskeleton (kor-do-skel´e-ton)

The part of the embryonic skeleton that develops in conjunction with the notochord.

chordotomy chordotomy (kor-dot´o-me)

cordotomy

chorea chorea (kor-e´a)

1. Irregular, spasmodic, involuntary movements of the limbs or facial muscles, often accompanied by hypotonia. The location of the responsible cerebral lesion is not known. 2. Sydenham's c [L. fr. G. choreia, a choral dance, fr. choros, a dance]
c.-acanthocytosis a slowly progressive familial chorea with associated mental deterioration, diminished deep tendon reflexes, bilateral atrophy of the putamen and caudate nuclei and acanthocytosis (thorny appearance of blood erythrocytes); the disorder typically begins around late adolescence; inheritance is usually autosomal recessive.acanthocytosis with c;
acanthocytosis with c. c.-acanthocytosis
acute c. Sydenham's c
benign familial c. a rare, nonprogressive movement disorder characterized by c. and athetosis appearing in early childhood, most commonly manifested as gait ataxia and upper limb coordination. Intellect is unaffected. Probably autosomal-dominance inheritance with incomplete penetrance.
chronic progressive c. Huntington's c
c. cor´dis cardiac irregularity related to c.
dancing c. procursive c
degenerative c. Huntington's c
c. dimidia´ta hemichorea
electric c. 1. progressively fatal spasmodic disorder, possibly of malarial origin, occurring chiefly in Italy; 2. a severe form of Sydenham's c., in which the spasms are rapid and of a specially jerky character.
fibrillary c. myokymia
c. gravida´rum sydenham's chorea occurring in pregnancy.
habit c. tic
hemilateral c. hemichorea
Henoch's c. spasmodic tic
hereditary c. Huntington's c
Huntington's c. a progressive disorder usually beginning in young to middle age, consisting of a triad of choreoathetosis, dementia, and autosomal dominant inheritance with complete penetrance. Bilateral marked wasting of the putamen and the head of the caudate nucleus is characteristic.chronic progressive c., degenerative c., hereditary c., Huntington's disease;
hysterical c. conversion hysteria in which involuntary, quick, and purposeless (choreiform) movements constitute the chief feature.
juvenile c. Sydenham's c
laryngeal c. a spasmodic tic involving the muscles, resulting in an explosive manner of talking as in spasmotic dysphonia.
c. ma´jor a spasmodic attack occurring in patients with conversion hysteria.
mimetic c. imitation of the c. movements of another person.
c. mi´nor Sydenham's c
Morvan's c. myokymia
posthemiplegic c. posthemiplegic athetosis
procursive c. a form in which the patient whirls around, runs forward, or exercises a sort of rhythmic dancing movement.dancing c;
rheumatic c. Sydenham's c
rhythmic c. patterned movement in conversion hysteria.
saltatory c. rhythmic dancing movements, as in procursive c.
senile c. a disorder resembling Sydenham's c., not associated with cardiac disease or dementia, occurring in the aged.
Sydenham's c. a postinfectious c. appearing several months after a streptococcal infection with subsequent rheumatic fever. The c. typically involves the distal limbs and is associated with hypotonia and emotional lability. Improvement occurs over weeks or months and exacerbations occur without associated infection recurrence.acute c., c. minor, chorea (2) , juvenile c., rheumatic c., Sydenham's disease;

choreal choreal (kor-e´al)

Relating to chorea.

choreic choreic (kor-e´ik)

Relating to or of the nature of chorea.

choreiform choreiform (kor-e´i-form)

choreoid

choreo- choreo-

Chorea.

choreoathetoid choreoathetoid (kor´e-o-ath´e-toyd)

Pertaining to or characterized by choreoathetosis.

choreoathetosis choreoathetosis (kor´e-o-ath-e-to´sis)

Abnormal movements of body of combined choreic and athetoid pattern. [choreo- + G. athetos, unfixed, + -osis, condition]
congenital c. double athetosis

choreoid choreoid (kor´e-oyd)

Resembling chorea.choreiform;

choreophrasia choreophrasia (kor´e-o-fra´ze-a)

Continual repetition of meaningless phrases. [choreo- + G. phrasis, speaking]

chorio- chorio-

Any membrane, especially that which encloses the fetus. [G. chorion, membrane]

chorioadenoma chorioadenoma (ko´re-o-ad-e-no´ma)

A benign neoplasm of chorion, especially with hydatidiform mole formation.
c. destru´ens hydatidiform mole in which there is an unusual degree of invasion of the myometrium or its blood vessels, causing hemorrhage, necrosis, and occasionally rupture of the uterus or embolism of molar tissue to the lungs; there is marked proliferation of the trophoblast, but avascular villi may also be found.invasive mole;

chorioallantoic chorioallantoic (ko´re-o-al-an-to´ik)

Pertaining to the chorioallantois.

chorioallantois chorioallantois (ko´re-o-a-lan´to-is)

Extraembryonic membrane formed by the fusion of the allantois with the serosa or false chorion. In mammals it forms the fetal portion of the placenta; in avian embryos it is fused with the shell.

chorioamnionitis chorioamnionitis (ko´re-o-am´ne-o-nI´tis)

Infection involving the chorion, amnion, and amniotic fluid; usually the placental villi and decidua are also involved.

chorioangioma chorioangioma (ko´re-o-an-je-o´ma)

Benign tumor of placental blood vessels (hemangioma), usually of no clinical significance; large tumors may be associated with placental insufficiency and fetal hydrops; in some instances, the stroma is edematous and may resemble myxomatous tissue. See also chorioangiosis. [chorion + angioma]

chorioangiomatosis chorioangiomatosis (ko´re-o-an´je-o-ma-to´sis)

chorioangiosis

chorioangiosis chorioangiosis (ko´re-o-an-je-o´sis)

An abnormal increase in the number of vascular channels in placental villi; severe c. is associated with a high incidence of neonatal death and major congenital malformations.chorioangiomatosis; [chorio- + G. angeion, vessel, + -osis, condition]

choriocapillaris choriocapillaris (ko´re-o-kap-i-la´ris)

choriocapillary layer

choriocarcinoma choriocarcinoma (ko´re-o-kar-si-no´ma)

A highly malignant neoplasm derived from placental syncytial trophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts which forms irregular sheets and cords, which are surrounded by irregular "lakes" of blood; villi are not formed; neoplastic cells invade blood vessels. Hemorrhagic metastases develop relatively early in the course of the illness, and are frequently found in the lungs, liver, brain, and vagina and various other pelvic organs; c. may follow any type of pregnancy, especially hydatidiform mole, and occasionally originates in teratoid neoplasms of the ovaries or testes.chorioepithelioma;

choriocele choriocele (ko´re-o-sel)

A hernia of the choroid coat of the eye through a defect in the sclera. [chorio- + G. kele, hernia]

chorioepithelioma chorioepithelioma (ko´re-o-ep-i-the-le-o´ma)

choriocarcinoma

choriogonadotropin choriogonadotropin (ko´re-o-gon´a-do-tro-pin)

chorionic gonadotropin

chorioid- chorioid- , chorioido-

For words beginning thus and not found here, see choroid-, choroido-.

chorioma chorioma (ko-re-o´ma)

Rarely used term for a benign or malignant tumor of chorionic tissue.

choriomammotropin choriomammotropin (ko´re-o-mam´o-tro-pin)

human placental lactogen

choriomeningitis choriomeningitis (ko-re-o-men-in-jI´tis)

A cerebral meningitis in which there is a more or less marked cellular infiltration of the meninges, often with a lymphocytic infiltration of the choroid plexuses, particularly of the third and fourth ventricles.
lymphocytic c. a form of viral meningitis that usually occurs in young adults during the fall and winter months. Caused by a virus carried by the common house mouse. See also lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.

chorion chorion (ko´re-on)

The multilayered, outermost fetal membrane consisting of extraembryonic somatic mesoderm, trophoblast, and, on the maternal surface, villi bathed by maternal blood; as pregnancy progresses, part of the c. becomes the definitive fetal placenta.chorionic sac, membrana serosa (1); [G. chorion, membrane enclosing the fetus]
c. frondo´sum the part of the c. where the villi persist, forming the fetal part of the placenta.shaggy c;
c. lae´ve the portion of the c. from which the villi disappear in the later stages of pregnancy.smooth c;
previllous c. primitive c
primitive c. the c. before its villi are well formed.previllous c;
shaggy c. c. frondosum
smooth c. c. laeve

chorionic chorionic (ko-re-on´ik)

Relating to the chorion.

Chorioptes Chorioptes (ko-re-op´tez)

A genus of cosmopolitan and very common mange mites (family Psoroptidae) that cause chorioptic or symbiotic domestic animal mange, characterized by restriction of the mange to certain parts of the animal's body. Various species described, i.e., C. equi of horses, C. caprae of goats, C. ovis of sheep, C. cuniculi of rabbits, are now thought to be physiologic strains of one species, C. bovis of cattle. [G. chorion, membrane, + optos, visible]

chorioretinal chorioretinal (ko-re-o-ret´i-nal)

Relating to the choroid coat of the eye and the retina.retinochoroid;

chorioretinitis chorioretinitis (ko´re-o-ret-i-nI´tis)

retinochoroiditis
c. sclopeta´ria proliferation of fibrous tissue in the choroid and retina as the result of contusion of the sclera by a high velocity missile. [L. sclopetum, 14th century Italian handgun]

chorioretinopathy chorioretinopathy (ko´re-o-ret-i-nop´a-the)

A primary abnormality of the choroid with extension to the retina. See also choroidopathy.

chorista chorista (ko-ris´ta)

A focus of tissue that is histologically normal per se, but is not normally found in the organ or structure in which it is located; e.g., tissue displaced, during development, from its normal site. Cf. choristoma. [G. choristos, separated]

choristoblastoma choristoblastoma (ko-ris´to-blas-to´ma)

An autonomous neoplasm composed of relatively undifferentiated cells of a choristoma. [choristoma + blastoma]

choristoma choristoma (ko-ris-to´ma)

A mass formed by maldevelopment of tissue of a type not normally found at that site. [G. choristos, separated, + -oma]

choroid choroid (ko´royd)

The middle vascular tunic of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera.choroidea [NA]; [G. choroeides, a false reading for chorioeides, like a membrane]

choroidal choroidal (ko-roy´dal)

Relating to the choroid (choroidea).

choroidea choroidea (ko-royd´e-a) [NA]

choroid [see choroid]

choroideremia choroideremia (ko-roy-der-e´me-a)

Progressive degeneration of the choroid in males, occasionally in females, beginning with peripheral pigmentary retinopathy, followed by atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium and of the choriocapillaris, night blindness, progressive constriction of visual fields, and finally complete blindness; X-linked inheritance; heterozygous females show a pigmentary retinopathy but without visual defect or peripheral progression.progressive choroidal atrophy, progressive tapetochoroidal dystrophy; [choroid + G. eremia, absence]

choroiditis choroiditis (ko-roy-dI´tis)

Inflammation of the choroid. Cf. choroidopathy, chorioretinopathy. posterior uveitis;
anterior c. disseminated c. restricted to peripheral choroid.
areolar c. inflammation of the choroid, with prominent pigment proliferation occurring first in the macular region and then more peripherally.
diffuse c. a widespread exudative inflammation of the choroid, with progressive resolution of older lesions as new ones occur.
disseminated c. chronic inflammation of the choroid, with multiple isolated foci.
exudative c. a circumscribed inflammation of the choroid, often with multiple lesions.
juxtapupillary c. c. adjacent to the optic disk.
metastatic c. inflammation of the choroid arising from microbial emboli.
multifocal c. macular, peripapillary, and peripheral c., often designated presumed ocular histoplasmosis.
posterior c. disseminated c. restricted to the central choroid.
proliferative c. the dense scar tissue produced by severe choroiditis.
suppurative c. purulent inflammation of the choroid.

choroido- choroido-

The choroid.

choroidocyclitis choroidocyclitis (ko-roy´do-sI-klI´tis)

Inflammation of the choroid coat and the ciliary body. [choroido- + G. kyklos, circle]

choroidopathy choroidopathy (ko-roy-dop´a-the)

Noninflammatory degeneration of the choroid.
areolar c. a slowly progressive pigmentary degeneration in young persons; characterized by black foci closely set together and coalescent at the posterior pole and macular region.central areolar choroidal atrophy, central areolar choroidal sclerosis;
central serous c. detachment of the sensory retina induced by decreased adhesion between cells of the retinal pigment epithelium which permits plasma from the choriocapillaris to enter subretinal space.central angiospastic retinopathy, central serous retinopathy;
Doyne's honeycomb c. obsolete term for macular drusen.
geographic c. bilateral acquired abnormality of retinal pigment epithelium and choroid in which irregular multiple progressive swelling is followed by atrophic scars in linear patterns.helicoid c., serpiginous c;
guttate c. obsolete term for macular drusen.
helicoid c. geographic c
myopic c. chronic degeneration of the sclera and choroid with posterior staphyloma, accompanying high myopia.
serpiginous c. geographic c

choroidoretinitis choroidoretinitis (ko-roy´do-ret-i-nI´tis)

retinochoroiditis

choroidosis choroidosis (ko´-roy-do´sis)

Obsolete term for choroidopathy.

Chotzen Chotzen

F., 20th century German physician. See C.'s syndrome.

Christ Christ

J., German dermatologist, 1871-1948. See C.-Siemens-Touraine syndrome.

Christensen Christensen

Erna, Danish pathologist, 1906-1967. See C.-Krabbe disease.

Christian Christian

Henry A., U.S. internist, 1876-1951. See C.'s disease, syndrome; Hand-Schüller-C. disease; Weber-C. disease.

Christison Christison

Sir Robert, Scottish physician, 1797-1882. See C.'s formula.

Christmas Christmas

Surname of a child with the disease subsequently called Christmas disease; first case studied in detail. See also Christmas factor, hemophilia B.

chrom- chrom- , chromat- , chromato- , chromo-

Color. [G. chroma]

chromaffin chromaffin (kro´maf-in)

Giving a brownish yellow reaction with chromic salts; denoting certain cells in the medulla of the adrenal glands and in paraganglia.chromaphil, chromatophil (3) , chromophil (3) , chromophile, pheochrome (1); [chrom- + L. affinis, affinity]

chromaffinoma chromaffinoma (kro-maf-in-o´ma)

A neoplasm composed of chromaffin cells occurring in the medullae of adrenal glands, the organs of Zuckerkandl, or the paraganglia of the thoracolumbar sympathetic chain; some c.'s secrete catecholamines. See also pheochromocytoma.chromaffin tumor;

chromaffinopathy chromaffinopathy (kro´maf-in-op´a-the)

Any pathologic condition of chromaffin tissue, as in the medullae of adrenal glands or the organs of Zuckerkandl. [chromaffin + G. pathos, suffering]

chroman chroman , chromane (kro´man, -man)

3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran;fundamental unit of the tocopherols (vitamin E). See also chromanol, chromene, chromenol.

chromanol chromanol (kro´man-ol)

6-Hydroxychroman (6-chromanol) is the fundamental unit of the tocopherols (vitamin E), tocols, and tocotrienols, as well as of ubi-, toco-, and phyllochromanol. See also chroman, chromene, chromenol.hydroxychroman;

chromaphil chromaphil (kro´ma-fil)

chromaffin

chromat- chromat-

See chrom-.

chromate chromate (kro´mat)

A salt of chromic acid.
sodium c. Cr 51 anionic hexavalent radioactive chromium in the form of c. chromate (Na₂⁵¹CrO₄) with a half-life of 27.8 days; used for the determination of circulating red cell volume and red cell survival time.

chromatic chromatic (kro-mat´ik)

Of or pertaining to color or colors; produced by, or made in, a color or colors.

chromatid chromatid (kro´ma-tid)

Each of the two strands formed by longitudinal duplication of a chromosome that becomes visible during prophase of mitosis or meiosis; the two c.'s are joined by the still undivided centromere; after the centromere has divided at metaphase and the two c.'s have separated, each c. becomes a chromosome. [G. chroma, color, + -id (2),]

chromatin chromatin (kro´ma-tin)

The genetic material of the nucleus, consisting of deoxyribonucleoprotein, which occurs in two forms during the phase between mitotic divisions: 1) as heterochromatin, seen as condensed, readily stainable clumps; 2) as euchromatin, dispersed lightly staining or nonstaining material. During mitotic division the c. condenses into chromosomes. [G. chroma, color]
heteropyknotic c. heterochromatin
oxyphil c. oxychromatin
sex c. a small condensed mass of the inactivated X-chromosome usually located just inside the nuclear membrane of the interphase nucleus; the number of sex c. bodies per nucleus is one less than the number of X-chromosomes, hence normal males and females with Turner's syndrome (XO) have none (sex c. negative), normal females and males with Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY) have one, and (XXX) females have two c. masses. For technical reasons only about half the cells in a preparation show typical masses. See also Lyon hypothesis.Barr chromatin body;

chromatinolysis chromatinolysis (kro´ma-ti-nol´i-sis)

chromatolysis

chromatinorrhexis chromatinorrhexis (kro-mat´i-no-rek´sis)

Fragmentation of the chromatin. [chromatin + G. rhexis, rupture]

chromatism chromatism (kro´ma-tizm)

1. Abnormal pigmentation. 2. chromatic aberration [G. chroma, color]

chromato- chromato-

See chrom-.

chromatogenous chromatogenous (kro-ma-toj´e-nus)

Producing color; causing pigmentation. [chromato- + -gen, producing]

chromatogram chromatogram (kro-mat´o-gram)

The graphic record produced by chromatography.

chromatograph chromatograph (kro-mat´o-graf)

To perform chromatography.

chromatographic chromatographic (kro´mat-o-graf´ik)

Pertaining to chromatography.

chromatography chromatography (kro-ma-tog´ra-fe)

The separation of chemical substances and particles (originally plant pigments and other highly colored compounds) by differential movement through a two-phase system. The mixture of materials to be separated is percolated through a column or sheet of some suitable chosen absorbent (e.g., an ion-exchange material); the substances least absorbed are least retarded and emerge the earliest; those more strongly absorbed emerge later.absorption c; [chromato- + G. grapho, to write]
absorption c. chromatography
adsorption c. c. in which separation of substances is achieved by the difference in degree of adsorption of the compounds to a stationary phase.
affinity c. c. where the absorbent has a unique chemical affinity for a particular component of the passing solution.affinity column;
column c. a form of partition, adsorption, ion exchange, or affinity c. in which one phase is liquid (aqueous) flowing down a column packed with the second phase, a solid; the dissolved substances form a partition between the solid and liquid phases depending on the chemical and physical conditions of each phase; the more strongly adsorbed solutes reach the bottom of the column later than the less strongly adsorbed ones.
gas c. a chromatographic procedure in which the mobile phase is a mixture of gases or vapors, which are separated in the process by their differential adsorption on a stationary phase.
gas-liquid c. (GLC) gas c., with the stationary phase being liquid rather than solid.
gel filtration c. See gel filtration.
high-performance liquid c. (HPLC) a chromatographic technology used to separate and quantitate mixtures of substances in solution. A sample is injected into a moving stream of solvent that flows through a column and detector. Separation during passage through the column occurs by absorption, partition, ion exchange, or size exclusion. The technique is commonly used in laboratories to measure organic compounds including steroid hormones, pesticides and poisons, toxic and carcinogenic compounds, and drugs. Also called high-pressure liquid c.high-pressure liquid chromatography;
high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) high-performance liquid c
ion exchange c. c. in which cations or anions in the mobile phase are separated by electrostatic interactions with the stationary phase. See also anion exchange, cation exchange.
liquid-liquid c. c. in which both the moving phase and the stationary (or reverse-moving) phase are liquids, as in countercurrent distribution.
paper c. partition c. in which the moving phase is a liquid and the stationary phase is paper.
partition c. the separation of similar substances by repeated divisions between two immiscible liquids, so that the substances, in effect, cross the partition between the liquids in opposite directions; where one of the liquids is bound as a film on filter paper, the process is termed paper partition c. or paper c.
reversed phase c. a form of partitionary c. in which the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase.
thin-layer c. (TLC) c. through a thin layer of cellulose or similar inert material supported on a glass or plastic plate.
two-dimensional c. paper c. in which a spot, located originally in one corner of a sheet, is developed in one direction along one side of the sheet, after which the sheet is rotated 90° and developed, with another solvent, in the new direction; the resultant spots are thus spread over the entire paper, giving a "map" or "fingerprint." Also generalized to include c. followed by electrophoresis (or vice versa), column c. followed by paper c., etc.

chromatoid chromatoid (kro´ma-toyd)

A refractile substance composed of chromatin, thought to be a non-glycogen food reserve contained within the cytoplasm of certain protozoa; seen in cysts of Entamoeba histolytica as rounded bars or chromatoidal bodies in contrast to the splintery form of c. bodies in cysts of Entamoeba coli. [chromato- + G. eidos, form]

chromatokinesis chromatokinesis (kro´ma-to-ki-ne´sis)

Rearrangement of the chromatin into various forms. [chromato- + G. kinesis, movement]

chromatolysis chromatolysis (kro-ma-tol´i-sis)

The disintegration of the granules of chromophil substance (Nissl bodies) in a nerve cell body which may occur after exhaustion of the cell or damage to its peripheral process; other changes considered part of c. include swelling of the perikaryon and shifting of the nucleus from its central position to the periphery.chromatinolysis, chromolysis, tigrolysis; [chromato- + G. lysis, dissolution]
central c. c. associated with significant axonal injury.retrograde c;
retrograde c. central c
transsynaptic c. transsynaptic degeneration

chromatolytic chromatolytic (kro-ma-to-lit´ik)

Relating to chromatolysis.

chromatometer chromatometer (kro-ma-tom´e-ter)

colorimeter [chromato- + G. metron, measure]

chromatopectic chromatopectic (kro´ma-to-pek´tik)

Relating to or causing chromatopexis.chromopectic;

chromatopexis chromatopexis (kro´ma-to-pek´sis)

The fixation of color or staining fluid.chromopexis; [chromato- + G. pexis, fixation]

chromatophil chromatophil (kro-mat´o-fil)

1. chromophilic 2. chromophil (2) 3. chromaffin

chromatophilia chromatophilia (kro´ma-to-fil´e-a)

chromophilia

chromatophilic chromatophilic , chromatophilous (kro-ma-to-fil´ik, -tof´i-lus)

chromophilic

chromatophobia chromatophobia (kro´ma-to-fo´be-a)

chromophobia

chromatophore chromatophore (kro-mat´o-for)

1. A colored plastid, due to the presence of chlorophyll or other pigments, found in certain forms of protozoa. 2. Melanophage; a pigment-bearing phagocyte found chiefly in the skin, mucous membrane, and choroid coat of the eye, and also in melanomas. 3. chromophore 4. A colored plastid in plants; e.g., chloroplasts, leukoplasts, etc. [chromato- + G. phoros, bearing]

chromatophorotropic chromatophorotropic (kro´ma-to-for´o-trop´ik)

Denoting the attraction of chromatophores to the skin or other organs. [chromatophore + G. tropos, a turning]

chromatoplasm chromatoplasm (kro´ma-to-plazm)

The part of the cytoplasm containing pigment.

chromatopsia chromatopsia (kro-ma-top´se-a)

A condition in which objects appear to be abnormally colored or tinged with color; designated according to the color seen: xanthopsia, yellow vision; erythropsia, red vision; chloropsia, green vision; cyanopsia, blue vision.chromatic vision, colored vision, tinted vision; Cf. dyschromatopsia. [chromato- + G. opsis, vision]

chromatosome chromatosome (kro-ma´to-som)

A nucleosome with one bound histone-1 protein.

chromatotropism chromatotropism (kro-ma-tot´ro-pizm)

1. A change of color. 2. The phenomenon of orientation in response to color. [chromato- + G. trope, turn]

chromaturia chromaturia (kro-ma-tu´re-a)

Abnormal coloration of the urine. [chromato- + G. ouron, urine]

chrome chrome (krom)

Chromium, especially as a source of pigment.

chromene chromene (kro´men)

2H-1-Benzopyran;fundamental unit of the tocopherolquinones. See also chroman, chromanol, chromenol.

chromenol chromenol (kro´men-ol)

6-hydroxychromene (6-chromenol) is the fundamental unit of the tocopherolquinones (oxidized tocopherol) and plastochromenol-8. See also chroman, chromanol, chromene.hydroxychromene;

chrome red chrome red

Basic lead chromate, PbCrO₄PbO.

chromesthesia chromesthesia (kro-mes-the´ze-a)

1. The color sense. 2. A condition in which non-visual stimuli, such as taste or smell, cause the perception of color. [G. chroma, color, + aisthesis, sensation]

chrome yellow chrome yellow [C.I. 77600]

A fine yellow powder used in paints and dyes.lead chromate, Leipzig yellow, lemon yellow, Paris yellow;

chromhidrosis chromhidrosis (krom-hI-dro´sis)

A rare condition characterized by the excretion of sweat containing pigment.chromidrosis; [chrom- + G. hidros, sweat]
apocrine c. excretion of colored sweat, usually black, from apocrine glands, due to an abnormal lipochrome content of the secretion, occurring on the face or the axillae in adult Negro males.

chromic acid chromic acid (kro´mik)

H₂CrO₄ or H₂Cr₂O₇;a strong oxidizing agent formed by dissolving chromium trioxide (CrO₃) in water. Has been used in solution as a topical antiseptic.

chromidia chromidia (kro-mid´e-a)

Plural of chromidium.

chromidiation chromidiation (kro-mid-e-a´shun)

chromidiosis

chromidiosis chromidiosis (kro-mid-e-o´sis)

An outpouring of nuclear substance and chromatin into the cell protoplasm.chromidiation;

chromidium chromidium , pl. chromidia (kro-mid´e-um, -e-a)

A basophilic particle or structure in the cell cytoplasm, rich in RNA, often found in specialized cells. [G. chroma, color, + -idion, a diminutive termination]

chromidrosis chromidrosis (kro-mi-dro´sis)

chromhidrosis

chromium (Cr) chromium (Cr) (kro´me-um)

A metallic element, atomic no. 24, atomic wt. 51.9961. A dietary essential bioelement. ⁵¹Cr (half-life of 27.70 days) is used as a diagnostic aid in many disorders (e.g., gastrointestinal protein loss). [G. chroma, color]
c. trioxide CrO₃;chromic acid, used as a caustic in the removal of warts and other small growths from the skin and genitals; the hydrated acid, H₂CrO₄, forms variously colored salts with potassium, lead, and other bases.

chromo- chromo-

See chrom-.

Chromobacterium Chromobacterium (kro-mo-bak-ter´e-um)

A genus of bacteria (family Rhizobiaceae) containing Gram-negative, motile rods. These microorganisms produce a violet pigment (violacein) and are occasionally pathogenic to man and other animals. The type species is C. violaceum.
C. viola´ceum type species of the genus C.; it is found in soil and water.

chromoblast chromoblast (kro´mo-blast)

An embryonic cell with the potentiality of developing into a pigment cell. [chromo- + G. blastos, germ]

chromoblastomycosis chromoblastomycosis (kro´mo-blas´to-mI-ko´sis)

A localized chronic mycosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissues characterized by skin lesions so rough and irregular as to present a cauliflower-like appearance; caused by dematiaceous fungi such as Phialophora verrucosa, P. dermatitidis, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, F. compacta, and Cladosporium carrionii; fungal cells resembling copper pennies form rounded sclerotic bodies in tissue, with epidermal hyperplasia and intraepidermal microabscesses.chromomycosis; [chromo- + G. blastos, germ, + myke, fungus, + -osis, condition]

chromocenter chromocenter (kro´mo-sen-ter)

karyosome

chromocystoscopy chromocystoscopy (kro´mo-sis-tos´ko-pe)

cystochromoscopy [chromo- + G. kystis, bladder, + skopeo, to view]

chromocyte chromocyte (kro´mo-sIt)

Any pigmented cell, such as a red blood corpuscle. [chromo- + G. kytos, cell]

chromogen chromogen (kro´mo-jen)

1. A substance, itself without definite color, that may be transformed into a pigment; denoting especially benzene and its homologues toluene, xylene, quinone, naphthalene, and anthracene, from which the aniline dyes are manufactured. 2. A microorganism that produces pigment.
Porter-Silber c.'s yellow phenylhydrazones formed by the reaction of 17,21-dihydroxy-20-oxosteroids with a phenylhydrazine-ethanol-sulfuric acid reagent; used chiefly to determine plasma cortisol concentrations and the urinary output of 17-hydroxycorticoids.

chromogenesis chromogenesis (kro-mo-jen´e-sis)

Production of coloring matter or pigment. [chromo- + G. genesis, production]

chromogenic chromogenic (kro-mo-jen´ik)

1. Denoting a chromogen. 2. Relating to chromogenesis.

chromogranins chromogranins (kro´mo-gran-inz)

Soluble proteins of chromaffin granules; c. A, an acidic glycoprotein, accounts for approximately half of the total protein of the granule matrix.

chromoisomerism chromoisomerism (kro´mo-I-som´er-izm)

Isomerism in which the isomers display different colors.

chromolipid chromolipid (kro-mo-lip´id)

lipochrome (1)

chromolysis chromolysis (kro-mol´i-sis)

chromatolysis

chromomere chromomere (kro´mo-mer)

1. A condensed segment of a chromonema; densely staining bands visible in chromosomes under certain conditions. 2. granulomere [chromo- + G. meros, a part]

chromometer chromometer (kro-mom´e-ter)

colorimeter

chromomycosis chromomycosis (kro´mo-mI-ko´sis)

chromoblastomycosis [chromo- + G. mykes, fungus, + -osis, condition]

chromonar hydrochloride chromonar hydrochloride (kro´mo-nar)

[{3-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl}oxy] acetic acid ethyl ester hydrochloride;used as a coronary vasodilator for treatment of angina pectoris.

chromone chromone (kro´mon)

4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one;fundamental unit of various plant pigments and other substances. See also flavone, chromene, chroman.

chromonema chromonema , pl. chromonemata (kro-mo-ne´ma, -ma-ta)

The coiled filament in which the genes are located, which extends the entire length of a chromosome and exhibits an intensely positive Feulgen test for DNA.chromatic fiber; [chromo- + G. nema, thread]

chromonychia chromonychia (kro-mo-nik´e-a)

Abnormality in the color of the nails. [chromo- + G. onyx (onych-), nail]

chromopectic chromopectic (kro-mo-pek´tik)

chromatopectic

chromopexis chromopexis (kro-mo-pek´sis)

chromatopexis

chromophage chromophage (kro´mo-faj)

A phagocyte that destroys pigment; an obsolete term applied by Metchnikoff to the cells believed by him to be active in the reduction of pigment of the hair. [chromo- + G. phagein, to eat]

chromophanes chromophanes (kro´mo-phanz)

The colored oil globules in the retinal cones of some animal species. [chromo- + G. phaino, to show]

chromophil chromophil , chromophile (kro´mo-fil, kro´mo-fIl)

1. chromophilic 2. A cell or any histologic element that stains readily.chromatophil (2); 3. chromaffin [chromo- + G. phileo, to love]

chromophilia chromophilia (kro-mo-fil´e-a)

The property possessed by most cells of staining readily with appropriate dyes.chromatophilia; [chromo- + G. phileo, to love]

chromophilic chromophilic , chromophilous (kro-mo-fil´ik, -mof´i-lus)

Staining readily; denoting certain cells and histologic structures.chromatophil (1) , chromatophilic, chromatophilous, chromophil (1) , chromophile;

chromophobe chromophobe (kro´mo-fob)

Resistant to stains, staining with difficulty or not at all; denoting certain degranulated cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.chromophobic; [chromo- + G. phobos, fear]

chromophobia chromophobia (kro-mo-fo´be-a)

1. Resistance to stains on the part of cells and tissues. 2. A morbid dislike of colors.chromatophobia; [chromo- + G. phobos, fear]

chromophobic chromophobic (kro-mo-fo´bik)

chromophobe [chromo- + phobos, fear]

chromophore chromophore (kro´mo-for)

The atomic grouping upon which the color of a substance depends.chromatophore (3) , color radical; [chromo- + G. phoros, bearing]

chromophoric chromophoric , chromophorous (kro-mo-for´ik, -mof´or-us)

1. Relating to a chromophore. 2. Producing or carrying color; denoting certain microorganisms.

chromophototherapy chromophototherapy (kro´mo-pho´to-thar´a-pe)

chromotherapy [chromo- + photo- + G. therapeia, medical treatment]

chromoplast chromoplast (kro´mo-plast)

A chromophore filled with carotenoids.

chromoplastid chromoplastid (kro-mo-plas´tid)

A pigmented plastid, containing chlorophyll, formed in certain protozoans. [chromo- + G. plastos, formed, + -id (2)]

chromoprotein chromoprotein (kro-mo-pro´ten)

One of a group of conjugated proteins, consisting of a combination of pigment (i.e., a colored prosthetic group) with a protein; e.g., hemoglobin.

chromosomal chromosomal (kro´mo-so´mal)

Pertaining to chromosomes.

chromosomal map chromosomal map

A formal, stylized representation of the karyotype and of the positioning and ordering on it of those loci that have been localized by any of several mapping methods.

chromosome chromosome (kro´mo-som)

One of the bodies (normally 46 in humans) in the cell nucleus that is the bearer of genes, has the form of a delicate chromatin filament during interphase, contracts to form a compact cylinder segmented into two arms by the centromere during metaphase and anaphase stages of cell divison, and is capable of reproducing its physical and chemical structure through successive cell divisons. In microbes, the c. is prokaryotic, not being enclosed within a nuclear membrane and not being subject to a mitotic mechanism. [chromo- + G. soma, body]
accessory c. a c. existing without its normal homologous c.; at the reduction division of gametogenesis an accessory c. is likely to be included in one daughter cell and not in the other, but may be lost completely by lagging behind on the equatorial plate.monosome (1) , odd c., unpaired allosome, unpaired c;
acentric c. a fragment of a c. lacking a centromere and unable to attach to the mitotic spindle, therefore unable to take part in the division of a nucleus and randomly distributed in daughter cells.acentric fragment;
acrocentric c. a c. with the centromere placed very close to one end so that the short arm is very small, often with a satellite.
bivalent c. a pair of c.'s temporarily united.
Christchurch c. (Ch1) an abnormal small acrocentric c. (no. 21 or 22) with complete or almost complete deletion of the short arm; found in cultured leukocytes in some cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, also in some normal relatives of patients.
derivative c. an anomalous c. generated by translocation.translocation c;
dicentric c. a c. with two centromeres that may result from reciprocal translocation.
double minute c.'s paired, extrachromosomal elements lacking centromeres, often associated with a drug resistance gene.
fragile X c. an X c. with a fragile site near the end of the long arm, resulting in the appearance of an almost detached fragment; demonstrated only under special culture conditions; frequently associated with X-linked mental retardation. See Renpenning's syndrome.
giant c. 1. polytene c 2. lampbrush c
heterotypical c. allosome
homologous c.'s members of a single pair of c.'s.
lampbrush c. , lamp-brush c. 1. a large c. found in oocytes of certain animals characterized by many fine lateral projections giving the appearance of a test tube brush or lampbrush. 2. multiply looped chromosomal area of the chromatin of some species.giant c. (2);
late replicating c. a c. (often anomalous) that is shown, e.g., by incorporation of a labeled nucleotide, to undergo delayed duplication preliminary to mitosis; formerly used as a means of distinguishing members of a group of c.'s.
marker c. a c. with cytologically distinctive characteristics.
metacentric c. a c. with a centrally placed centromere that divides the c. into two arms of approximately equal length.
mitochondrial c. the DNA component of mitochondria, the chief function of which is synthesis of adenosine triphosphate and the management of cellular energy; the c. contains some 16,000 base pairs arranged in a circle. The inheritance is matrilineal, and the mutation rate is unusually high; since each cell contains thousands of copies a mutant form may assume an almost continuous gradation as in a galtonian process. Most of the mutations known have their impact on the respiratory chain.
nonhomologous c.'s c.'s that are not members of the same pair.
nucleolar c. a c. regularly associated with a nucleolus.
odd c. accessory c
Philadelphia c. (Ph1) an abnormal minute c. formed by a rearrangement of c.'s 9 and 22; found in cultured leukocytes of many patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia.
polytene c. a stage of c. division that forms the giant c. found in the salivary gland of dipterous insects; the great width is the result of repeated divisions of the chromonema without subsequent lengthwise separation of the filaments.giant c. (1);
c. puffs expansions of particular c. regions; sites of RNA syntheses.
ring c. a c. with ends joined to form a circular structure. The ring form is abnormal in humans but the normal form of the c. in certain bacteria.
sex c.'s the pair of c.'s responsible for sex determination. In humans and most animals, the sex c.'s are designated X and Y; females have two X c.'s, males have one X and one Y c. In certain birds, insects, and fishes the sex c.'s are designated Z and W; males have two Z c.'s, females may have one Z and one W c., or one Z and no W c.gonosome;
submetacentric c. a c. with the centromere so placed that it divides the c. into two arms of strikingly unequal length.
telocentric c. a c. with a terminal centromere; such c.'s are unstable and arise by misdivision or breakage near the centromere and are usually eliminated within a few cell divisions.
translocation c. derivative c
unpaired c. accessory c
W c. , X c. , Y c. , Z c. See sex c.'s.
yeast artificial c.'s (YAC) yeast DNA sequences that have incorporated into them very large foreign DNA fragments; the recombinant DNA is then introduced into the yeast by transformation; the use of yeast artificial c.'s permits the cloning of large genes with their flanking regulatory sequences.

chromosome map chromosome map

A systematic semiabstract representation of the physical location of loci on a karyotype. Cf. genetic map.

chromosome mapping chromosome mapping

The process of determining the position of loci on specific chromosomes and constructing a diagram of each chromosome showing the relative positions of loci; techniques include family studies with linkage analysis, somatic cell hybridization, and chromosome deletion mapping.

chromosome pairing chromosome pairing

The process in synapsis whereby homologous c.p.'s align opposite each other before disjoining in the formation of the daughter cell; the apposition permits exchange of genetic material in crossing-over.

chromosome walking chromosome walking

A process of extending a genetic map by successive hybridization steps.

chromotherapy chromotherapy (kro-mo-thar´a-pe)

Treatment of disease by colored light.chromophototherapy;

chromotoxic chromotoxic (kro-mo-tok´sik)

Caused by a toxic action on the hemoglobin, as in chromotoxic hyperchromemia, or resulting from the destruction of hemoglobin.

chromotrichia chromotrichia (kro-mo-trik´e-a)

Colored or pigmented hair. [chromo- + G. thrix (trich-), hair]

chromotrichial chromotrichial (kro-mo-trik´e-al)

Pertaining to the coloring of hair.

chromotrope chromotrope (kro´mo-trop)

Any of several dyes containing chromotropic acid and which have the property of changing from red to blue on afterchroming.

chromotrope 2R chromotrope 2R [C.I. 16570]

A red acid dye, C₁₆H₁₀N₂O₈S₂Na₂, used as a counterstain and for staining red blood cells in sections.

chromotropic acid chromotropic acid (kro´mo-trop-ik)

4,5-Dihydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid;used as a reagent and in chromotropes.

chronaxia chronaxia (kro-nak´se-a)

chronaxie

chronaxie chronaxie (kro´nak-se)

A measurement of excitability of nervous or muscular tissue; the shortest duration of an effective electrical stimulus having a strength equal to twice the minimum strength required for excitation.chronaxia, chronaxis, chronaxy; [G. chronos, time, + axia, value]

chronaximeter chronaximeter (kro-nak-sim´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring chronaxie.

chronaximetry chronaximetry (kro-nak-sim´e-tre)

The measurement of chronaxie. [G. chronos, time, + axia, value, + metrein, to measure]

chronaxis chronaxis (kro-nak´sis)

chronaxie

chronaxy chronaxy (kro´nak-se)

chronaxie

chronic chronic

1. Referring to a health-related state, lasting a long time. 2. Referring to exposure, prolonged or long-term, sometimes meaning also low-intensity. 3. The U.S. National Center for Health Statistics defines a chronic condition as one of three months' duration or longer. [G. chronos, time]

chronicity chronicity (kron-is´i-te)

The state of being chronic.

chrono- chrono-

Time. [G. chronos]

chronobiology chronobiology (kron´o-bI-ol´o-je)

That aspect of biology concerned with the timing of biological events, especially repetitive or cyclic phenomena in individual organisms. [chrono- + G. bios, life, + logos, study]

chronognosis chronognosis (kron-og-no´sis)

Perception of the passage of time. [chrono- + G. gnosis, knowledge]

chronograph chronograph (kron´o-graf)

An instrument for graphic measurement and recording brief periods of time. [chrono- + G. grapho, to record]

chronometry chronometry (kro-nom´e-tre)

Measurement of intervals of time. [chrono- + G. metron, measure]
mental c. study of the duration of mental and behavorial processes.

chrono-oncology chrono-oncology (kron´o-on-kol´o-je)

The study of the influence of biological rhythms on neoplastic growth; also used to describe anti-cancer treatment based on the timing of drug administration. [G. chronos, time, + oncology]

chronopharmacology chronopharmacology (kron´o-far-ma-kol´o-je)

A branch of chronobiology concerned with the effects of drugs upon the timing of biological events and rhythms, and the relation of biological timing to the effects of drugs.

chronophobia chronophobia (kron´o-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of the duration or immensity of time.

chronophotograph chronophotograph (kron-o-fo´to-graf)

A photograph taken as one of a series for the purpose of showing successive phases of a motion.

chronotaraxis chronotaraxis (kron´o-ta-rak´sis)

Distortion or confusion of the sense of time. [chrono- + G. taraxis, confusion]

chronotropic chronotropic (kron´o-trop´ik)

Affecting the rate of rhythmic movements such as the heartbeat.

chronotropism chronotropism (kron-ot´ro-pizm)

Modification of the rate of a periodic movement, e.g., the heartbeat, through some external influence. [chrono- + G. trope, turn, change]
negative c. retardation of movement, especially of the heart rate.
positive c. acceleration of movement, especially of the heart rate.

chroococcals chroococcals (kro-o-kok-alz)

A class of cyanobacteria in which the cells are solitary or colonial. [Chroococcus fr. G. chros, chroos, color, + coccus]

chrys- chrys- , chryso-

Gold; corresponds to L. auro-. [G. chrysos]

chrysanthemum-carboxylic acids chrysanthemum-carboxylic acids (kri-san´the-mum-kar-bok´si-lik)

Cyclopropane carboxylic acids substituted in one position by two methyl groups, the other by 2-methyl-1-propenyl (chrysanthemum monocarboxylic acid) or by 3-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxo-1-propenyl (chrysanthemum dicarboxylic acid methyl ester); these acids, esterified with allethrolone or pyrethrolone, are the allethrins and pyrethrins, respectively.

chrysarobin chrysarobin (kris-a-ro´bin)

An extract of Goa powder; a complex mixure of reduction products of chrysophanic acid, emodin, and emodin monomethyl ether; used locally in ringworm, psoriasis, and eczema. [G. chrysos, gold, + Brazil Ind. araroba, bark]

chrysazine chrysazine (kris´a-zin)

danthron

chrysiasis chrysiasis (kri-sI´a-sis)

A permanent slate-gray discoloration of the skin and sclera resulting from deposition of gold in the connective tissue of the skin and eye together with increased melanin formation after administration of gold.auriasis, aurochromoderma, chrysoderma; [G. chrysos, gold]

chrysocyanosis chrysocyanosis (kris´o-sI-a-no´sis)

Pigmentation of skin due to reaction to therapeutic use of gold salts.

chrysoderma chrysoderma (kris-o-der´ma)

chrysiasis [G. chrysos, gold, + derma, skin]

chrysoidin chrysoidin (kris´oy-din) [C.I. 11270]

2,4-Diaminoazobenzene hydrochloride;a dye (MW 249) made from aniline, used in histology and as an indicator (changing from orange to yellow at pH 4.0 to 7.0); also employed as a substitute for Bismarck brown. C. citrate and c. thiocyanate are used as antiseptics.

Chrysomyia Chrysomyia (kris-o-mI´ya)

A genus of myiasis-producing fleshflies (family Calliphoridae) with medium-sized metallic-colored adults; includes the Old World screw worm, C. bezziana (sometimes called Cochliomyia bezziana), which is a primary invader, comparable to Cochliomyia hominivorax, the New World screw worm fly, whereas C. megacephala is an Old World equivalent to Cochliomyia macellaria, both being secondary or saprophytic invaders. [G. chrysos, gold, + myia, fly]

Chrysops Chrysops (kris´ops)

The deerfly, a genus of biting flies with about 80 North American species, characterized by a splotched wing pattern; C. discalis is a vector of Francisella tularensis in the U.S.; C. dimidiatus and C. silaceus are the principal vectors of Loa loa in west Africa. [G. chrysos, gold, + ops, eye]

Chrysosporium parvum Chrysosporium parvum (kris-o-spor´e-um par´vum)

A species of soil fungus. The pathogenic organism that had this name has been changed to Emmonsia parva and does cause adiaspiromycosis.

chrysotherapy chrysotherapy (kris-o-thar´a-pe)

Treatment of disease by the administration of gold salts.aurotherapy; [G. chrysos, gold]

chthonophagia chthonophagia , chthonophagy (thon-o-fa´je-a, -of´a-je)

Rarely used terms for geophagia. [G. chthon, earth, + phago, to eat]

chunking chunking (chunk´ing)

The process within short-term memory of combining disparate items of information so that they take up as little as possible of the limited space in short-term memory; e.g., combining into one percept the three individual letters making up the word "cat".

Churg Churg

Jacob, U.S. pathologist, *1910. See C.-Strauss syndrome.

chutta chutta (chut´a)

Cancer of the roof of the mouth developing in Asians who smoke cigars with the lighted end inside the mouth. A similar association has been reported from South America and Sardinia.

Chvostek Chvostek

Franz, Austrian surgeon, 1834-1884. See C.'s sign.

chyl- chyl-

See chylo-.

chylangioma chylangioma (kI-lan-je-o´ma)

A mass of prominent, dilated lacteals and larger intestinal lymphatic vessels. [chyl- + G. angeion, vessel, + -oma, tumor]

chylaqueous chylaqueous (kI-la´kwe-us)

Referring to watery chyle. [chyl- + L. aqua, water]

chyle chyle (kIl)

A turbid white or pale yellow fluid taken up by the lacteals from the intestine during digestion and carried by the lymphatic system via the thoracic duct into the circulation. The milky appearance is due to chylomicrons in the lymph. [G. chylos, juice]

chylemia chylemia (kI-le´me-a)

The presence of chyle in the circulating blood. [chyl- + G. haima, blood]

chylidrosis chylidrosis (kI-li-dro´sis)

Sweating of a milky fluid resembling chyle. [chyl- + G. hidros, sweat]

chylifaction chylifaction (kI-li-fak´shun)

chylopoiesis [chyl- + L. facio, to make]

chylifactive chylifactive (kI-li-fak´tiv)

chylopoietic

chyliferous chyliferous (kI-lif´er-us)

Conveying chyle.chylophoric; [chyl- + L. fero, to carry]

chylification chylification (kI´li-fi-ka´shun)

chylopoiesis

chyliform chyliform (kI´li-form)

Resembling chyle.

chylo- chylo- , chyl-

Chyle. [G. chylos, juice.]

chylocele chylocele (kI´lo-sel)

A cystlike lesion resulting from the effusion of chyle into the tunica vaginalis propria and cavity of the tunica vaginalis testis. [chylo- + G. kele, tumor]
parasitic c. elephantiasis scroti

chylocyst chylocyst (kI´lo-sist)

cisterna chyli [chylo- + G. kystis, bladder]

chyloderma chyloderma (kI-lo-der´ma)

elephantiasis scroti [chylo- + G. derma, skin]

chylomediastinum chylomediastinum (kI´lo-me-de-as-tI´num)

Abnormal presence of chyle in the mediastinum.

chylomicron chylomicron , pl. chylomicra chylomicrons (kI-lo-mi´kron, -mI´kra, -mi´kronz)

A lipid droplet (between 0.8 and 5 nm in diameter) of reprocessed lipid synthesized in epithelial cells of the small intestine and containing triacylglycerols, cholesterol esters, and several apolipoproteins (e.g., A-I, B-48, C-I, C-II, C-III, E); the least dense (less than 0.95 g/mL) of the plasma lipoproteins which functions as a transport vehicle. [chylo- + G. micros, small]

chylomicronemia chylomicronemia (kI´lo-mI-kro-ne´me-a)

The presence of chylomicrons, especially an increased number, in the circulating blood, as in type I familial hyperlipoproteinemia. See also familial chylomicronemia syndrome.

chylopericarditis chylopericarditis (kI´lo-par-i-kar-dI´tis)

chylopericardium

chylopericardium chylopericardium (kI´lo-par-i-kar´de-um)

A milky pericardial effusion resulting from obstruction of the thoracic duct, from trauma, or of idiopathic origin.chylopericarditis;

chyloperitoneum chyloperitoneum (kI´lo-par-i-to-ne´um)

chylous ascites

chylophoric chylophoric (kI-lo-for´ik)

chyliferous [chylo- + G. phoros, bearing]

chylopleura chylopleura (kI-lo-plur´a)

chylothorax

chylopneumothorax chylopneumothorax (kI´lo-nu-mo-thor´aks)

Free chyle and air in the pleural space.

chylopoiesis chylopoiesis (kI´lo-poy-e´sis)

Formation of chyle in the intestine.chylifaction, chylification; [chylo- + G. poiesis, a making]

chylopoietic chylopoietic (kI´lo-poy-et´ik)

Relating to chylopoiesis.chylifactive;

chylorrhea chylorrhea (kI-lo-re´a)

The flow or discharge of chyle. [chylo- + G. rhoia, flow]

chylosis chylosis (kI-lo´sis)

The formation of chyle from the food in the intestine, its digestion and absorption by the intestinal mucosa, and its mixture with the blood and conveyance to the tissues.

chylothorax chylothorax (kI-lo-thor´aks)

An accumulation of milky chylous fluid in the pleural space, usually on the left.chylopleura, chylous hydrothorax;

chylous chylous (kI´lus)

Relating to chyle.

chyluria chyluria (kI-lu´re-a)

The passage of chyle in the urine; a form of albiduria. [chyl- + G. ouron, urine]

chymase chymase (kI´mas)

chymosin

chyme chyme (kIm)

The semifluid mass of partly digested food passed from the stomach into the duodenum.chymus, pulp (3); [G. chymos, juice]

chymification chymification (kI-mi-fi-ka´shun)

chymopoiesis [G. chymos, juice, + L. facio, to make]

chymopapain chymopapain (kI´mo-pap-a´in)

A cysteine proteinase similar to papain in specificity; rarely used to shrink slipped disks as an alternative to surgery, and as a meat tenderizer.

chymopoiesis chymopoiesis (kI´mo-poy-e´sis)

The production of chyme; the physical state of food (semifluid) brought about by digestion in the stomach.chymification; [G. chymos, juice, chyme, + poiesis, a making]

chymorrhea chymorrhea (kI-mo-re´a)

The flow of chyme. [G. chymos, juice, + rhoia, flow]

chymosin chymosin (kI´mo-sin)

A proteinase structurally homologous with pepsin, formed from prochymosin; the milk-curdling enzyme obtained from the glandular layer of the stomach of the calf. Acts on a single peptide bond (-Phe-Met-) in kappa-casein.chymase, pexin, rennase, rennet, rennin;

chymosinogen chymosinogen (kI-mo-sin´o-jen)

prochymosin

chymostatin chymostatin (kI´mo-sta-tin)

An oligopeptide that is known to inhibit chymotrypsin-like proteases (e.g., cathepsin A, B, and D, and papain).

chymotrypsin chymotrypsin (kI-mo-trip´sin)

C. A or B; a serine proteinase of the gastrointestinal tract that preferentially cleaves carboxyl links of hydrophobic amino acids, particularly at tyrosyl, tryptophanyl, phenylalanyl, and leucyl residues; synthesized in the pancreas as chymotrypsinogen, and subsequently converted to pi-, delta-, and finally a-c. by successive trypsin-dependent cleavages; proposed for use in the treatment of inflammation and edema associated with trauma and to facilitate intracapsular cataract extraction. C. C is similar to c. but with broader specificity (e.g., additionally acting on carboxyl links of methionyl, glutaminyl, and asparaginyl residues).

chymotrypsinogen chymotrypsinogen (kI´mo-trip-sin´o-jen)

The precursor of chymotrypsin. Converted to pi-chymotrypsin by the action of trypsin.

chymous chymous (kI´mus)

Relating to chyme.

chymus chymus (kI´mus)

chyme

Ci Ci

Abbreviation for curie.

Ciaccio Ciaccio

Giuseppe V., Italian anatomist, 1824-1901. See Ciaccio's glands, under gland.

Ciaccio Ciaccio

Carmelo, Italian pathologist, 1877-1956. See Ciaccio's stain.

cib. cib.

Abbreviation for L. cibus, food.

cibophobia cibophobia (sI-bo-fo´be-a)

Fear of eating, or loathing for, food. [L. cibus, food, + G. phobos, fear]

CIC CIC

Abbreviation for clean intermittent catheterization.

cicatrectomy cicatrectomy (sik-a-trek´to-me)

Excision of a scar. [L. cicatrix, scar, + G. ektome, excision]

cicatrices cicatrices (sik-a-trI´sez)

Plural of cicatrix.

cicatricial cicatricial (sik-a-trish´al)

Relating to a scar.

cicatricotomy cicatricotomy , cicatrisotomy (sik´a-trI-kot´o-me, -sot´o-me)

Cutting a scar. [L. cicatrix, scar, + G. tome, cutting]

cicatrix cicatrix , pl. cicatrices (sik´a-triks, si-ka´triks; sik-a-trI´sez)

A scar. [L.]
brain c. a scarring of the brain resulting from injury (reactive gliosis), characterized by proliferation of mesodermal (vascular) and ectodermal (glial) elements. See also isomorphous gliosis.
filtering c. a c. through which fluid may seep; denoting especially a form of c. produced by an operation for glaucoma, through which there is subconjunctival drainage of aqueous humor.
meningocerebral c. scarring and adhesions involving contiguous brain and meninges; typically caused by head injury.
vicious c. a c. that by its contraction causes a deformity.

cicatrizant cicatrizant (sik-at´ri-zant)

1. Causing or favoring cicatrization. 2. An agent with such action.

cicatrization cicatrization (sik´a-tri-za´shun)

1. The process of scar formation. 2. The healing of a wound otherwise than by first intention.

ciclopirox olamine ciclopirox olamine (sI-klo-pir´oks ol´a-men)

C₁₄H₂₄N₂O₃;a broad spectrum antifungal agent used to treat a variety of fungus and yeast skin infections.

cicutoxin cicutoxin (sik-yu-tok´sin)

(-)-Heptadeca-trans-8,10,12-triene-4,6-diyne-1,4-diol;a toxic principle present in water hemlock, Cicuta virosa (family Umbelliferae); pharmacologic action is similar to that of picrotoxin.

CIDP CIDP

Abbreviation for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.

ciguatera ciguatera (seg-wah-tar´a)

Poisoning due to the ingestion of the flesh or viscera of various marine fish of the tropical Caribbean and Pacific, such as barracuda, grouper, red snapper, amberjack, and dolphin, which contain ciguatoxin acquired through their food chain and unaffected by preservation or preparation procedures; characterized by varying combinations of vomiting and diarrhea, myalgia, dysesthesia and paresthesia of the extremities and perioral region, pruritis, headache, weakness, and diaphoresis. [Sp., prob. cigua, sea snail]

ciguatoxin ciguatoxin (seg-wa-tok´sin)

A marine saponin of unknown structure but with the empirical formula C₃₅H₆₅NO₈; the toxic substance causing ciguatera.

cilastatin sodium cilastatin sodium (sI-la-stat´in)

C₁₆H₂₅N₂NaO₅S;an inhibitor of the renal dipeptidase, dehydropeptidase 1, used, in conjunction with antibiotics subject to metabolism in the kidneys, to increase therapeutic response to the antibiotic.

cili- cili-

See cilio-.

cilia cilia (sil´e-a)

Plural of cilium.

ciliary ciliary (sil´e-ar-e)

1. Relating to any cilia or hairlike processes, specifically, the eyelashes. 2. Relating to certain of the structures of the eyeball. [Mod. L. ciliaris, relating to or resembling an eyelid, or eyelash, fr. L. cilium, eyelid]

ciliastatic ciliastatic (sil-e-a-stat´ik)

Denoting a drug or condition that slows or stops the beating of cilia (generally used with reference to respiratory mucosal cilia).

Ciliata Ciliata (sil-e-a´ta)

Formerly considered a class of Protozoa whose members bear cilia or structures derived from them, such as cirri or membranelles, but now placed within the phylum Ciliophora. Typical members, such as Paramecium or Balantidium coli (a parasite of man) possess two distinctive nuclei, a macronucleus and a micronucleus; only the latter bears the hereditary material exchanged in conjugation, a form of sexual reproduction found only in the C. [L. cilium, eyelid]

ciliated ciliated (sil´e-a-ted)

Having cilia.

ciliates ciliates (sil´e-ats)

Common name for members of the Ciliata.

ciliectomy ciliectomy (sil-e-ek´to-me)

cyclectomy

cilio- cilio- , cili-

Cilia or meaning ciliary, in any sense; eyelashes. [L. cilium, eyelid (eyelash)]

ciliogenesis ciliogenesis (sil´e-o-jen´e-sis)

The formation of cilia.

Ciliophora Ciliophora (sil´e-of´o-ra)

A phylum of protozoa that includes the abundant free-living ciliates and the sessile suctorians; formerly classified as a subphylum of the phylum Protozoa. [cilio- + G. phoros, bearing]

cilioretinal cilioretinal (sil´e-o-ret´i-nal)

Pertaining to the ciliary body and the retina.

cilioscleral cilioscleral (sil´e-o-skle´ral)

Relating to the ciliary body and the sclera.

ciliospinal ciliospinal (sil´e-o-spI´nal)

Relating to the ciliary body and the spinal cord; denoting in particular the ciliospinal center.

ciliotoxicity ciliotoxicity (sil´e-o-tok-sis´i-te)

The characteristic of a drug or condition which impairs ciliary activity (generally refers to respiratory mucosal cilia) (e.g., tobacco smoke).

cilium cilium , pl. cilia (sil´e-um, -a)

1. [NA] eyelash 2. A motile extension of a cell surface, e.g., of certain epithelial cells, containing nine longitudinal double microtubules arranged in a peripheral ring, together with a central pair. [L. an eyelid]

cillo cillo (sil´o)

cillosis

Cillobacterium Cillobacterium (sil´o-bak-ter´e-um)

An obsolete genus of motile, anaerobic bacteria containing Gram-positive, straight or curved rods. Motile cells are peritrichous. These organisms may be pathogenic. The type species is C. moniliforme. This genus is no longer recognized, and most of its species have been transferred to Eubacterium: C. combesi is now Eubacterium combesi, C. moniliforme is now Eubacterium moniliforme, C. multiforme is now Eubacterium multiforme, and C. tenue is now Eubacterium tenue.

cillosis cillosis (sil-o´sis)

Obsolete term for spasmodic twitching of an eyelid.cillo; [Mod. L., spelling influenced by Fr. ciller, to wink]

cimetidine cimetidine (si-met´i-den)

N-Cyano-N´-methyl-N "-{2-[[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]thiol]ethyl}guanidine;a histamine analogue and antagonist used to treat peptic ulcer and hypersecretory conditions by blocking histamine receptor (type 2) sites, thus inhibiting gastric acid secretion.

Cimex lectularius Cimex lectularius (sI´meks lek-tyu-lar-e-us)

Member of the family Cimicidae, with a flat, reddish-brown wingless body, prominent lateral eyes, and a three-jointed beak; it produces a characteristic pungent odor from thoracic stink glands and is an abundant pest in human abodes, especially in the tropics under poor sanitary conditions. Although the bedbug's bite produces characteristic linear groups of pruritic wheals with a central hemorrhagic punctum, human disease has not been proved to be transmitted by it, with the possible exception of hepatitis B.bedbug; [L. cimex, bug, L. lectulus, a bed]

cimicosis cimicosis (sim-i-ko´sis)

Lesions produced by bedbug bites of Cimex lectularius.

Cimino Cimino

James E., U.S. nephrologist, *1928. See Brescia-C. fistula.

cIMP cIMP

Abbreviation for cyclic inosine 3,5-monophosphate.

cin- cin-

See cine-.

cinanesthesia cinanesthesia (sin´an-es-the´ze-a)

kinanesthesia

cinanserin hydrochloride cinanserin hydrochloride (si-nan´ser-in)

2´-[[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]thio]cinnamanilide monohydrochloride;a serotonin inhibitor.

cinchol cinchol (sin´kol)

beta-sitosterol

cinchona cinchona (sin-ko´na)

The dried bark of the root and stem of various species of Cinchona, a genus of evergreen trees (family Rubiaceae), native of South America but cultivated in various tropical regions. The cultivated bark contains 7 to 10% of total alkaloids; about 70% is quinine. C. contains more than 20 alkaloids, of which two pairs of isomers are most important: quinine and quinidine, and cinchonidine and cinchonine.bark (2) , cinchona bark, Jesuits' bark, Peruvian bark, quina, quinaquina, quinquina; [Cinchona, fr. Countess of Chinch´on]

cinchonic cinchonic (sin-kon´ik)

Relating to cinchona.

cinchonine cinchonine (sin´ko-nen)

A quinoline alkaloid prepared from the bark of several species of Cinchona; a tonic and antimalarial agent. Several c. salts are available.

cinchonism cinchonism (sin´ko-nizm)

Poisoning by cinchona, quinine, or quinidine; characterized by tinnitus, headache, deafness, and occasionally, anaphylactoid shock.quininism;

cinchophen cinchophen (sin´ko-fen)

C₆H₅-(C₉H₅N)-COOH; 2-Phenylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid; 2-phenylcinchoninic acid;an analgesic, antipyretic, and uricosuric agent that may produce liver damage and gastric lesions; used in experimental animals to produce gastric ulcer.

cinclisis cinclisis (sing´kli-sis)

Rapid repetition of a movement, e.g., rapidly repeated winking. [G. kingklizo, to wag the tail, change constantly]

cine- cine- , cin-

Movement, usually relating to motion pictures. See also kin-. [G. kineo, to move]

cineangiocardiography cineangiocardiography (sin´e-an´je-o-kar-de-og´ra-fe)

Motion pictures of the passage of a contrast medium through chambers of the heart and great vessels.

cinefluorography cinefluorography (sin´e-flur-og´ra-fe)

cineradiography

cinefluoroscopy cinefluoroscopy (sin´e-flur-os´ko-pe)

cineradiography

cinegastroscopy cinegastroscopy (sin´e-gas-tros´ko-pe)

Motion pictures of gastroscopic observations.

cinematics cinematics (sin-e-mat´iks)

kinematics

cineole cineole , cineol (sin´e-ol, -ol)

1,8-epoxy-p-menthane;a stimulant expectorant obtained from the volatile oil of Eucalyptus globulus and other species of Eucalyptus.cajeputol, cajuputol, eucalyptol;

cinephotomicrography cinephotomicrography (sin´e-fo´to-mI-krog´ra-fe)

The making of a motion picture of microscopic objects; time lapse photography is often used.

cineplastics cineplastics (sin-e-plas´tiks)

cineplastic amputation

cineradiography cineradiography (sin´e-ra-de-og´ra-fe)

Radiography of an organ in motion, e.g., the heart, the gastrointestinal tract.cinefluorography, cinefluoroscopy, cineroentgenography;

cinerea cinerea (si-ne´re-a)

1. The gray matter of the brain and other parts of the nervous system. 2. Obsolete term for mantle layer. [L. fem. of cinereus, ashy, fr. cinis, ashes]

cinereal cinereal (si-ne´re-al)

Relating to the gray matter of the nervous system.

cineritious cineritious (si-ner-ish´us)

Ashen; denoting the gray matter of the brain, spinal cord, and ganglia.

cineroentgenography cineroentgenography (sin´e-rent-gen-og´ra-fe)

cineradiography

cineseismography cineseismography (sin´e-sIz-mog´ra-fe)

A technique for measuring movements of the body by continuous photographic recording of shaking or vibration.

cinetoplasm cinetoplasm , cinetoplasma (sin-et´o-plazm, sin-et-o-plaz´ma)

kinetoplasm

cingulate cingulate (sin´gyu-lat)

Relating to a cingulum.

cingulectomy cingulectomy (sin-gyu-lek´to-me)

cingulotomy [cingulum + G. ektome, excision]

cingulotomy cingulotomy (sin-gyu-lot´o-me)

Formerly, a unilateral or bilateral surgical excision of the anterior half of the cingulate gyrus, but now accomplished by electrolytic destruction of the anterior cingulate gyrus and callosum.cingulectomy; [cingulum + G. tome, a cutting]

cingulum cingulum , gen. cin´guli , pl. cingula (sin´gyu-lum, -le, -la) [NA]

1. girdle 2. A well-marked fiber bundle passing longitudinally in the white matter of the cingulate gyrus; the bundle extends from the region of the anterior perforated substance back over the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum; behind the latter's splenium it curves down and then forward in the white matter of the parahippocampal gyrus; composed largely of fibers from the anterior thalamic nucleus to the cingulate and parahippocampal gyri, it also contains association fibers connecting these gyri with the frontal cortex, and their various subdivisions with each other. [L. girdle, fr. cingo, to surround]
c. den´tis [NA] c. of tooth
c. mem´bri inferior´is [NA] pelvic girdle
c. mem´bri superior´is [NA] shoulder girdle
c. of tooth a U- or W-shaped ridge at the base of the lingual surface of the crown of the upper incisors and cuspid teeth, the lateral limbs running for a short distance along the linguoproximal line angles, the central portion just above the gingiva.c. dentis [NA] , basal ridge (2) , lingual lobe;

cinnamaldehyde cinnamaldehyde (sin-a-mal´de-hId)

3-phenylpropenal;chief constituent of cinnamon oil.cinnamic aldehyde;

cinnamate cinnamate (sin´a-mat)

A salt or ester of cinnamic acid.

cinnamedrine cinnamedrine (sin-am´e-dren)

a-[1-(Cinnamylmethylamino)ethyl]benzyl alcohol;a smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of menstrual cramping.

cinnamein cinnamein (sin´am-e-in)

benzyl cinnamate

cinnamene cinnamene (sin´a-men)

styrene

cinnamic cinnamic (si-nam´ik)

Relating to cinnamon.

cinnamic acid cinnamic acid

C₆H₅CH=CHCOOH; 3-phenylpropenoic acid;obtained from cinnamon oil, Peruvian and tolu balsams, or storax. It has been used in lupus as paint and in infectious diseases to promote leukocytosis.cinnamylic acid, phenylacrylic acid;

cinnamic alcohol cinnamic alcohol

styrone

cinnamic aldehyde cinnamic aldehyde

cinnamaldehyde

cinnamon cinnamon (sin´a-mon)

1. The dried bark of Cinnamomum loureirii Nees (family Lauraceae), an aromatic bark used as a spice and, in medicine, as an adjuvant, carminative, and aromatic stomachic.Saigon c; 2. The dried inner bark of the shoots of Cinnamomum zeylanicum.Ceylon c; cassia bark; [L. fr. G. kinnamomon, cinnamon]
cassia c. Cinnamomum cassia Nees (family Lauraceae); the unofficial source of most of the cinnamon in the shops; the source of c. oil.Chinese c;
Ceylon c. cinnamon (2)
Chinese c. cassia c
Saigon c. cinnamon (1)

cinnamon oil cinnamon oil

The volatile oil distilled with steam from the leaves and twigs of Cinnamomum cassia; it contains not less than 80% by volume of the total aldehydes of cinnamon oil.cassia oil;

cinnamylic acid cinnamylic acid (sin-a-mil´ik)

cinnamic acid

cinnarizine cinnarizine (si-nar´i-zen)

1-cinnamyl-4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazine;an antihistaminic.cinnipirine;

cinnipirine cinnipirine (si-nip´i-ren)

cinnarizine

cinocentrum cinocentrum (sin-o-sen´trum)

cytocentrum

cinoxacin cinoxacin (si-noks´a-sin)

[1,3]Dioxolo[4,5-g]cinnoline-3-carboxylic acid, 1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-;a synthetic organic acid, chemically related to nalidixic acid, used as an antibacterial to treat urinary tract infections.

cinoxate cinoxate (si-nok´sat)

2-Ethoxyethyl p-methoxycinnamate;an ultraviolet screen for topical application on the skin.

cion cion (sI´on)

Archaic term for uvula. [G. kion, pillar, the uvula]

ciprofloxacin hydrochloride ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (sip-ro-floks´a-sin)

C₁₇H₁₈FN₃O₃. HCl. H₂O;a synthetic fluoroquinolone broad spectrum, antibacterial with activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms.

cirantin cirantin (sir-an´tin)

hesperidin

circadian circadian (ser-ka´de-an)

Relating to biologic variations or rhythms with a cycle of about 24 hours. Cf. infradian, ultradian. [L. circa, about, + dies, day]

circellus circellus (sir-sel´us)

circle [L.]
c. veno´sus hypoglos´si venous plexus of hypoglossal canal

circhoral circhoral (ser-ko´ral)

Occurring cyclically about once an hour.

circinate circinate (ser´si-nat)

Circular; ring-shaped. [L. circinatus, made round, pp. of circino, to make round, fr. circinus, a pair of compasses]

circle circle (ser´kl)

1. A ring-shaped structure or group of structures. 2. A line or process with every point equidistant from the center.circellus; [L. circulus]
arterial c. of cerebrum an anastomotic "circle" of arteries (roughly pentagonal in outline) at the base of the brain, formed, sequentially and in anterior to posterior direction, by the anterior communicating artery, the two anterior cerebral, the two internal carotid, the two posterior communicating, and the two posterior cerebral arteries.circulus arteriosus cerebri [NA] , c. of Willis;
articular vascular c. an anastomosis of vessels encircling a joint. See articular vascular network.circulus articularis vasculosus [NA];
Baudelocque's uterine c. pathologic retraction ring
Carus' c. Carus' curve
cerebral arterial c. the roughly pentagonally shaped c. of vessels on the ventral aspect of the brain in the area of the optic chiasm, hypothalamus, and interpeduncular fossa. See c. of Willis.
closed c. a circuit for administration of an inhalation anesthetic in which there is complete rebreathing with carbon dioxide absorption.
defensive c. obsolete term for the addition of a secondary affection that limits or arrests the progress of the primary affection, as thought to occur when pneumothorax supervenes on pulmonary tuberculosis, the former having a therapeutic effect on the latter.
greater arterial c. of iris an arterial circle at the ciliary border of the iris.circulus arteriosus iridis major [NA];
Haller's c. 1. vascular c. of optic nerve 2. areolar venous plexus
Huguier's c. anastomosis around the isthmus of the uterus (junction of the cervix with the body) between the right and left uterine arteries.
least diffusion c. in the configuration of rays emerging from a spherocylindrical lens system, the place where diverging rays of the lens first forming a line image are balanced by converging rays of the second lens.
lesser arterial c. of iris an arterial circle near the pupillary margin of the iris.circulus arteriosus iridis minor [NA];
Pagenstecher's c. in the case of a freely movable abdominal tumor, the mass is moved throughout its entire range, its position at intervals being marked on the abdominal wall; when these points are joined, a c. is formed, the center of which marks the point of attachment of the tumor.
Ridley's c. circular sinus (1)
rolling c. a mechanism for the replication of circular DNA.
semi-closed c. a circuit for administration of an inhalation anesthetic in which partial rebreathing with carbon dioxide absorption is combined with loss from the circuit of a portion of respired gases through valves.
vascular c. 1. the c. around the mouth formed by the inferior and superior labial arteries; 2. areolar venous plexus
vascular c. of optic nerve a network of branches of the short ciliary arteries on the sclera around the point of entrance of the optic nerve.circulus vasculosus nervi optici [NA] , circulus arteriosus halleri, circulus zinnii, Haller's c. (1) , Zinn's corona, Zinn's vascular c;
venous c. of mammary gland areolar venous plexus
vicious c. 1. the mutually accelerating action of two independent diseases or phenomena, or of a primary and secondary affection; 2. the passage of food, after a gastroenterostomy, from the artificial opening through the intestinal loop by antiperistaltic action and back into the stomach again by the pyloric orifice, or the reverse.
c. of Willis arterial c. of cerebrum
Zinn's vascular c. vascular c. of optic nerve

circuit circuit (ser´kit)

The path or course of flow of cases or electric or other currents. [L. circuitus, a going round, fr. circum, around, + eo, pp. itus, to go]
anesthetic c. equipment used during inhalation anesthesia to regulate concentrations of inhaled gases; includes a reservoir bag and usually directional valves, breathing tubes, and a carbon dioxide absorber.
Papez c. a long circuitous conduction chain in the mammalian forebrain, leading from the hippocampus by way of the fornix to the mammillary body and thence returning to the hippocampus by way of, sequentially, the anterior thalamic nuclei, cingulate gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus.
reverberating c. a theory of periodic conduction through the cerebral cortex of trains of impulses traveling in c.'s of neurons.

circulation circulation (ser-kyu-la´shun)

Movements in a circle, or through a circular course, or through a course which leads back to the same point; usually referring to blood c. unless otherwise specified. [L. circulatio]
assisted c. application of external devices to improve pressure, flow, or both in the heart or arteries.
blood c. the course of the blood from the heart through the arteries, capillaries, and veins back again to the heart.
capillary c. the course of the blood through the capillaries.
collateral c. c. maintained in small anastomosing vessels when the main vessel is obstructed.
compensatory c. c. established in dilated collateral vessels when the main vessel of the part is obstructed.
cross c. c. to an animal or one of its parts from the c. of another animal.
embryonic c. the basic plan of the c. of a young mammalian embryo, at first similar to that in aquatic forms, with an unpartitioned heart and conspicuous aortic arches in the branchial region; as gestation progresses, the arrangement of the major blood vessels gradually approaches that of an adult, but the routing of blood through the heart, characteristic of an adult, cannot be attained until lung breathing begins at birth.
enterohepatic c. c. of substances such as bile salts which are absorbed from the intestine and carried to the liver, where they are secreted into the bile and again enter the intestine.
extracorporeal c. the c. of blood outside of the body through a machine that temporarily assumes an organ's functions, e.g., through a heart-lung machine or artificial kidney.
fetal c. the c. which serves the fetus in utero, with the placental circuit responsible for supplying oxygen and nutritive material and for eliminating CO₂ and nitrogenous wastes. See also embryonic c.
greater c. systemic c
hypophysial portal c. portal hypophysial c
hypothalamohypophysial portal c. portal hypophysial c
lesser c. pulmonary c
lymph c. the slow passage of lymph through the lymphatic vessels and glands.
placental c. the c. of blood through the placenta during intrauterine life, serving the needs of the fetus for aeration, absorption, and excretion; also, maternal circulation through the intervillous space of the placenta.
portal c. 1. c. of blood to the liver from the small intestine, the right half of the colon, and the spleen via the portal vein; sometimes specified as the hepatic portal c.; 2. more generally, any part of the systemic circulation in which blood draining from the capillary bed of one structure flows through a larger vessel(s) to supply the capillary bed of another structure before returning to the heart; e.g., the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system.
portal hypophysial c. a capillary network that carries hypophyseotropic hormones from the hypothalamus, where they are secreted into blood, to their sites of action in the anterior hypophysis. See portal c., hypophysis, hypothalamus.hypophyseoportal system, hypophysial portal c., hypophysial portal system, hypophysioportal system, hypothalamohypophysial portal c., hypothalamohypophysial portal system;
pulmonary c. the passage of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and back through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium.lesser c;
Servetus' c. obsolete eponym for the pulmonary c.
systemic c. the c. of blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins of the general system, from the left ventricle to the right atrium.greater c;
thebesian c. (the-be´se-an) the system of smaller veins in the myocardium.

circulatory circulatory (ser´kyu-la-to-re)

1. Relating to the circulation. 2. sanguiferous

circulus circulus , gen and pl. circuli (ser´kyu-lus, -lI)

1. [NA] Any ringlike structure. 2. A circle formed by connecting arteries, veins, or nerves. [L. dim. of circus, circle]
c. arterio´sus cer´ebri [NA] arterial circle of cerebrum
c. arterio´sus hal´leri vascular circle of optic nerve
c. arterio´sus ir´idis ma´jor [NA] greater arterial circle of iris
c. arterio´sus ir´idis mi´nor [NA] lesser arterial circle of iris
c. articula´ris vasculo´sus [NA] articular vascular circle, articular vascular network
c. vasculo´sus ner´vi op´tici [NA] vascular circle of optic nerve
c. veno´sus hal´leri areolar venous plexus
c. veno´sus rid´leyi circular sinus (1)
c. zin´nii vascular circle of optic nerve

circum- circum-

A circular movement, or a position surrounding the part indicated by the word to which it is joined. See also peri-. [L. around]

circumanal circumanal (ser-kum-a´nal)

Surrounding the anus.perianal, periproctic;

circumarticular circumarticular (ser´kum-ar-tik´yu-lar)

Surrounding a joint.periarthric, periarticular; [circum- + L. articulus, joint]

circumaxillary circumaxillary (ser-kum-mak´si-lar-e)

Around the axilla.periaxillary;

circumbulbar circumbulbar (ser-kum-bul´bar)

peribulbar

circumcise circumcise (ser´kum-sIz)

To perform circumcision, especially of the prepuce.

circumcision circumcision (ser-kum-sizh´un)

1. Operation to remove part or all of the prepuce.peritomy (2); 2. Cutting around an anatomical part (e.g., the areola of the breast).peritectomy (2); [L. circumcido, to cut around, fr. circum, around, + caedo, to cut]

circumcorneal circumcorneal (ser-kum-kor´ne-al)

pericorneal

circumduction circumduction (ser-kum-duk´shun)

1. Movement of a part, e.g., an extremity, in a circular direction. 2. cycloduction [circum- + L. duco, pp. ductus, to draw]

circumference (c) circumference (c) (ser-kum´fer-ens)

The outer boundary, especially of a circular area.circumferentia [NA]; [L. circumferentia, a bearing around]
articular c. of radius the portion of the head of the radius that articulates with the radial notch of the ulna.circumferentia articularis radii [NA];
articular c. of ulna the portion of the head of the ulna that articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius.circumferentia articularis ulnae [NA];

circumferentia circumferentia (ser-kum-fer-en´she-a) [NA]

circumference, circumference [L. a bearing around]
c. articula´ris ra´dii [NA] articular circumference of radius
c. articula´ris ul´nae [NA] articular circumference of ulna

circumflex circumflex (ser´kum-fleks)

Describing an arc of a circle or that which winds around something; denotes several anatomical structures: arteries, veins, nerves, and muscles. [circum- + L. flexus, to bend]

circumgemmal circumgemmal (ser-kum-jem´al)

Surrounding a budlike or bulblike body; denoting a mode of nerve termination by fibrils surrounding an end bulb.perigemmal; [circum- + L. gemma, a bud]

circumintestinal circumintestinal (ser´kum-in-tes´ti-nal)

perienteric

circumlental circumlental (ser-kum-len´tal)

perilenticular

circummandibular circummandibular (ser´kum-man-dib´yu-lar)

Around or about the mandible.

circumnuclear circumnuclear (ser-kum-nu´kle-ar)

perinuclear

circumocular circumocular (ser-kum-ok´yu-lar)

Around the eye.periocular, periophthalmic; [circum- + L. oculus, eye]

circumoral circumoral (ser-kum-or´al)

perioral [circum- + L. os (oris), mouth]

circumorbital circumorbital (ser-kum-or´bi-tal)

Around the orbit.periorbital (2);

circumrenal circumrenal (ser-kum-re´nal)

perinephric [circum- + L. ren, kidney]

circumscribed circumscribed (ser´kum-skrIbd)

Bounded by a line; limited or confined.circumscriptus; [circum- + L. scribo, to write]

circumscriptus circumscriptus (ser-kum-skrip´tus)

circumscribed [L.]

circumstantiality circumstantiality (ser´kum-stan-she-al´i-te)

A disturbance in the thought process, either voluntary or involuntary, in which one gives an excessive amount of detail (circumstances) that is often tangential, elaborate, and irrelevant, to avoid making a direct statement or answer to a question; observed in schizophrenia and in obsessional disorders. Cf. tangentiality. [L. circum-sto, pr. p. -stans, to stand around]

circumvallate circumvallate (ser-kum-val´at)

Denoting a structure surrounded by a wall, as the c. (vallate) papillae of the tongue. [circum- + L. vallum, wall]

circumvascular circumvascular (ser-kum-vas´kyu-lar)

perivascular [circum- + L. vasculum, vessel]

circumventricular circumventricular (ser´kum-ven-trik´yu-lar)

Around or in the area of a ventricle, as are the c. organs.

circumvolute circumvolute (ser-kum-vol´ut)

Twisted around; rolled about. [L. circum-volvo, pp. -volutus, to roll around]

cirrhogenous cirrhogenous , cirrhogenic B> (sir-roj´e-nus, -ro-jen´ik)

Rarely used term for tending to the development of cirrhosis. [G. kirrhos, yellow (liver), + -gen, producing]

cirrhonosus cirrhonosus (sir-ron´o-sus)

A disease of the fetus marked anatomically by a yellow staining of the peritoneum and pleura. [G. kirrhos, yellow (liver), + nosos, disease]

cirrhosis cirrhosis (sir-ro´sis)

Progressive disease of the liver characterized by diffuse damage to hepatic parenchymal cells, with nodular regeneration, fibrosis, and disturbance of normal architecture; associated with failure in the function of hepatic cells and interference with blood flow in the liver, frequently resulting in jaundice, portal hypertension, ascites, and ultimately hepatic failure. [G. kirrhos, yellow (liver), + -osis, condition]
alcoholic c. c. that frequently develops in chronic alcoholism, characterized in an early stage by enlargement of the liver due to fatty change with mild fibrosis, and later by Laënnec's c. with contraction of the liver.
biliary c. c. due to biliary obstruction, which may be a primary intrahepatic disease or secondary to obstruction of extrahepatic bile ducts; the latter may lead to cholestasis and proliferation in small bile ducts with fibrosis, but marked disturbance of the lobular pattern is infrequent. See also primary biliary c.
Budd's c. chronic enlargement of the liver without jaundice, formerly thought to be of intestinal origin.
capsular c. of liver Glisson's c
cardiac c. an extensive fibrotic reaction within the liver as a result of chronic constrictive pericarditis or prolonged congestive heart failure; true c. with fibrous bridging of lobules is unusual.cardiac liver, congestive c., pseudocirrhosis, stasis c;
cholangiolitic c. a form of c. in which there is diffuse inflammation of the cholangioles, with inflammation, fibrosis, and regeneration; characterized by chronicity, relapses, and febrile episodes.
congestive c. cardiac c
cryptogenic c. c. of unknown etiology, with no history of alcoholism or previous acute hepatitis.
fatty c. early nutritional c., especially in alcoholics, in which the liver is enlarged by fatty change, with mild fibrosis.
Glisson's c. chronic perihepatitis with thickening and subsequent contraction, resulting in atrophy and deformity of the liver.capsular c. of liver;
Hanot's c. primary biliary c
juvenile c. active chronic hepatitis
Laënnec's c. c. in which normal liver lobules are replaced by small regeneration nodules, sometimes containing fat, separated by a fairly regular framework of fine fibrous tissue strands (hob-nail liver); usually due to chronic alcoholism. Can progress to severe impairment of liver function, portal hypertension with ascites and esophageal varices, and life-threatening complications.portal c;
necrotic c. postnecrotic c
nutritional c. c. occurring in persons or animals with general or specific dietary deficiencies; methionine and cystine deficiency may produce changes of c. in animals, but it is uncertain whether malnutrition in humans leads to c. or only to reversible fatty infiltration of the liver.
periportal c. c. of the liver with wide bands of fibrosis surrounding large segments of liver, with regenerative nodules.
pigment c. c. of the liver associated with dark brown discoloration seen in hemochromatosis.
pigmentary c. c. resulting from excessive deposits of iron in the liver, usually seen in hemochromatosis.
pipe stem c. c. of the liver with finger-like fibrosis predominantly around portal tracts, seen in schistosomiasis. Leads to portal hypertension but rarely to functional failure of the liver.
portal c. Laënnec's c
posthepatitic c. active chronic hepatitis
postnecrotic c. , post-necrotic c. c. characterized by necrosis involving whole hepatic lobules, with collapse of the reticular framework to form large scars; regeneration nodules are also large; may follow viral or toxic necrosis, or develop as a result of ischemic necrosis.necrotic c;
primary biliary c. a condition occurring mainly in middle-aged women, characterized by obstructive jaundice with hyperlipemia, pruritis, and hyperpigmentation of the skin; no obstruction of large bile ducts or proliferation of small bile ducts is found; the liver shows c. with marked portal infiltration by lymphocytes and plasma cells, and frequently by epithelioid cell granulomas; serum antimitochondrial antibodies are present in 85 to 90% of patients.Hanot's c;
pulmonary c. fibrosis of the lungs; usually interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.
stasis c. cardiac c
syphilitic c. c. of the liver occurring as a result of tertiary or congenital syphilis.
toxic c. c. of the liver resulting from chronic poisoning, as by lead or carbon tetrachloride.

cirrhotic cirrhotic (sir-rot´ik)

Relating to or affected with cirrhosis or advanced fibrosis.

cirri cirri (sir´I)

Plural of cirrus.

cirrose cirrose , cirrous (sir´os, sir´us)

Relating to or having cirri.

cirrus cirrus , pl. cirri (sir´rus, -rI)

A structure formed from a cluster or tuft of fused cilia, constituting one of the sensory or locomotor organs of certain ciliate protozoa. [L. a curl]

cirsectomy cirsectomy (ser-sek´to-me)

Obsolete term for excision of a section of a varicose vein. [G. kirsos, varix, + ektome, excision]

cirsocele cirsocele (ser´so-sel)

varicocele [G. kirsos, varix, + kele, tumor]

cirsodesis cirsodesis (ser-sod´e-sis)

Obsolete term for ligation of varicose veins. [G. kirsos, varix, + desis, a binding, fr. deo, to bind]

cirsoid cirsoid (ser´soyd)

variciform [G. kirsos, varix, + eidos, appearance]

cirsomphalos cirsomphalos (ser-som´fa-los)

Rarely used term for caput medusae [G. kirsos, varix, + omphalos, umbilicus]

cirsophthalmia cirsophthalmia (ser-sof-thal´me-a)

Varicose dilation of the conjunctival blood vessels. [G. kirsos, varix, + ophthalmos, eye]

cirsotome cirsotome (ser´so-tom)

Obsolete term for cutting instrument used in operating upon varicose veins.

cirsotomy cirsotomy (ser-sot´o-me)

Obsolete term for treatment of varicose veins by multiple incisions. [G. kirsos, varix, + tome, incision]

CIS CIS

Abbreviation for carcinoma in situ.

cis- cis-

1. Prefix meaning on this side, on the near side; opposite of trans-. 2. In genetics, a prefix denoting the location of two or more genes on the same chromosome of a homologous pair, in coupling. 3. In organic chemistry, a form of geometric isomerism in which similar functional groups are attached on the same side of the plane that includes two adjacent, fixed carbon atoms (e.g., the 2- and 3-OH groups of ribofuranose) in a ring structure. See entgegen. 4. In organic chemistry, a form of geometric isomerism with regards to carbon-carbon double bonds. Identical functional groups on the same side of the double bond are cis-. When the four moieties attached to the carbons of the double bond are all different, then the E/Z nomenclature has to be followed.zusammen (1); See entgegen, zusammen. [L.]

cisplatin cisplatin (sis´pla-tin)

cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum;a chemotherapeutic agent with antitumor activity; c. binds DNA and interferes with DNA synthesis.

cissa cissa (sis´a)

Craving for unusual or unwholesome foods during pregnancy. See also pica.citta, cittosis; [G. kissa, kitta, longing for strange food by pregnant women]

cistern cistern (sis´tern)

cisterna [L. cisterna]
ambient c. c. of great cerebral vein
basal c. interpeduncular c
cerebellomedullary c. the largest of the subarachnoid c.'s between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata; may be divided into a dorsal c. located between the cerebellum and dorsal surface of the medulla (c. magna) and a lateral c. located between the cerebellum and the lateral aspect of the medulla.cisterna cerebellomedullaris [NA] , cisterna magna;
c. of chiasm chiasmatic c
chiasmatic c. a dilation of the subarachnoid space below and anterior to the optic chiasm.cisterna chiasmatis [NA] , c. of chiasm;
chyle c. cisterna chyli
c. of cytoplasmic reticulum See cisterna (2).
c. of great cerebral vein an expansion of the subarachnoid space extending forward between the corpus callosum and the thalamus; it encloses the internal cerebral veins which caudally join to form the vena magna cerebri (Galen's vein).ambient c., Bichat's canal, Bichat's foramen, c. of great vein of cerebrum, cisterna ambiens, cisterna superioris, cisterna venae magnae cerebri, superior c;
c. of great vein of cerebrum c. of great cerebral vein
interpeduncular c. a dilation of the subarachnoid space in front of the pons, where the arachnoid membrane stretches across between the two temporal lobes over the base of the diencephalon. See interpeduncular fossa.cisterna interpeduncularis [NA] , basal c., cisterna basalis, cisterna cruralis, Tarin's space;
c. of lateral fossa of cerebrum an elongated expansion of the subarachnoid space where the arachnoid bridges over the opening of the Sylvian fissure.cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri [NA];
lumbar c. enlargement of subarachnoid space between inferior end of spinal cord (vertebral level L-2) and inferior end of subarachnoid space or dura mater (vertebral level S2); occupied by the dorsal and ventral roots of lumbosacral spinal nerves (which constitute the cauda equina), the filum terminal, and cerebrospinal fluid. Site for lumbar puncture and spinal anesthesia.
c. of nuclear envelope cisterna caryothecae
Pecquet's c. cisterna chyli
pontine c. an upward continuation of the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord, continuous about the medulla with the cerebellomedullary c.l; may be divided into inferior (containing roots of C.N. 9-12) and superior (containing root of C.N. 5, 7, 8) parts.cisterna pontis;
subarachnoidal c.'s widening portions of the subarachnoid space within the cranium where the arachnoid bridges over a depression on the surface of the brain. See also subarachnoid space.cisternae subarachnoideales [NA];
superior c. c. of great cerebral vein
Sylvian c. the subarachnoid space associated with the lateral cerebral sulcus (Sylvian fissure); contains the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery and the origin of lenticulostriate arteries, and proximal parts of the middle cerebral artery.

cisterna cisterna , gen and pl. cisternae (sis-ter´na, -ter´ne)

1. [NA] Any cavity or enclosed space serving as a reservoir, especially for chyle, lymph, or cerebrospinal fluid. 2. An ultramicroscopic space occurring between the membranes of the flattened sacs of the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, or the two membranes of the nuclear envelope.cistern; [L. an underground cistern for water, fr. cista, a box]
c. am´biens cistern of great cerebral vein
c. basa´lis interpeduncular cistern
c. caryothe´cae the space between the internal and external membranes of the nuclear envelope; may be continuous in places with cisterns of the endoplasmic reticulum.cistern of nuclear envelope, perinuclear space;
c. cerebellomedulla´ris [NA] cerebellomedullary cistern
c. chias´matis [NA] chiasmatic cistern
c. chy´li [NA] a dilated sac at the lower end of the thoracic duct into which the intestinal trunk and two lumbar lymphatic trunks open; it occurs inconstantly and when present is located posterior to the aorta on the anterior aspect of the bodies of the first and second lumbar vertebrae.ampulla chyli, chyle cistern, chylocyst, Pecquet's cistern, Pecquet's reservoir, receptaculum chyli, receptaculum pecqueti;
c. crura´lis interpeduncular cistern
c. fos´sae latera´lis cer´ebri [NA] cistern of lateral fossa of cerebrum
c. interpeduncula´ris [NA] interpeduncular cistern
c. mag´na cerebellomedullary cistern
c. perilymphat´ica perilymphatic space
c. pon´tis pontine cistern
cisternae subarachnoidea´les [NA] subarachnoidal cisterns, under cistern
subsurface c. a cistern of the endoplasmic reticulum that lies close to the plasma membrane; such cisternae occur especially in the cell bodies of neurons.
c. superior´is cistern of great cerebral vein
terminal cisternae pairs of transversely oriented tubules of the sarcoplasmic reticulum occurring at regular intervals in skeletal muscle fibers; together with an intermediate T tubule they make up a triad.
c. ve´nae mag´nae cer´ebri cistern of great cerebral vein

cisternal cisternal (sis-ter´nal)

Relating to a cisterna.

cisternography cisternography (sis´tern-og´ra-fe)

The radiographic study of the basal cisterns of the brain after the subarachnoid introduction of an opaque or other contrast medium, or a radiopharmaceutical with a suitable detector. [cisterna + G. grapho, to write]
cerebellopontine c. the radiographic study of the cerebellopontine angle and contiguous structures after the introduction of a radiopaque contrast medium into the subarachnoid space.
radionuclide c. scintigraphic imaging of the cisterns at the base of the brain following subarachnoid injection of a gamma-emitting radiopharmaceutical.

cistron cistron (sis´tron)

1. The smallest functional unit of heretability; a length of chromosomal DNA associated with a single biochemical function. Under classical concepts, a gene might consist of more than one c.; in modern molecular biology, the c. is essentially equivalent to the structural gene. 2. The genetic unit defined by the cis/trans test. [cis tr-ans + -on]

cisvestism cisvestism , cisvestitism (sis-ves´tizm, -ves´ti-tizm)

The practice of dressing in clothes inappropriate to one's position or status. Cf. transvestism. [L. cis, on the near side of, + vestio, to dress]

Citellus Citellus (si-tel´us)

A genus of ground squirrel. C. beecheyi, C. grammurus, C. pygmaeus, C. townsendi, and several other species act as an important reservoir of Yersinia pestis. [Mod. L.]

cito disp. cito disp.

Abbreviation for L. cito dispensetur, let it be dispensed quickly.

citral citral (sit´ral)

A monoterpene aldehyde consisting of both geometric isomers found in oils from lemon, orange, verbena, and lemon grass; c.-A is the trans-isomer and c.-B is the cis-isomer (neral).

citrase citrase , citratase (sit´ras, -ra-tas)

citrate lyase

citrate citrate (sit´rat, sI´trat)

A salt or ester of citric acid; used as anticoagulants because they bind calcium ions.
c. aldolase c. lyase
ATP c. (pro-3S)-lyase an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of ATP, citrate, and coenzyme A to form ADP, orthophosphate, oxaloacetate, and acetyl-CoA. An important step in fatty acid biosynthesis.citrate cleavage enzyme;
c. lyase c. (pro-3S)-lyase;an enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of citrate to oxaloacetate and acetate, in the absence of coenzyme A.citrase, citratase, c. aldolase, citridesmolase;
c. synthase c. (si)-synthase;an enzyme catalyzing the condensation of oxaloacetate, water, and acetyl-CoA, forming citrate and coenzyme A; an important step in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.citrogenase, condensing enzyme, oxaloacetate transacetase;

citrated citrated (sit´ra-ted)

Containing a citrate; specifically denoting blood serum or milk to which has been added a solution of potassium or sodium citrate, or both.

citric acid citric acid (sit´rik)

2-Hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid;the acid of citrus fruits, widely distributed in nature and a key intermediate in intermediary metabolism.

citridesmolase citridesmolase (sit-ri-des´mo-las)

citrate lyase

citrin citrin (sit´rin)

vitamin P

Citrobacter Citrobacter (sit´ro-bak-ter)

A genus of motile bacteria (family Enterobacteriaceae) containing Gram-negative rods which utilize citrate as a sole source of carbon; the motile cells are peritrichous. Fermentation of lactose by these organisms is delayed or absent; they produce trimethylene glycol from glycerol. The type species is C. freundii.
C. amalona´tica a species found in feces, soil, water, and sewage; isolated from clinical specimens as an opportunistic pathogen.Levinea amalonatica;
C. diver´sus a species found in feces, soil, water, sewage, and food; isolated from urine, throat, nose, sputum, and wounds; reported in cases of neonatal meningitis.C. koseri, Levinea diversus, Levinea malonatica;
C. freun´dii a species found in water, feces, and urine; it appears to be an inhabitant of the normal intestine, but it may occur in alimentary infections and in infections of the urinary tract, gallbladder, middle ear, and meninges; it is the type species of the genus C.
C. ko´seri C. diversus

citrogenase citrogenase (si-troj´en-as)

citrate synthase

citronella citronella (sit-ro-nel´a)

Cymbopogon (Andropogon) nardus (family Gramineae); a fragrant grass of Ceylon, from which is distilled a volatile oil (c. oil) used as a perfume and insect repellent.

citronellal citronellal (sit´ron-el´al)

Principal volatile ingredient of lemon grass and citronella oil. Used in soap perfumes and as an insect repellent.

citrulline citrulline (sit´rul-en)

N5-(Aminocarbonyl)-l-ornithine; a-amino-delta-ureidovaleric -ureidovaleric acid; 5-ureidonorvaline;an amino acid formed from l-ornithine in the course of the urea cycle as well as a product in nitric oxide biosynthesis; also found in watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) and in casein. Elevated in individuals with a deficiency of argininosuccinate synthetase or argininosuccinate lyase.

citrullinemia citrullinemia (sit´rul-i-ne´me-a) [MIM*215700]

A disease of amino acid metabolism (usually classed as a type of aminoaciduria) in which citrulline concentrations in blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid are elevated; manifested clinically by vomiting, ammonia intoxication, and mental retardation beginning in infancy; autosomal recessive inheritance.

citrullinuria citrullinuria (sit´rul-i-nu´re-a)

Enhanced urinary excretion of citrulline; a manifestation of citrullinemia.

citta citta , cittosis (si´ta, si-to´sis)

cissa

Civatte Civatte

Achille, French dermatologist, 1877-1956. See C. bodies, under body; C.'s disease; poikiloderma of C.

Civinini Civinini

Filippo, Italian anatomist, 1805-1844. See C.'s canal, ligament, process.

CJD CJD

Abbreviation for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

CK CK

Abbreviation for creatine kinase.

Cl Cl

Symbol for chlorine.

cladiosis cladiosis (klad-e-o´sis)

A dermatophytosis resembling sporotrichosis, characterized by verrucous lesions and ascending lymphangitis; caused by Scopulariopsis blochii. See Scopulariopsis. [G. klados, branch or root, + -osis, condition]

Clado Clado

Spiro, French gynecologist, 1856-1905. See C.'s anastomosis, band, ligament, point.

Cladorchis watsoni Cladorchis watsoni (kla-dor´kis wat-so´nI)

Incorrect term for Watsonius watsoni.

cladosporiosis cladosporiosis (klad´o-spo-re-o´sis)

Infection with a fungus of the genus Cladosporium.
cerebral c. cerebral chromoblastomycosis, a mycotic brain infection due to Cladosporium trichoides (bantianum); macroscopically infected tissue has a characteristic brown color.

Cladosporium Cladosporium (klad-o-spor´i-um)

A genus of fungi having dematiaceous or dark-colored conidiophores with oval or round spores, commonly isolated in soil or plant residues. [G. klados, a branch, + sporos, seed]
C. bantia´num a species that causes cerebral cladosporiosis.
C. carrion´ii a species that is a cause of chromoblastomycosis in man.
C. cladosporioides (clad´o-spor-e-o-e-dez) a species reported to cause local infection at the site of a skin test in an HIV-infected patient.
C. wernec´kii Exophiala werneckii

clairvoyance clairvoyance (klar-voy´ans)

Perception of objective events (past, present, or future) not ordinarily discernible by the senses; a type of extrasensory perception. [Fr.]

clamoxyquin hydrochloride clamoxyquin hydrochloride (klam-ok´si-kwin)

5-Chloro-7-{[(3-diethylaminopropyl) amino]methyl}8-quinolinol dihydrochloride;an amebicide.

clamp clamp (klamp)

An instrument for compression of a structure. Cf. forceps. [M.E., fr. Middle Dutch klampe]
Cope's c. a c. used in excision of colon and rectum.
Crafoord c. a c. used in heart, lung, and vascular operations.
Crile's c. a c. for temporary stoppage of blood flow.
Fogarty c. a c. with rubber-shod blades having serrated surfaces, to provide an atraumatic grip on tissues.
Gant's c. a right-angled c. used in hemorrhoidectomy.
Gaskell's c. an instrument for crushing the atrioventricular bundle in experimental animals and thus producing heart block.
gingival c. a springlike metal piece encircling or grasping the cervix of a tooth and shaped so as to retract the gingival tissue.
Goldblatt's c. a c. applied experimentally to the renal artery to damp pulse pressure and thereby produce chronic hypertension by activation of the renin-angiotensin system.
Joseph's c. a c. used after rhinoplasty to maintain or improve the alignment of the bony support of the nose.
Kelly c. a curved hemostat without teeth, introduced for gynecological surgery.
Kocher c. a heavy, straight hemostat with interlocking teeth on the tip.
liver-shod c. a c. with jaws covered by cloth to prevent injury to structures such as bowel when c. is closed.
Mikulicz c. a c. used to crush walls between proximal and distal colon in two-stage colectomy.
Mixter c. a right angle c.
Mogen c. a circumcision instrument. [Hebrew star]
mosquito c. a small hemostat, straight or curved, with or without teeth; used to hold delicate tissue or for hemostasis.mosquito forceps;
Ochsner c. a straight hemostat with teeth.
patch c. patch clamping
Payr's c. a c. used in gastrectomy or enterectomy.
Potts' c. a fine-toothed, multiple-point, vascular fixation c. that imparts limited trauma to the vessel while securely holding it.
Rankin's c. a three-bladed c. used in resection of colon.
right angle c. a c. with a short 90° bend to its tip frequently used for dissection or passage of ligatures around vessels.
rubber dam c. a springlike metal piece encircling or grasping the cervix of a tooth and so shaped as to prevent a rubber dam from coming off the tooth.
rubber shod c. , rubber-shod c. a small rubber-tipped c. that holds sutures in place during surgery.

clamp connection clamp connection

In fungi, a short hypha which bypasses a hyphal septum and is attached to the two cells adjacent to the septum; characteristic of most members of the phylum Basidiomycetes.

clapotage clapotage , clapotement (kla-po-tahz´, kla-pot-mawn´)

The splashing sound heard on succussion of a dilated stomach. [Fr.]

Clapton Clapton

Edward, English physician, 1830-1909. See C.'s line.

Clara Clara

Max, Austrian anatomist, *1899. See C. cell.

clarificant clarificant (kla-rif´i-kant)

An agent that makes a turbid liquid clear. [L. clarus, clear, + facio, to make]

clarification clarification (klar´i-fi-ka´shun)

The process of making a turbid liquid clear.lucidification;

Clark Clark

Eliot R., U.S. anatomist, 1881-1963. See Sandison-C. chamber.

Clark Clark

Wallace H., Jr., U.S. dermatopathologist, *1924. See C.'s level.

Clark Clark

Alonzo, U.S pharmacologist, 1807-1887. See C.'s weight rule.

Clark Clark

Leland, Jr., U.S. biochemist, *1918. See C. electrode.

Clarke Clarke

Jacob A.L., English anatomist, 1817-1880. See C.'s column, nucleus.

Clarke Clarke

Cecil. See C.-Hadfield syndrome.

clasmatocyte clasmatocyte (klaz-mat´o-sIt)

macrophage [G. klasma, a fragment, + kytos, a hollow (cell)]

clasmatosis clasmatosis (klaz-ma-to´sis)

The extension of pseudopodia-like processes in unicellular organisms and blood cells by plasmolysis rather than by a true formation of pseudopodia. [G. klasma, a fragment, + -osis, condition]

clasp clasp

1. A part of a removable partial denture that acts as a direct retainer and/or stabilizer for the denture by partially surrounding or contacting an abutment tooth. 2. A direct retainer of a removable partial denture, usually consisting of two arms joined by a body which connects with an occlusal rest; at least one arm of a clasp usually terminates in the infrabulge (gingival convergence) area of the tooth enclosed.
bar c. 1. a c. whose arms are bar-type extensions from major connectors or from within the denture base; the arms pass adjacent to the soft tissues and approach the point of contact on the tooth in a gingivo-occlusal direction; 2. a c. consisting of two or more separate arms located opposite to each other on the tooth; the bar arms arise from the framework or from a connector and may traverse the soft tissue; one arm (bar), the retentive arm, usually terminates in the infrabulge (gingival convergence) area of the tooth; the other, the reciprocal arm, usually terminates on the suprabulge (occlusal convergence) area.Roach c;
circumferential c. 1. a c. that encircles more than 180° of a tooth, including opposite angles, and which usually contacts the tooth throughout the extent of the c., at least one terminal being in the infrabulge (gingival convergence) area; 2. a c. consisting of two circumferential c. arms, both of which originate from the same minor connector and are located on opposite surfaces of the abutment tooth.
continuous c. continuous bar retainer
extended c. a c. that extends from its minor connector along the lingual and/or facial surface of two or more teeth.
Roach c. bar c

class class (klas)

In biologic classification, the next division below the phylum (or subphylum) and above the order. [L. classis, a class, division]

classification classification (klas´i-fi-ka´shun)

A systematic arrangement into classes or groups based on perceived common characteristics; a means of giving order to a group of disconnected facts.
adansonian c. the c. of organisms based on giving equal weight to every character of the organism; this principle has its greatest application in numerical taxonomy. [M. Adanson]
Angle's c. of malocclusion a c. of different types of malocclusion, based on the mesiodistal relationship of the permanent molars upon their eruption and locking, and comprised of three classes; Class I: normal relationship of the jaws, wherein the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar occludes in the buccal groove of the mandibular first permanent molar; Class II: distal relationship of the mandible, wherein the distobuccal cusp of the maxillary first permanent molar occludes in the buccal groove of the mandibular first molar, and further classified as Division 1, labioversion of maxillary incisor teeth, and Division 2, linguoversion of maxillary central incisors, both of which may be unilateral conditions; Class III: mesial relationship of the mandible, wherein the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar occludes in the embrasure between the mandibular first and second permanent molars, further classified as a unilateral condition.
Arneth c. a c. of the polymorphonuclear neutrophils according to the number of their nuclear lobes. See Arneth stages, under stage.
Black's c. a c. of cavities of the teeth based upon the tooth surface(s) involved.
Caldwell-Moloy c. a c. of the variations in the female pelvis; namely gynecoid, android, anthropoid, and platypelloid pelvis, based on the type of the posterior and anterior segments of the inlet.
Cummer's c. a listing of several types of removable partial dentures in accordance with the distribution of direct retainers.
DeBakey's c. consists of three types: Type I extends into the transverse arch and distal aorta and type II is confined to the ascending aorta. Type III dissections begin in the descending aorta, with type IIIA extending toward the diaphragm and type IIIB extending below it.
Denver c. a system of nomenclature for human mitotic chromosomes, based on length and position of the centromere. [Denver,, Colorado, where agreed upon]
Dukes' c. a c. of the extent of operable adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum commonly modified as follows: A (Duke's A), confined to the mucosa; B₁, into the muscularis mucosae; B₂, through the muscularis mucosae; C₁, limited to the bowel wall, with nodal metastases; C₂, through the bowel wall, with nodal metastases.
Gell and Coombs C. (gel koomz) a c. system that differentiates the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions: Type I: anaphylactic reactions, Type II: cytotoxic reactions, Type III: immune complex reactions, and Type IV: cell-mediated reactions.
International Labour Organization C. ILO 1980 International Classification of Radiographs of the Pneumoconioses; a system for qualitative and semiquantitative description of the chest radiographic findings caused by pneumoconiosis, designed for epidemiologic studies; supersedes classifications of 1950, 1958, 1968, and 1971.
Jansky's c. the c. of human blood groups now designated O, A, B, and AB.
Kennedy c. a listing of several forms of partially edentulous jaws in accordance with the distribution of the missing teeth.
Kiel c. c. of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma into low-grade malignancy (lymphocytic, lymphoplasmacytoid, centrocytic, and centroblastic-centrocytic types) and high-grade malignancy (centroblastic, lymphoblastic of Burkitt's or convoluted cell, and immunoblastic types).Lennert c;
Lancefield c. a serologic c. dividing hemolytic streptococci into groups (A to O) which bear a definite relationship to their sources, based upon precipitation tests depending upon group-specific substances that are carbohydrate in nature; e.g., Group A contains strains pathogenic for man; B, strains from mastitis in cows and from normal milk, including a few strains from the human throat and vagina; C, strains from various lower animals, including a number from cattle; D, strains from cheese; E, strains from certified milk; F, strains mainly from the human throat, associated with tonsillitis; G, strains from man, a few from monkeys and dogs; and H, K, and O, nonpathogenic strains from normal human respiratory tracts.
Lennert c. Kiel c
Lukes-Collins c. a c. of lymphomas according to the immunologic nature of the cell of origin, based on histologic and clinical data.
multiaxial c. a procedure used in DSM-III-R for diagnosing patients on five axes: 1) psychiatric syndrome present; 2) patient's history of personality and developmental disorders; 3) possible nonmental medical disorders; 4) severity of psychosocial stressors; 5) highest level of adaptive functioning in the past year.
New York Heart Association c. a functional c. to assess cardiovascular disability. Class I: patients with cardiac disease without limitation of physical activity. Ordinary activity does not cause symptoms. Class II: patients with cardiac disease with slight limitation of activity; comfortable at rest. Ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea or angina. Class III: patients with cardiac disease producing marked limitation of activity: comfortable at rest. Less than ordinary physical activity causes symptoms. Class IV: patients with cardiac disease resulting in inability to carry on any physical activity without discomfort. Symptoms may be present even at rest.
Rappaport c. a histologic c. of lymphomas in use before the availability of recent methods for identification of B- and T-type lymphocytes.
Rye c. c. of Hodgkin's disease according to lymphocyte predominance, nodular sclerosing, mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte depletion types. [Rye, NY, 1965]
Salter-Harris c. of epiphysial plate injuries the c. of epiphysial plate injuries into five groups (I to V), according to the pattern of damage to epiphysis, physis, and/or metaphysis; the c. correlates with different prognoses regarding the effects of the injury on subsequent growth and subsequent deformity of the epiphysis.
Tessier c. an anatomical c. of facial, craniofacial, and laterofacial clefts that utilizes the orbit as the primary structure for reference. Fifteen locations for clefts are differentiated.

class switch class switch

Change in the isotype of antibody produced after a B cell has encountered an antigen.

clastic clastic (klas´tik)

Breaking up into pieces, or exhibiting a tendency so to break or divide. [G. klastos, broken]

clastogen clastogen (klas´to-jen)

An agent (e.g., certain chemicals, x-rays, ultraviolet light) that causes breaks in chromosomes. [G. klastos, broken, + genos, birth]

clastogenic clastogenic (klas-to-jen´ik)

Relating to the action of a clastogen.

clastothrix clastothrix (klas´to-thriks)

trichorrhexis nodosa [G. klastos, broken, + thrix, hair]

clathrate clathrate (klath´rat)

A type of inclusion compound in which small molecules are trapped in the cage-like lattice of macromolecules. [L. clathrare, pp. -atus, to furnish with a lattice]

clathrin clathrin (klath´rin)

The principal constituent of a polyhedral protein lattice that coats eukaryotic cell membranes (vesicles) and appears to be involved in protein secretion. [L. clathri, lattice]

Clauberg Clauberg

Karl W., German bacteriologist, *1893. See C. test, unit.

Claude Claude

Henri, French psychiatrist, 1869-1945. See C.'s syndrome.

claudication claudication (klaw-di-ka´shun)

Limping, usually referring to intermittent c. [L. claudicatio, fr. claudico, to limp]
intermittent c. a condition caused by ischemia of the muscles; characterized by attacks of lameness and pain, brought on by walking, chiefly in the calf muscles; however, the condition may occur in other muscle groups.Charcot's syndrome, myasthenia angiosclerotica;

claudicatory claudicatory (klaw´di-ka-tor-e)

Relating to claudication, especially intermittent claudication.

Claudius Claudius

Friedrich M., German anatomist, 1822-1869. See C.'s cells, under cell, fossa.

Clausen Clausen

See Dyggve-Melchior-Clausen syndrome.

claustra claustra (klaws´tra)

Plural of claustrum.

claustral claustral (klaws´tral)

Relating to the claustrum.

claustrophobia claustrophobia (klaw-stro-fo´be-a)

A morbid fear of being in a confined place. [L. claustrum, an enclosed space, + G. phobos, fear]

claustrophobic claustrophobic (klaw-stro-fo´bik)

Relating to or suffering from claustrophobia.

claustrum claustrum , pl. claustra (klaws´trum, klaws´tra)

1. One of several anatomical structures bearing a resemblance to a barrier. 2. [NA] A thin, vertically placed lamina of gray matter lying close to the putamen, from which it is separated by the external capsule. C. consists of two parts: 1) an insular part and 2) a temporal part between putamen and the temporal lobe. Cells of the c. have reciprocal connections with sensory areas of the cerebral cortex. [L. barrier]
c. gut´turis , c. o´ris obsolete term for soft palate.
c. virgina´le an obsolete term for hymen.

clausura clausura (klaw-su´ra)

atresia [L. a lock, bolt, fr. claudo, to close]

clava clava (kla´va)

tubercle of gracile nucleus [L. a club]

claval claval (kla´val)

Relating to the clava.

clavate clavate (kla´vat)

Club-shaped. [L. clava, a club]

clavi clavi (kla´vI)

Plural of clavus.

Claviceps purpurea Claviceps purpurea (klav´i-seps pu-pu´re-a)

See ergot. [L. clava, club, + caput, head]

clavicle clavicle (klav´i-kl)

A doubly curved long bone that forms part of the shoulder girdle. Its medial end articulates with the manubrium sterni at the sternoclavicular joint, its lateral end with the acromion of the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint.clavicula [NA] , collar bone;

clavicula clavicula , pl. clavic´ulae (kla-vik´yu-la) [NA]

clavicle [L. clavicula, a small key, fr. clavis, key]

clavicular clavicular (kla-vik´yu-lar)

Relating to the clavicle.

claviculus claviculus , pl. claviculi (kla-vik´yu-lus, -lI)

One of the perforating collagen fibers of bone. [Mod. L. dim. of L. clavus, a nail]

clavulanic acid clavulanic acid (klav-yu-lan´ik)

3-(2-Hydroxyethylidene)-7-oxo-4-oxa-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid; a beta-lactam antibiotic structurally related to the penicillins that inactivate beta-lactamase enzymes in penicillin-resistant organisms; usually used in combination with penicillins to enhance and broaden the spectrum of the penicillins.

clavus clavus , pl. clavi (kla´vus, -vI)

1. A small conical callosity caused by pressure over a bony prominence, usually on a toe.corn (1) , heloma; 2. Obsolete term for a condition resulting from healing of a granuloma of the foot in yaws, in which a core falls out, leaving an erosion. [L. a nail, wart, corn]

clavus hystericus clavus hystericus (kla´vus his-ter´e-kus)

Severe head pain, sharply defined, and typically described as feeling like a nail being driven into the head; usually regarded as a conversion symptom. [L. clavus, nail]

claw claw (klaw)

A sharp, slender, usually curved nail on the paw of an animal. [L. clavus, a nail]
dew c. a rudimentary digit, not reaching the ground, on the feet of many quadrupeds.

clawfoot clawfoot (klaw´fut)

A condition of the foot characterized by hyperextension at the metatarsophalangeal joint and flexion at the interphalangeal joints, as a fixed contracture.

clawhand clawhand (klaw´hand)

Atrophy of the interosseous muscles of the hand with hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joints and flexion of the interphalangeal joints.main en griffe;

Claybrook Claybrook

Edwin B., U.S. surgeon, 1871-1931. See C.'s sign.

cleaning cleaning (klen´ing)

In dentistry, a procedure whereby accretions are removed from the teeth or from a dental prosthesis. See also dental prophylaxis.
ultrasonic c. in dentistry, the use of a high-frequency vibrating point to remove deposits from tooth structure; also the process of cleaning dentures by placing them in a special liquid in a container that generates high-frequency vibrations.

clearance clearance (kler´ans)

1. (C with a subscript indicating the substance removed) Removal of a substance from the blood, e.g., by renal excretion, expressed in terms of the volume flow of arterial blood or plasma that would contain the amount of substance removed per unit time; measured in ml/min. Renal c. of any substance except urea or free water is calculated as the urine flow in ml/min multiplied by the urinary concentration of the substance divided by the arterial plasma concentration of the substance; normal human values are commonly expressed per 1.73 m² body surface area. 2. A condition in which bodies may pass each other without hindrance, or the distance between bodies. 3. B>Removal of something from some place; e.g., "esophageal acid c." refers to removal from the esophagus of some acid that has refluxed into it from the stomach, evaluated by the time taken for restoration of a normal pH in the esophagus.
p-aminohippurate c. a good measure of renal plasma flow, which it slightly underestimates; when a low plasma concentration of p-aminohippurate (PAH) is maintained by intravenous infusion, the kidney extracts and excretes almost all of the PAH from the plasma before it reaches the renal vein.
creatinine c. measurement of the clearance of endogenous creatinine, used for evaluating the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
endogenous creatinine c. a term distinguishing measurements based on the creatinine normally present in plasma; since no infusion is necessary, an average value may be obtained by collecting urine for a long period, e.g., 24 hours.
free water c. the amount of water excreted in the urine beyond that which would accompany the excreted solutes if the urine were isosmotic with plasma; it represents the loss of body water in excess of solute tending to raise body osmolality and making urine hyposmotic. Unlike other c.'s, it is calculated by subtracting the osmolal c. from the actual volume of urine excreted per minute. A negative value for free water c. represents the amount of water that the body has reclaimed from isosmotic tubule fluid to make the urine hyperosmotic and to lower body osmolality.
interocclusal c. freeway space
inulin c. an accurate measure of the rate of filtration through the renal glomeruli, because inulin filters freely with water and is neither excreted nor reabsorbed through tubule walls. Inulin is not a normal constituent of plasma and must be infused continously to maintain a steady plasma concentration and a steady rate of urinary excretion during the measurement. Inulin c. in a normal adult person is about 120 ml/min (range 100-150) per 1.73 m² body surface area.
isotope c. the rate at which an isotope is removed (usually by blood flow) from a tissue or organ such as the brain.
maximum urea c. the urea c. when the urine flow exceeds 2 ml/min; normal value is about 75 ml blood/min per 1.73 m² body surface area.
occlusal c. a condition in which the opposing occlusal surfaces may glide over one another without any interfering projection.
osmolal c. the volume of urine that would be excreted per minute if the urinary solutes were accompanied by just enough water to make the urine isosmotic with plasma, i.e., so that the solute excretion did not change the osmolality of body fluids. To calculate it, the volume of urine excreted per minute is multiplied by the urinary osmolality (usually measured by freezing point depression) and divided by the plasma osmolality. Osmolal c. is less than actual urine flow when urine is hyposmotic and exceeds it when urine is hyperosmotic.
standard urea c. the value obtained when the square root of the urine flow (when below 2 ml/min) is multiplied by the urine urea concentration and divided by the whole blood urea concentration; represents an old empirical adjustment for the effect of low urine flow on urea excretion; sometimes corrected for body size by dividing by some function of body weight or surface area. Later, plasma concentration was substituted for blood concentration in the calculation. The normal value is about 54 ml/min per 1.73 m² in an adult person.Van Slyke's formula;
urea c. the volume of plasma (or blood) that would be completely cleared of urea by one minute's excretion of urine; originally calculated as urine flow multiplied by urine urea concentration divided by concentration of urea in whole blood rather than plasma, representing blood urea c. rather than plasma urea c.

clearer clearer (kler´er)

An agent, used in histological preparations, which is miscible in both the dehydrating or fixing fluid and the embedding substance.

cleavage cleavage (klev´ij)

1. Series of mitotic cell divisions occurring in the ovum immediately following its fertilization.segmentation (2); See also cleavage division. 2. Splitting of a complex molecule into two or more simpler molecules.scission (2); 3. Linear clefts in the skin indicating the direction of the fibers in the dermis. See also cleavage lines, under line. 4. Midline depression or furrow between mature female breasts (common).
abnormal c. of cardiac valve congenital malformation of a valve leaflet with a defect extending from the free margin.
adequal c. c. resulting in the formation of blastomeres of approximately equal size.
complete c. holoblastic c
determinate c. c. resulting in blastomeres each capable of developing only into a particular embryonic structure.
discoidal c. meroblastic c. limited to the small cap (animal pole) of protoplasm of large-yolked eggs, such as the telolecithal eggs of birds.
enamel c. the splitting of enamel in a plane parallel to the direction of the enamel rods.
equal c. c. producing blastomeres of like size.
equatorial c. c. in which the plane of cytoplasmic division is at right angles to the axis of the ovum.
holoblastic c. c. in which the blastomeres are completely separated; the entire egg participates in cell division.complete c., total c;
hydrolytic c. hydrolysis
incomplete c. meroblastic c
indeterminate c. c. resulting in blastomeres of similar developmental potencies, each capable, when isolated, of producing an entire embryonic body.
meridional c. c. in a plane through the axis of the zygote.
meroblastic c. incomplete separation of the blastomeres, with the divisions being limited to the nonyolked portion of the egg.incomplete c;
phosphoroclastic c. phosphorolysis
progressive c. in fungi, a type of sporulation in which c. planes in the cytoplasm first produce protospores and then sporangiospores in a sporangium.
pudendal c. pudendal cleft
subdural c. subdural space
superficial c. meroblastic c. with the divisions limited to the peripheral (surface) cytoplasm of a centrolecithal egg.
thioclastic c. the splitting of a bond in fashion analogous to hydrolysis or phosphorolysis except that the elements of a substituted hydrogen sulfide (usually coenzyme A) are added across the break.
total c. holoblastic c
unequal c. c. producing blastomeres of different sizes at the two poles.
yolk c. segmentation of the vitellus.

cleaver cleaver (kle´ver)

A heavy knife for cutting or chopping.
enamel c. an instrument with a heavy shank and a very short blade at about 90° to the axis of the handle; used with a hoeing motion to strip enamel from the axial surfaces of a tooth in preparation for a crown.

Cleemann Cleemann

Richard Alsop, U.S. physician, 1840-1912. See C.'s sign.

cleft cleft (kleft)

A fissure.
anal c. natal c
branchial c.'s a bilateral series of slitlike openings into the pharynx through which water is drawn by aquatic animals; in the walls of the c.'s are the vascular gill filaments that take up oxygen from the water passing through the c.'s; sometimes loosely applied to the branchial ectodermal grooves of mammalian embryos, which are imperforate, rudimentary homologues of complete gill clefts.gill c.'s;
cholesterol c. a space caused by the dissolving out of cholesterol crystals in sections of tissue embedded in paraffin.
facial c. a c. resulting from incomplete merging or fusion of embryonic processes normally uniting in the formation of the face, e.g., c. lip or c. palate.prosopoanoschisis;
first visceral c. hyomandibular c
gill c.'s branchial c.'s
gingival c. a fissure associated with pocket formation and lined by mixed gingival and pocket epithelium.
gluteal c. natal c
hyobranchial c. the c. caudal to the hyoid arch of the embryo.
hyomandibular c. the c. between the hyoid and mandibular arches of the embryo; the external auditory meatus is developed from its dorsal portion.first visceral c;
interneuromeric c.'s c.'s between the neuromeric or segmental elevations in the primitive rhombencephalon.
Larrey's c. trigonum sternocostale
Maurer's c.'s Maurer's dots, under dot
median maxillary anterior alveolar c. an asymptomatic midline defect of the maxillary anterior ridge; the result of a failure of fusion or development of the lateral halves of the palate.
natal c. the sulcus between the buttocks (nates).crena ani [NA] , anal c., crena clunium, gluteal c;
oblique facial c. prosoposchisis
pudendal c. the cleft between the labia majora.rima pudendi [NA] , fissura pudendi, pudendal cleavage, pudendal slit, rima vulvae, urogenital c., vulvar slit;
residual c. the remnants of the pituitary diverticulum that occur between the pars distalis and pars intermedia; a distinct lumen is present in some animals, but, in humans, is present only during prenatal development and sometimes in young children.residual lumen;
Schmidt-Lanterman c.'s Schmidt-Lanterman incisures, under incisure
subdural c. subdural space
synaptic c. the space about 20 nm wide between the axolemma and the postsynaptic surface. See also synapse.
urogenital c. pudendal c
visceral c. any c. between two branchial (visceral) arches in the embryo.

cleid- cleid-

See cleido-.

cleidagra cleidagra , clidagra (klI-dag´ra)

Rarely used term for a sudden severe pain in the clavicle, resembling gout. [cleid- + G. agra, seizure]

cleidal cleidal (klI´dal)

Relating to the clavicle.clidal;

cleido- cleido- , cleid-

The clavicle; also spelled clido-, clid-. [G. kleis, bar, bolt]

cleidocostal cleidocostal (klI-do-kos´tal)

Relating to the clavicle and a rib.clidocostal; [cleido- + L. costa, rib]

cleidocranial cleidocranial (klI´do-kra´ne-al)

Relating to the clavicle and the cranium.clidocranial; [G. kleis, clavicle, + kranion, cranium]

-cleisis -cleisis

Closure. [G. kleisis, a closing]

cleistothecium cleistothecium (klIs-to-the´se-um)

In fungi, an ascocarp that is closed, with randomly dispersed asci. [G. kleistos, enclosed, + theke, box]

Cleland Cleland

W. Wallace, U.S. biochemist, *1930. See C.'s reagent.

clemastine clemastine (klem´as-ten)

d-2-[2-[(p-chloro-a-methyl-a-phenylbenzyl)oxy]ethyl]-1-methylpyrrolidine;an antihistaminic.meclastine;

clemizole clemizole (klem´i-zol)

1-Chlorobenzyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinylmethyl)benzimidazole;an antihistaminic.

cleoid cleoid (kle´oyd)

A dental instrument with a pointed elliptical cutting end, used in excavating cavities or carving fillings and waxes. [A. S. cle, claw + G. eidos, resemblance]

cleptoparasite cleptoparasite (klep-to-par´a-sIt)

A parasite that develops on the prey of the parasite's host. [G. klepto, to steal, + parasite]

Cléret Cléret

M., 20th century French physician. See Launois-C. syndrome.

Clevenger Clevenger

Shobal V., U.S. neurologist, 1843-1920. See C.'s fissure.

click click (klik)

A slight sharp sound.
ejection c. a clicking ejection sound. See sound.
mitral c. the opening snap of the mitral valve.
systolic c. a sharp, clicking sound heard during cardiac systole; when heard in early systole it is usually an ejection sound; in late systole the c. usually signifies mitral insufficiency, as in the dysfunction of the mitral valvular apparatus when it prolapses into the left atrium during systole (see Barlow syndrome); rarely may also be due to pleuropericardial adhesions or other extracardiac mechanisms.

clicking clicking (klik´ing)

A snapping, crepitant noise noted on excursions of the temporomandibular articulation, due to an asynchronous movement of the disk and condyle.

clid- clid-

See clido-.

clidal clidal (klI´dal)

cleidal

clidinium bromide clidinium bromide (klI-din´e-um)

3-Hydroxy-1-methylquinuclidinium bromide benzilate;an anticholinergic.

clido- clido- , clid-

The clavicle. See also cleido-. [G. kleis, bar, bolt]

clidocostal clidocostal (klI-do-kos´tal)

cleidocostal

clidocranial clidocranial (klI-do-kra´ne-al)

cleidocranial

clidoic clidoic (klI-do´ik)

Cleidoic.

climacophobia climacophobia (klI´ma-ko-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of stairs or of climbing. [G. klimax, ladder, + phobos, fear]

climacteric climacteric (klI-mak´ter-ik, klI-mak-ter´ik)

1. The period of endocrinal, somatic, and transitory psychologic changes occurring in the transition to menopause. 2. A critical period of life.climacterium; [G. klimakter, the rung of a ladder]
grand c. the sixty-third year; the ninth of the seven-year periods, each of which from the third (twenty-first year) was formerly regarded as a critical time of life.

climacterium climacterium (klI-mak-ter´e-um)

climacteric

climatology climatology (klI-ma-tol´o-je)

The study of climate and its relation to disease.

climatotherapy climatotherapy (klI´ma-to-thar´a-pe)

Treatment of disease by removal of the patient to a region having a climate more favorable for recovery.

climax climax (klI´maks)

1. The height or acme of a disease; its stage of greatest severity. 2. orgasm [G. klimax, staircase]

climograph climograph (klI´mo-graf)

A diagram showing the effect of climate on health. [G. klima, climate, + grapho, to record]

clindamycin clindamycin (klin-da-mI´sin)

7(S)-Chloro-7-deoxylincomycin;an antibacterial and antibiotic.

cline cline (klIn)

A systematic relation between location and the frequencies of alleles; lines connecting points of equal frequency are termed isoclines, and the direction of the c. at any point is at right angles to an isocline. [G. klino, to slope]

clinic clinic (klin´ik)

1. An institution, building, or part of a building where ambulatory patients are cared for. 2. An institution, building, or part of a building in which medical instruction is given to students by means of demonstrations in the presence of the sick. 3. A lecture or symposium on a subject relating to disease. [G. kline, bed]

clinical clinical (klin´i-kl)

1. Relating to the bedside of a patient or to the course of his disease. 2. Denoting the symptoms and course of a disease, as distinguished from the laboratory findings of anatomical changes. 3. Relating to a clinic.

clinician clinician (klin-ish´un)

A health professional engaged in the care of patients, as distinguished from one working in other areas.

clinicopathologic clinicopathologic (klin´i-ko-path-o-loj´ik)

Pertaining to the signs and symptoms manifested by a patient, and also the results of laboratory studies, as they relate to the findings in the gross and histologic examination of tissue by means of biopsy or autopsy, or both.

clino- clino-

A slope (inclination or declination) or bend. [G. klino, to slope, incline, or bend]

clinocephalic clinocephalic , clinocephalous (klI-no-se-fal´ik, -sef´a-lus)

Relating to clinocephaly.

clinocephaly clinocephaly (klI´no-sef´a-le)

Craniosynostosis in which the upper surface of the skull is concave, presenting a saddle-shaped appearance in profile.saddle head; [clino- + G. kephale, head]

clinodactyly clinodactyly (klI´no-dak´ti-le)

Permanent deflection of one or more fingers. [clino- + G. daktylos, finger]

clinography clinography (klin-og´ra-fe)

Graphic representation of the signs and symptoms exhibited by a patient. [G. kline, bed, + grapho, to write]

clinoid clinoid (klI´noyd)

1. Resembling a four-poster bed. 2. clinoid process [G. kline, bed, + eidos, resemblance]

clinoscope clinoscope (klI´no-skop)

An obsolete instrument for measuring cyclophoria. [clino- + G. skopeo, to view]
exogenous creatinine c. a term distinguishing measurements based on infusing creatinine intravenously to raise its plasma concentration and facilitate its accurate chemical determination.

clioquinol clioquinol (klI-o-kwin´ol)

iodochlorhydroxyquin

clioxanide clioxanide (klI-ok´sa-nId)

4´-Chloro-3,5-diiodosalicylanilide acetate;an anthelmintic.

CLIP CLIP

Abbreviation for corticotropin-like intermediate-lobe peptide.

clip clip (klip´)

A fastener used to hold a part or thing together with another.
wound c. a metal clasp or device for surgical approximation of skin incisions.

clithrophobia clithrophobia (klIth-ro-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of being locked in. [G. kleithron, a bolt, + phobos, fear]

clition clition (klit´e-on)

A craniometric point in the middle of the highest part of the clivus on the sphenoid bone. [G. klitos, a declivity]

clitoridean clitoridean (klit´o-ri-de´an)

Relating to the clitoris.

clitoridectomy clitoridectomy (klit´o-ri-dek´to-me)

Removal of the clitoris. [clitoris + G. ektome, excision]

clitoriditis clitoriditis (klit´o-ri-dI´tis)

Inflammation of the clitoris.clitoritis; [clitoris + G. -itis, inflammation]

clitoris clitoris , pl. clitorides (klit´o-ris, -tor´i-dez; klI´to-ris) [NA]

A cylindric, erectile body, rarely exceeding 2 cm in length, situated at the most anterior portion of the vulva and projecting between the branched limbs or laminae of the labia minora, which form its prepuce and frenulum. It consists of a glans, a corpus, and two crura, and is the homologue of the penis in the male, except that it is not perforated by the urethra and does not possess a corpus spongiosum. [G. kleitoris]

clitorism clitorism (klit´o-rizm)

Prolonged and usually painful erection of the clitoris; the analogue of priapism.

clitoritis clitoritis (klit-o-rI´tis)

clitoriditis

clitoromegaly clitoromegaly (klit´or-o-meg´a-le)

An enlarged clitoris. [clitoris + G. megas, great]

clitoroplasty clitoroplasty (klit´o-ro-plas´te)

Any plastic procedure on the clitoris. [clitoris + G. plastos, formed]

clival clival (klI´val)

Pertaining to the clivus.

clivus clivus , pl. clivi (klI´vus, -ve)

1. A downward sloping surface. 2. [NA] The sloping surface from the dorsum sellae to the foramen magnum composed of part of the body of the sphenoid and part of the basal part of the occipital bone.Blumenbach's c; [L. slope]
Blumenbach's c. clivus (2)
c. ocula´ris the sloping walls of the fovea leading to the foveola.

cloaca cloaca (klo-a´ka)

1. In early embryos, the endodermally lined chamber into which the hindgut and allantois empty. 2. In birds and monotremes, the common chamber into which open the hindgut, bladder, and genital ducts. [L. sewer]
ectodermal c. the proctodeum of the embryo.
endodermal c. terminal portion of the hindgut internal to the cloacal membrane of the embryo.
persistent c. a condition in which the urorectal fold has failed to divide the c. of the embryo into rectal and urogenital portions.sinus urogenitalis, urogenital sinus (2);

cloacal cloacal (klo-a´kal)

Pertaining to the cloaca.

cloacitis cloacitis (klo-a-sI´tis)

An inflammation of the cloacal mucosa of fowls, with ulceration and chronic discharge.

clobazam clobazam (klo-ba-zam)

A novel benzodiazepine psychotherapeutic agent in which the nitrogens in the heterocyclic ring are in the 1,5- rather than in the more usual 1,4- positions; an anxiolytic.

clobetasol propionate clobetasol propionate (klo-ba´ta-sol)

Pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione,21-chloro-9-fluoro-11-hyroxy-16-methyl-17-(1-oxopropoxy)-,(11beta,16beta)-;an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid usually used in topical preparations.

clocortolone clocortolone (klo-kor´to-lon)

9-Chloro-6a-fluoro-11beta,21-dihydroxy-16a-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione;an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid usually used in topical preparations; available as the acetate and the pivalate.

clofazimine clofazimine (klo-faz´I-men)

3-(p-Chloroanilino)-10-(p-chlorophenyl)-2,10-dihydro-2-(isopropylimino)phenazine;a tuberculostatic and leprostatic agent.

clofenamide clofenamide (klo-fen´a-mid)

4-chloro-m-benzenedisulfonamide;a diuretic.monochlorphenamide;

clofibrate clofibrate (klo´fi-brat)

Ethyl chlorophenoxyisobutyrate;an antilipemic agent that reduces plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid; used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.

clogestone acetate clogestone acetate (klo-jes´ton)

6-Chloro-3beta,17-dihydroxypregna-4,6-dien-20-one diacetate;a progestational agent.

clomacran phosphate clomacran phosphate (klo´ma-kran)

2-Chloro-9-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]acridan phosphate;a tranquilizer.

clomegestone acetate clomegestone acetate (klo-me-jes´ton)

6-Chloro-17-hydroxy-16a-methylpregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione acetate;a progestational drug.

clomiphene citrate clomiphene citrate (klo´mi-fen)

2-[p-(2-chloro-1,2-diphenylvinyl)phenoxy]triethylamine dihydrogen citrate;an analog of the nonsteroid estrogen, chlorotrianisene; a pituitary gonadotropin stimulant used therapeutically to induce ovulation; it competes with estrogen at the hypothalamic level, interrupting the negative feedback system and resulting in increased gonadotropin secretion.chloramiphene;

clomipramine hydrochloride clomipramine hydrochloride (klo-mip´ra-men)

Chlorimipramine hydrochloride; 3-chloro-5-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine monohydrochloride;an antidepressant.

clonal clonal (klo´nal)

Pertaining to a clone.

clonazepam clonazepam (klo-na´ze-pam)

5-(o-Chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-7-nitro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one;an anticonvulsant drug in the benzodiazepine class.

clone clone (klon)

1. A colony or group of organisms (or an individual organism), or a colony of cells derived from a single organism or cell by asexual reproduction, all having identical genetic constitutions. 2. To produce such a colony or individual. 3. A short section of DNA which has been copied by means of gene cloning. See cloning. [G. klon, slip, cutting used for propagation]
cDNA c. a duplex DNA, representing an mRNA, carried in a cloning vector.

clonic clonic (klon´ik)

Relating to or characterized by clonus.

clonicity clonicity (klon-is´i-te)

The state of being clonic.

clonicotonic clonicotonic (klon´i-ko-ton´ik)

Both clonic and tonic; said of certain forms of muscular spasm.

clonidine hydrochloride clonidine hydrochloride (klo´ni-den)

2-(2,6-Dichloroanilino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride;an antihypertensive agent with central and peripheral actions; it stimulates adrenergic receptors in the brain leading to reduced sympathetic nervous system output.

cloning cloning (klon´ing)

1. Growing a colony of genetically identical cells or organisms in vitro. 2. Transplantation of a nucleus from a somatic cell to an ovum, which then develops into an embryo; many identical embryos can thus be generated by asexual reproduction. 3. With blastocysts, dividing a cluster of cells through microsurgery and transferring one half the cells to a zona pellucida that has been emptied of its contents. The resulting embryos, genetically identical, may be implanted in an animal for gestation. 4. A recombinant DNA technique used to produce millions of copies of a DNA fragment. The fragment is spliced into a cloning vehicle (i.e., plasmid, bacteriophage, or animal virus). The cloning vehicle penetrates a bacterial cell or yeast (the host), which is then grown in vitro or in an animal host. In some cases, as in the production of genetically engineered drugs, the inserted DNA becomes activated and alters the chemical functioning of the host cell.

clonism clonism (klon´izm)

A long continued state of clonic spasms.

clonogenic clonogenic (klo-no-jen´ik)

Arising from or consisting of a clone.

clonograph clonograph (klon´o-graf)

An instrument for registering the movements in clonic spasm. [G. klonos, tumult, + grapho, to write]

clonorchiasis clonorchiasis (klo-nor-kI´a-sis)

A disease caused by the fluke Clonorchis sinensis, affecting the distal bile ducts of man and other fish-eating animals after ingestion of raw, smoked, or undercooked fish or raw crayfish; initial infection may be benign, but repeated or chronic infection induces an intense proliferative and granulomatous condition.clonorchiosis;

clonorchiosis clonorchiosis (klo-nor-ke-o´sis)

clonorchiasis

Clonorchis sinensis Clonorchis sinensis (klo-nor´kis sI-nen´sis)

The Oriental Chinese liver fluke, a species of trematodes (family Opisthorchiidae) that in the Far East infects the bile passages of man and other fish-eating animals; cyprinoid fish serve as chief second intermediate hosts, and various operculate snails serve as the first intermediate hosts.Opisthorchis sinensis;

clonospasm clonospasm (klon´o-spazm)

clonus

clonus clonus (klo´nus)

A form of movement marked by contractions and relaxations of a muscle, occurring in rapid succession seen with, among other conditions, spasticity and some seizure disorders. See also contraction.clonospasm; [G. klonos, a tumult]
ankle c. a rhythmical contraction of the calf muscles following a sudden passive dorsiflexion of the foot, the leg being semiflexed.
cathodal opening c. (CaOCl, COCl) obsolete term for a c. produced near a cathode when the flow of current is stopped.
toe c. alternating movements of flexion and extension of the great toe following forcible extension at the metatarsophalangeal joint.
wrist c. rhythmical contractions and relaxations of the muscles of the forearm excited by a forcible passive extension of the hand.

clopamide clopamide (klo-pam´Id)

1-(4-Chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzamido)-2,6-dimethylpiperidine;a diuretic and antihypertensive agent.

Cloquet Cloquet

Hippolyte, French anatomist, 1787-1840. See C.'s space.

Cloquet Cloquet

Jules G., French anatomist, 1790-1883. See C.'s canal, hernia, septum; node of C.

clorazepate clorazepate (klor-az´e-pat)

7-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate;the mono- or dipotassium salt is used as an anti-anxiety agent; a benzodiazepine prodrug for nordiazepam.

clorprenaline hydrochloride clorprenaline hydrochloride (klor-pren´a-len)

o-chloro-a-(isopropylaminomethyl)benzyl alcohol hydrochloride;a bronchodilator.isoprophenamine hydrochloride;

closiramine aceturate closiramine aceturate (klo-sir´a-men)

8-Chloro-11-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine compound with N-acetylglycine;an antihistaminic.

clostridia clostridia (klos-trid´e-a)

Plural of clostridium.

clostridial clostridial (klos-trid´e-al)

Relating to any bacterium of the genus Clostridium.

clostridiopeptidase A clostridiopeptidase A (klos-trid´e-o-pep´ti-das)

Clostridium histolyticum collagenase

clostridiopeptidase B clostridiopeptidase B

clostripain

Clostridium Clostridium (klos-trid´e-um)

A genus of anaerobic (or anaerobic, aerotolerant), sporeforming, motile (occasionally nonmotile) bacteria (family Bacillaceae) containing Gram-positive rods; motile cells are peritrichous. Many of the species are saccharolytic and fermentative, producing various acids and gases and variable amounts of neutral products; other species are proteolytic, some attacking proteins with putrefaction or more complete proteolysis. Some species fix free nitrogen. Exotoxins are sometimes produced by these organisms. They may cause disease in man and other animals. They are generally found in soil and in the intestinal tract of man and other animals. The type species is C. butyricum. [G. kloster, a spindle]
C. bifermen´tans a species found in putrid meat and gaseous gangrene; also commonly found in soil, feces, and sewage. Its pathogenicity varies from strain to strain.
C. botuli´num a species that occurs widely in nature and is a frequent cause of food poisoning (botulism) from preserved meats, fruits, or vegetables which have not been properly sterilized before canning. The main types, A to F, are characterized by antigenically distinct, but pharmacologically similar, very potent neurotoxins, each of which can be neutralized only by the specific antitoxin; group C toxin contains at least two components; the recorded cases of human botulism have been due mainly to types A, B, E, and F; type Ca causes botulism in domestic and wild water fowl; Cbeta and D are associated with intoxications in cattle.
C. butyr´icum a species which occurs in naturally soured milk, in naturally fermented starchy plant substances, and in soil; it is not pathogenic. It is the type species of the genus C.
C. cadav´eris a species found in a human cadaver and in the peritoneum of a rabbit; it is not pathogenic for guinea pigs or rabbits.
C. car´nis a species found in a rabbit inoculated with soil; it is pathogenic for laboratory animals, in which an exotoxin produces edema, necrosis, and death.
C. chauvoe´i a species which causes blackleg, black quarter, or symptomatic anthrax in cattle and other animals and which produces an exotoxin.
C. cochlear´ium a species found in human war wounds and septic infections; it is not pathogenic for guinea pigs.
C. coli´num a species causing ulcerative enteritis in quail and chickens.
C. diffi´cile (di-fi-sel´) a species found in the feces of newborn infants; pathogenic for human beings, guinea pigs, and rabbits; frequent cause of colitis and diarrhea following antibiotic usage. Found to be a cause of pseudomembranous colitis and associated with a number of intestinal diseases that are linked to antibiotic therapy. It is also the chief cause of nosocomial diarrhea. [L. difficult]
C. fal´lax a species found in war wounds, appendicitis, and black leg of sheep; it produces a weak exotoxin.
C. haemoly´ticum a species found in cattle dying of icterohemoglobinuria; it is pathogenic and toxic for guinea pigs and rabbits and produces an unstable, hemolytic toxin.
C. histoly´ticum a species found in war wounds, where it induces necrosis of tissue; it produces a cytolytic exotoxin that causes local necrosis and sloughing on injection; it is not toxic on feeding; it is pathogenic for small laboratory animals.
C. innomina´tum a species found in septic and gangrenous war wounds.
C. micro´sporum a species found in the abdominal contents of a fatal case of peritonitis.
C. multifermen´tans a species found in a human muscle infected with gas gangrene; also found in fermented olives and spoiled chocolate candy.
C. nigri´ficans former name for Desulfotomaculum nigrificans.
C. no´vyi a species consisting of three types, A, B, and C; type A, from a case of gaseous gangrene and from human necrotic hepatitis, produces gamma-toxin (a hemolytic lecithinase); B, from black disease (infectious necrotic hepatitis) of sheep, produces beta-toxin (a hemolytic lecithinase); and C, found in bacillary osteomyelitis of water buffaloes, does not produce toxin.C. oedematiens;
C. oedema´tiens C. novyi
C. parabotuli´num a species containing organisms formerly referred to as C. botulinum types A and B; the types are identified by protection tests with known type antitoxin; it produces a powerful exotoxin and is pathogenic for man and other animals.
C. paraputri´ficum a species found in feces, especially those of infants, gaseous gangrene, and postmortem fluid and tissue cultures; it is not pathogenic for rabbits or guinea pigs.
C. perfrin´gens a species which is the chief causative agent of gas gangrene in man and a cause of gas gangrene in other animals, especially sheep; it may also be involved in causing enteritis, appendicitis, and puerperal fever; it is one of the most common causes of food poisoning in the U. S. This organism is found in soil, water, milk, dust, sewage, and the intestinal tract of man and other animals.C. welchii, gas bacillus, Welch's bacillus;
C. ramo´sum a species found in the natural cavities of man and other animals as well as in sea water; it is also found in association with mastoiditis, otitis, pulmonary gangrene, putrid pleurisy, appendicitis, intestinal infections, balanitis, liver abscess, osteomyelitis, septicemia, and urinary infections, as well as in the vagina and in feces. It was formerly the type species of the obsolete genus Ramibacterium.
C. sep´ticum a species found in malignant edema of animals, in human war wounds, and in cases of appendicitis; it is pathogenic for guinea pigs, rabbits, mice, and pigeons and produces an exotoxin that is lethal and hemolytic.Ghon-Sachs bacillus, Sachs' bacillus, vibrion septique;
C. sordel´li a species causing big head in rams.
C. sphenoi´des a species found in gangrenous war wounds; it is not pathogenic for guinea pigs or rabbits.
C. sporo´genes a species found in intestinal contents, gaseous gangrene, and soil; it is not pathogenic for guinea pigs or rabbits, but does produce a slight, temporary, local tumefaction.
C. ta´le a species found in a case of acute appendicitis and in canned fish; pathogenicity for laboratory animals is variable.
C. ter´tium a species found in wounds, but that is nonpathogenic for laboratory animals.
C. tet´ani the species that causes tetanus; it produces a potent exotoxin (neurotoxin) that is intensely toxic for man and other animals when formed in tissues or injected, but not when ingested.
C. tetanoi´des a species found in war wounds, postmortem blood cultures, and garden soil.
C. tetanomor´phum a species found in war wounds and soil; it is not pathogenic for rabbits or guinea pigs.
C. thermosaccharoly´ticum a species of thermophilic bacteria found in "hard swell" of canned goods; it is not pathogenic to laboratory animals.
C. welch´ii C. perfringens

clostridium clostridium , pl. clostridia (klos-trid´e-um, -a)

A vernacular term used to refer to any member of the genus Clostridium.

Clostridium histolyticum collagenase Clostridium histolyticum collagenase

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of collagen, preferentially at peptide bonds on the amino side of a glycylprolyl sequence.clostridiopeptidase A, collagenase A, collagenase I;

Clostridium histolyticum proteinase B Clostridium histolyticum proteinase B

clostripain

clostripain clostripain (klos´tri-pan)

A cysteine proteinase cleaving preferentially at the carboxyl side of arginyl and lysyl residues. It also has an esterase activity.clostridiopeptidase B, Clostridium histolyticum proteinase B;

closure closure (klo´zhur)

1. The completion of a reflex pathway. 2. The place of coupling between stimuli in the establishment of conditioned learning. 3. To achieve or experience a sense of completion in a mental task.
flask c. in dentistry, the procedure of bringing the two halves or parts of a flask together; trial flask c.'s are preliminary c.'s made to eliminate excess denture-base material and to ensure that the mold is completely filled; the final flask c. is the last c. of a flask before curing, following trial packing of the mold with denture-base material.
velopharyngeal c. the apposition of the palate to the upper posterior pharyngeal wall as in deglutition and in some speech sounds.

closylate closylate (klo´si-lat)

USAN-approved contraction for p-chlorobenzenesulfonate.

clot clot (klot)

1. To coagulate, said especially of blood. 2. A soft, nonrigid, insoluble mass formed when a liquid (e.g., blood or lymph) gels. [O.E. klott, lump]
agonal c. intravascular thrombosis ascribed to the process of dying.
antemortem c. a blood c., found at autopsy, formed in any of the heart cavities or the great vessels before death.
blood c. the coagulated phase of blood; the soft, coherent, jelly-like red mass resulting from the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, thereby entrapping the red blood cells (and other formed elements) within the coagulated plasma.
chicken fat c. c. formed in vitro or postmortem from leukocytes and plasma of sedimented blood.
currant jelly c. a jelly-like mass of red blood cells and fibrin formed by the in vitro or postmortem clotting of whole or sedimented blood.
laminated c. a c. formed in a succession of layers such as occurs in the natural course of an aneurysm.
passive c. a c. formed in an aneurysmal sac consequent to the cessation or slowing of circulation through the aneurysm.
postmortem c. a c. formed in the heart or great vessels after death.
Schede's c. See Schede's method.

clotrimazole clotrimazole (klo-trim´a-zol)

1-(o-Chloro-a,a-diphenylbenzyl)imidazole;an antifungal agent used topically to treat a variety of fungal and yeast infections.

clottage clottage (klot´ij)

Rarely used term for blocking of any canal or duct by a blood clot.

Cloudman Cloudman

Arthur M., U.S. zoologist and pathologist, *1901. See C. melanoma.

clove oil clove oil (klov)

oil of clove

cloxacillin sodium cloxacillin sodium (klok-sa-sil´in)

[5-Methyl-3-(o-chlorophenyl)-4-isoxazolyl]penicillin sodium;a penicillinase-resistant penicillin.

clozapine clozapine (klo´za-pen)

8-Chloro-11-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine;a sedative and antipsychotic tricyclic dibenzodiazepine regarded as atypical because of low central antidopaminergic activity.

CLQ CLQ

Abbreviation for cognitive laterality quotient.

clubbing clubbing (klub´ing)

A condition affecting the fingers and toes in which proliferation of distal tissues, especially the nail-beds, results in thickening and widening of the extremities of the digits; the nails are abnormally curved and shiny.
hereditary c. Simple hereditary c. of the digits without associated pulmonary or other progressive disease, often more severe in males; most common in black patients; autosomal dominant inheritance.acropathy;

clubfoot clubfoot (klub´fut)

talipes equinovarus

clubhand clubhand (klub´hand)

Congenital or acquired angulation deformity of the hand associated with partial or complete absence of radius or ulna; usually with intrinsic deformities in the hand in congenital variants.
radial c. c. with angular deviation towards radial side of limb. See manus valga.
ulnar c. c. with angular deviation toward ulnar side of limb. See manus vara.

clump clump (klump)

To form into clusters, small aggregations, or groups. [A.S. clympre, a lump]

clumping clumping (klump-ing)

The massing together of bacteria or other cells suspended in a fluid.

cluneal cluneal (klu´ne-al)

Pertaining to the clunes.

clunes clunes (klu´nez) [NA]

buttocks [pl. of L. clunis, buttock]

clupanodonic acid clupanodonic acid (klu-pan´o-don´ik)

all-cis-7,10,13,16,19-docosapentaenoic acid;an omega-3 fatty acid with 22 carbons and five double bonds; found in fish oils and phospholipids in brain.

cluster of differentiation (CD) cluster of differentiation (CD)

Cell membrane molecules that are used to classify leukocytes into subsets. CD molecules are classified by monoclonal antibodies.
c.ofd. 2 (CD2) a glycoprotein that is expressed on all peripheral T cells, large granular lymphocytes and most, but not all, thymocytes. CD2 is involved in signal transduction and cell adhesion.
c.ofd. 3 (CD3) a complex of 5 polypeptides associated with the T cell receptor and is involved in signal transduction.
c.ofd. 4 (CD4) a glycoprotein found on various subsets of T cells, i.e., usually no helper and some T cytotoxic cells.
c.ofd. 8 (CD8) membrane glycoprotein found on subsets of T lymphocytes. CD8 is expressed on T cytotoxic cells and T suppressor cells.

cluttering cluttering (klut´er-ing)

A speech disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by abnormally rapid rate, disturbed fluency, and erratic rhythm that makes it difficult to understand the speaker.

Clutton Clutton

Henry H., British surgeon, 1850-1909. See C.'s joints, under joint.

clysis clysis (klI´sis)

1. An infusion of fluid, usually subcutaneously, for therapeutic purposes. 2. Formerly, a fluid enema; later, the washing out of material from any body space or cavity by fluids. [G. klysis, a drenching by a clyster]

-clysis -clysis

Combining form referring to injection or enema. [G. klysis, a drenching by a clyster]

clyster clyster (klis´ter)

An old term for enema. [G. klyster, fr. klyzo, fut. klyso, to wash out]

C.M. C.M.

Abbreviation for Chirurgiae Magister, Master in Surgery.

CM- CM-

Symbol for carboxymethyl radical.

Cm Cm

Symbol for curium.

cM cM

Abbreviation for centimorgan.

cm cm

Abbreviation for centimeter; cm² for square centimeter; cm³ for cubic centimeter.

CMA CMA

Abbreviation for Certified Medical Assistant.

p-CMB p-CMB

Abbreviation for p-chloromercuribenzoate.

cmc cmc

Abbreviation for critical micelle concentration.

CM-cellulose CM-cellulose

carboxymethyl cellulose

CMG CMG

Abbreviation for cystometrogram.

CMI CMI

Abbreviation for cell-mediated immunity.

CML CML

Abbreviation for cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity.

CMO CMO

Abbreviation for calculated mean organism.

CMP CMP

Symbol for cytidine 5´-monophosphate (secondarily, for any cytidine monophosphate).

CMT CMT

Abbreviation for Certified Medical Transcriptionist. See medical transcriptionist.

CMV CMV

1. Abbreviation for controlled mechanical ventilation; cytomegalovirus. 2. A cancer drug combination treatment consisting of cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine, used in the treatment of bladder and other malignancies.

cnemial cnemial (ne´me-al)

Relating to the leg, especially to the shin. [G. kneme, leg]

cnemis cnemis (ne´mis)

The shin. [G. knemis (knemid-), a legging]

cnida cnida , pl. cnidae (nI´da, nI´de)

nematocyst [G. knide, nettle]

cnidocyst cnidocyst (nI´do-sist)

nematocyst

cnidosis cnidosis (nI-do´sis)

Obsolete term for urticaria. [G. knidosis, nettle-rash, fr. knide, a nettle]

Cnidospora Cnidospora (nI-do-spor´a)

Microspora [G. knide, nettle, sea nettle, + sporos, seed]

Cnidosporidia Cnidosporidia (nI´do-spo-rid´ea)

Microsporida [G. knide, nettle, sea nettle, + Mod. L., fr. G. sporos, seed]

C.N.M. C.N.M.

Abbreviation for Certified Nurse Midwife.

CNS CNS

1. Abbreviation for central nervous system. 2. Symbol for the thiocyanate radical, CNS^- or -CNS.

CO CO

Symbol for carbon monoxide.

Co Co

Symbol for cobalt; coccygeal.

57Co ⁵⁷Co

Symbol for cobalt-57.

58Co ⁵⁸Co

Symbol for cobalt-58.

60Co ⁶⁰Co

Symbol for cobalt-60.

co- co-

See con-.

CoA CoA

Abbreviation for coenzyme A.

coacervate coacervate (ko-as´er-vat)

An aggregate of colloidal particles separated out of an emulsion (coacervation) by the addition of some third component (coacervating agent). [L. coacervare, pp. -atus, to collect in a mass]

coacervation coacervation (ko-as-er-va´shun)

Formation of a coacervate.

coadaptation coadaptation (ko´ad-ap-ta´shun)

The operation of selection jointly on two or more loci.

coagglutinin coagglutinin (ko-a-glu´ti-nin)

A substance that per se does not agglutinate an antigen, but does result in agglutination of antigen that is appropriately coated with univalent antibody. See also conglutination.

coagula coagula (ko-ag´yu-la)

Plural of coagulum.

coagulable coagulable (ko-ag´yu-la-bl)

Capable of being coagulated or clotted.

coagulant coagulant (ko-ag´yu-lant)

1. An agent that causes, stimulates, or accelerates coagulation, especially with reference to blood. 2. coagulative

coagulate coagulate (ko-ag´yu-lat)

1. To convert a fluid or a substance in solution into a solid or gel. 2. To clot; to curdle; to change from a liquid to a solid or gel. [L. coagulo, pp. -atus, to curdle]

coagulation coagulation (ko-ag-yu-la´shun)

1. Clotting; the process of changing from a liquid to a solid, said especially of blood (i.e., blood c.). In vertebrates, blood c. is a result of cascade regulation from fibrin. 2. A clot or coagulum. 3. Transformation of a sol into a gel or semisolid mass; e.g., the c. of the white of an egg by means of boiling. In any colloidal suspension, the dispersion of the disperse phase from the continuous phase is greatly reduced, thereby leading to a complete or partial separation of the latter; usually an irreversible phenomenon unless the basic nature of the substance is chemically altered.
disseminated intravascular c. (DIC) a hemorrhagic syndrome which occurs following the uncontrolled activation of clotting factors and fibrinolytic enzymes throughout small blood vessels; fibrin is deposited, platelets and clotting factors are consumed, and fibrin degradation products inhibit fibrin polymerization, resulting in tissue necrosis and bleeding. See also consumption coagulopathy.

coagulative coagulative (ko-ag´yu-la-tiv)

Causing coagulation.coagulant (2);

coagulopathy coagulopathy (ko-ag-yu-lop´a-the)

A disease affecting the coagulability of the blood.
consumption c. a disorder in which marked reductions develop in blood concentrations of platelets with exhaustion of the coagulation factors in the peripheral blood as a result of disseminated intravascular coagulation.

coagulum coagulum , pl. coagula (ko-ag´yu-lum, -la)

A clot or a curd; a soft, nonrigid, insoluble mass formed when a sol undergoes coagulation. [L. a means of coagulating, rennet]

coalescence coalescence (ko-a-les´ens)

Fusion of originally separate parts.concrescence (1);

coal oil coal oil (kol)

petroleum

coal tar coal tar

A by-product obtained during the destructive distillation of bituminous coal; a very dark semisolid of characteristic naphthalene-like odor and a sharp, burning taste; used in the treatment of skin diseases.

coapt coapt (ko´apt)

To join or fit together.

coaptation coaptation (ko-ap-ta´shun)

Joining or fitting together of two surfaces; e.g., the lips of a wound or the ends of a broken bone. [L. co-apto, pp. -aptatus, to fit together]

coarct coarct (ko-arkt´)

To restrict or press together.coarctate (1); [L. co-arcto, pp. -arctatus, to press together]

coarctate coarctate (ko-ark´tat)

1. coarct 2. Pressed together.

coarctation coarctation (ko-ark-ta´shun)

A constriction, stricture, or stenosis, usually of the aorta.
reversed c. aortic arch syndrome in which blood pressure in the arms is lower than in the legs.

coarctectomy coarctectomy (ko´ark-tek´to-me)

Excision of a coarctation (of the aorta).

coarctotomy coarctotomy (ko-ark-tot´o-me)

Division of a stricture. [coarct + G. tome, cutting]

CoAS- CoAS- , CoASH

Symbols for the coenzyme A radical and reduced coenzyme A, respectively.

coat coat (kot)

1. The outer covering or envelope of an organ or part. 2. One of the layers of membranous or other tissues forming the wall of a canal or hollow organ. See tunic.
buffy c. the upper, lighter portion of the blood clot (coagulated plasma and white blood cells), occurring when coagulation is delayed so that the red blood cells have had time to settle; the portion of centrifuged, anticoagulated blood which contains leukocytes and platelets.crusta inflammatoria, crusta phlogistica, leukocyte cream;
muscular c. the muscular, usually middle, layer of a tubular structure; for most of the gastrointestinal tract, it consists of an outer longitudinal layer of muscle and an inner circular layer.tunica muscularis [NA];
muscular c. of bronchi muscular layer of the bronchial wall.tunica muscularis bronchiorum [NA];
muscular c. of colon muscular layer of the wall of the colon.tunica muscularis coli [NA];
muscular c. of ductus deferens muscular layer of the wall of the ductus deferens.tunica muscularis ductus deferentis [NA];
muscular c. of esophagus muscular layer of the esophageal wall.tunica muscularis esophagi [NA];
muscular c. of female urethra muscular layer of the wall of the female urethra.tunica muscularis urethrae femininae [NA];
muscular c. of gallbladder muscular layer of the wall of the gallbladder.tunica muscularis vesicae biliaris [NA] , tunica muscularis vesicae felleae [NA];
muscular c. of pharynx muscular layer of the pharyngeal wall. In contrast with the muscular coats of the rest of the gastrointestinal tract (except anal canal), that of the pharynx has an outer circular layer and an inner longitudinal layer.tunica muscularis pharyngis [NA];
muscular c. of rectum muscular layer of the wall of the rectum.tunica muscularis recti [NA];
muscular c. of small intestine muscular layer of the wall of the small intestine.tunica muscularis intestini tenuis [NA];
muscular c. of stomach muscular tunic of the stomach, consisting of smooth muscles arranged in three fairly well defined layers: an outer longitudinal layer, continuous with that of the esophagus but dividing at the cardia into two bands which run along the greater and lesser curvatures, leaving the middle areas of the anterior and posterior walls devoid of longitudinal fibers, and then coalescing in the pyloric region into a complete layer which is continuous with the longitudinal c. of the duodenum. The middle circular layer is most complete and strongest, continuous with the circular layer of the esophagus at the cardia; it thickens progressively toward the pylorus, ultimately forming the muscular ring of the pyloric sphincter. The inner, oblique layer is unique to the stomach and is most strongly developed in the fundic region and absent along the lesser curvature. This absence contributes to the formation of the "gastric canal." See also oblique fibers of stomach, under fiber.tunica muscularis gastrica [NA] , tunica muscularis ventriculi;
muscular c. of trachea muscular layer of the tracheal wall.tunica muscularis tracheae [NA];
muscular c. of ureter muscular layer of the ureteric wall.tunica muscularis ureteris [NA];
muscular c. of urinary bladder muscular layer of the wall of the urinary bladder.tunica muscularis vesicae urinariae [NA];
muscular c. of uterine tube muscular layer of the wall of the uterine tube.tunica muscularis tubae uterinae [NA];
muscular c. of uterus myometrium
muscular c. of vagina muscular layer of the vaginal wall.tunica muscularis vaginae [NA];
sclerotic c. sclera
serous c. serosa

coating coating (kot´ing)

A covering; a layer of some substance spread over a surface.
antireflection c. a film of magnesium fluoride spread on a lens to minimize reflections.

CoA transferases CoA transferases [EC Class 2.8.3]

thiaphorases;enzymes transferring CoA from acetyl-CoA or succinyl-CoA to other acyl radicals.

Coats Coats

George, British ophthalmologist, 1876-1915. See C.'s disease.

cobalamin (Cbl) cobalamin (Cbl) (ko-bal´a-min)

General term for compounds containing the dimethylbenzimidazolylcobamide nucleus of vitamin B₁₂.
ATP c. adenoxyltransferase an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of ATP, water, and cobalamin to form orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, and adenoxylcobalamin. Adenosylcobalamin is required by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. A deficiency of ATP c. adenosyltransferase will lead to methylmalonic acidemia.
c. concentrate the dried, partially purified product resulting from the growth of selected Streptomyces cultures or other cobalamin-producing microorganisms; contains at least 500 mug of c. in each gram.

cobalt (Co) cobalt (Co) (ko´bawlt)

A steel-gray metallic element, atomic no. 27, atomic wt. 58.93320; a bioelement and a constituent of vitamin B₁₂; certain of its compounds are pigments, e.g., c. blue. [Ger. kobalt, goblin or evil spirit]

cobalt-57 (57Co) cobalt-57 (⁵⁷Co)

Half-life, 271.8 days; decays by electron capture with emission of a medium energy (122.06 keV) gamma ray. Used as a diagnostic aid with some metabolic disorders.

cobalt-58 (58Co) cobalt-58 (⁵⁸Co)

Positron emitter with half-life of 70.88 days.

cobalt-60 (60Co) cobalt-60 (⁶⁰Co)

Half-life, 5.271 years; emits beta particles and energetic gamma rays, for which reason it is used in radiation therapy and diagnostics in place of radium (radon) or x-rays. It is also used as a diagnostic aid in vitamin B₁₂-related problems.

cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride (ko-bawl´tus)

CoCl₂. 6H₂0;used in the treatment of various types of refractory anemia to improve the hematocrit, hemoglobin, and erythrocyte count.

Cobb Cobb

Stanley, U.S. neuropathologist, *1887. See C. syndrome.

cobra cobra (ko´bra)

Members of the highly venomous snake genus, Naja (family Elapidae); six species are recognized, all African except for the Asiatic c.; typical behavior includes spreading of the neck (hood), rearing one-third of the body off of the ground, and, in some species, the spitting of venom, which is primarily neurotoxic. [Port. snake, from L. coluber, snake]

cobrotoxin cobrotoxin (ko´bro-tok-sin)

A polypeptide of 62 residues; action on cells is similar to that of melittin in that it promotes disruption of membranes; used as an investigational antirheumatic agent.cobra toxin, direct lytic factor of cobra venom;

cobyric acid cobyric acid (ko-bir´ik)

The hexa-amide of cobyrinic acid; a part of the vitamin B₁₂ structure.cobyrinamide, cobyrinic hexa-amide, factor V_1a;

cobyrinamide cobyrinamide (ko-bir-in´a-mId)

cobyric acid

cobyrinic acid cobyrinic acid (ko-bir-in´ik)

Corrin with 8 methyl groups at positions 1, 2, 5, 7, 12 (2), 15, 17; -CH₂COOH groups at positions 2, 7, 18; -CH₂CH₂COOH groups at positions 3, 8, 13, 17; and divalent cobalt centered among the four nitrogens. The acid side-chains are designated, in numerical order, a, b, c, d, e, f, g. It is a part of the vitamin B₁₂ structure.

cobyrinic hexa-amide cobyrinic hexa-amide

cobyric acid

COC COC

Abbreviation for cathodal opening contraction.

coca coca (ko´ka)

The dried leaves of Erythroxylon coca, yielding not less than 0.5% of ether-soluble alkaloids; the source of cocaine and several other alkaloids. [S. Am.]

cocaine cocaine (ko-kan´)

Benzoylmethylecgonine;an alkaloid obtained from the leaves of Erythroxylon coca (family Erythroxylaceae) and other species of Erythroxylon, or by synthesis from ecgonine or its derivatives; it has moderate vasoconstrictor activity and pronounced psychotropic effects; its salts are used as a topical anesthetic.
crack c. A derivative of cocaine, usually smoked, resulting in a brief, intense high. C. is relatively inexpensive and extremely addictive. See street drug.Within 10 seconds of being smoked, it provides a dramatic high lasting 3-5 minutes, and afterwards an intense craving for the drug arises in the user. Dependency can develop in less than 2 weeks. This ready-to-smoke freebase is manufactured from powdered cocaine, which is heated with water in a glass tube. Once the mixture cools, baking soda and cold water are added, and the resulting product hardened and broken into pieces. It is sometimes called "rock" or "ready rock" (although normally, rock is a hydrochloride product which is snorted). It is also sold in ridged lengths called "french fries" or "teeth." Like snorted or injected cocaine, it has both acute and chronic complications, including heart and nasopharyngeal damage, seizures, and sudden death, and fosters an assortment of mental problems, including cocaine psychosis. Street use of crack exploded upon its introduction in the 1980s, and accounted for rises in emergency room admissions for cocaine overdose and in births of cocaine dependant babies.

cocainization cocainization (ko´kan-i-za´shun)

Production of topical anesthesia of mucous membranes by the application of cocaine.

cocarboxylase cocarboxylase (ko-kar-boks´i-las)

thiamin pyrophosphate

cocarcinogen cocarcinogen (ko-kar´si-no-jen)

A substance that works symbiotically with a carcinogen in the production of cancer.

Coccaceae Coccaceae (kok-ka´se-e)

An obsolete term for a family of Eubacteriales which included all the spherical cells dividing in one (Streptococcus), two (Micrococcus), or three (Sarcina) planes, then forming cells, pairs, tetrads, cubes or larger packets, or chains. [G. kokkos, a berry]

coccal coccal (kok´al)

Relating to cocci.

cocci cocci (kok´sI)

Plural of coccus.

Coccidia Coccidia (kok-sid´e-a)

A subclass of important protozoa (class Sporozoea, phylum Apicomplexa) in which the mature trophozoites are small and typically intracellular; schizogony and sporogony can occur in the same host, in contrast to the gregarines (subclass Gregarinia of class Sporozoea), which have large extracellular trophozoites in various invertebrates and do not reproduce by schizogony.Coccidiasina; [Mod. L., fr. G. kokkos, berry]
coccidia of cattle Eimeria of cattle
coccidia of chickens Eimeria of chickens
coccidia of geese Eimeria of geese
coccidia of pheasants Eimeria of pheasants
coccidia of rabbits Eimeria of rabbits
coccidia of sheep and goats Eimeria of sheep and goats
coccidia of swine Eimeria of swine
coccidia of turkeys Eimeria of turkeys

coccidia coccidia (kok-sid´e-a)

Plural of coccidium.

coccidial coccidial (kok-sid´e-al)

Relating to coccidia.

Coccidiasina Coccidiasina (kok-sid´e-a-sI´na)

Coccidia

coccidioidal coccidioidal (kok-sid-e-oy´dal)

Referring to the disease or to the infecting organism of coccidioidomycosis.

Coccidioides Coccidioides (kok-sid-e-oy´dez)

A genus of fungi found in the soil of the semi-arid areas of the Southwestern U.S. and smaller areas throughout Central and South America, but has not been found elsewhere. The only pathogenic species, C. immitis, causes coccidioidomycosis. [coccidium + G. eidos, resemblance]

coccidioidin coccidioidin (kok-sid-e-oy´din)

A sterile solution containing the by-products of growth of Coccidioides immitis; used as an intracutaneous skin test, diagnostically more valuable in non-endemic areas.

coccidioidoma coccidioidoma (kok-sid´e-oy-do´ma)

A benign localized residual granulomatous lesion or scar in a lung following primary coccidioidomycosis.

coccidioidomycosis coccidioidomycosis (kok-sid-e-oy´do-mI-ko´sis)

A variable, benign, severe, or fatal systemic mycosis due to inhalation of dust particles containing arthroconidia of Coccidioides immitis. In benign forms of the infection, the lesions are limited to the upper respiratory tract and lungs; in a low percentage of cases, the disease disseminates to other visceral organs, bones, joints, and skin and subcutaneous tissues.Posadas disease; [coccidioides + G. mykes, fungus, + -osis, condition]
asymptomatic c. latent c
disseminate c. a severe, chronic, and progressive form of c. resulting from rapid dissemination of endospores from the primary site of infection, or from reinfection in a previously sensitized patient, with widespread involvement of the central nervous system, bones, skin, and viscera.
latent c. a form of c. not differentiated clinically from upper respiratory infections of viral or bacterial etiology; positive skin tests are useful in demonstrating past and present infections; tests for circulating serum antibodies are prognostic as well as diagnostic in some cases.asymptomatic c;
primary c. a disease common in the San Joaquin Valley of California and certain additional areas in the southwestern U.S. as well as the Chaco region of Argentina, caused by inhalation of the arthroconidia of Coccidioides immitis; acute onset of symptoms resemble pneumonia or pulmonary tuberculosis, productive of sputum usually containing spores of the fungus, and accompanied by aches, malaise, severe headache, and occasionally an early erythematous or papular eruption; erythema multiforme or erythema nodosum may appear; the coccidioidin test is positive.desert fever, San Joaquin fever, San Joaquin Valley disease, San Joaquin Valley fever, valley fever;
primary extrapulmonary c. a rare form of c. presenting near the site of local trauma with painless firm nodules occurring at one to two weeks, accompanied by regional adenopathy, with spontaneous healing in a few weeks.
secondary c. progressive or disseminated extrapulmonary granulomatous lesions following primary c.coccidioidal granuloma;

coccidiosis coccidiosis (kok-sid-e-o´sis)

Group name for diseases due to any species of coccidia; a common and serious protozoan disease of many species of domestic animals and birds and many wild animals kept in captivity; both intestinal and pulmonary c. have been reported in human individuals with AIDS.

coccidiostat coccidiostat (kok-sid´e-o-stat)

A chemical agent generally added to animal feed to partially inhibit or delay the development of coccidiosis.

coccidium coccidium , pl. coccidia (kok-sid´e-um, -e-a)

Common name given to protozoan parasites (order Eucoccidiida) in which schizogony occurs within epithelial cells, generally in the intestine, but in some species in the bile ducts and kidney; the final product of sexual fusion and differentiation that occurs within the host, the oocyst, generally passes to the soil in the feces, undergoes sporulation, and then acts as the infective form for another host. Coccidia are parasitic in most domestic and wild birds and mammals, occasionally in man, and are highly host-specific; the majority are nonpathogenic, but certain species rank among the most serious and economically important pathogens, causing coccidiosis in birds and mammals. See Eimeria, Isospora. [Mod. L. dim. of G. kokkos, berry]

coccinella coccinella (kok-sin-el´a)

cochineal

coccinellin coccinellin (kok-si-nel´in)

The coloring principle derived from cochineal.

coccobacillary coccobacillary (kok´o-bas´i-lar-e)

Relating to a coccobacillus.

coccobacillus coccobacillus (kok´o-ba-sil´us)

A short, thick bacterial rod of the shape of an oval or slightly elongated coccus. [G. kokkos, berry]

coccoid coccoid (kok´oyd)

Resembling a coccus. [G. kokkos, berry, + eidos, resemblance]

cocculin cocculin (kok´yu-lin)

picrotoxin

coccus coccus , pl. cocci (kok´us, kok´sI)

1. A bacterium of round, spheroidal, or ovoid form. 2. cochineal [G. kokkos, berry]
Neisser's c. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Weichselbaum's c. Neisseria meningitidis

coccyalgia coccyalgia (kok-se-al´je-a)

coccygodynia [coccyx + G. algos, pain]

coccycephaly coccycephaly (kok´si-sef´a-le)

A malformation in which the cephalic profile suggests a beak. [G. kokkyx, cuckoo, + kephale, head]

coccydynia coccydynia (kok-se-din´e-a)

coccygodynia [coccyx + G. odyne, pain]

coccygalgia coccygalgia (kok-se-gal´je-a)

coccygodynia [coccyx + G. algos, pain]

coccygeal (Co) coccygeal (Co) (kok-sij´e-al)

Relating to the coccyx.

coccygectomy coccygectomy (kok-se-jek´to-me)

Removal of the coccyx. [coccyx + G. ektome, excision]

coccygeus coccygeus

See coccygeus muscle.

coccygodynia coccygodynia (kok´si-go-din´e-a)

Coccyodynia pain in the coccygeal region.coccyalgia, coccydynia, coccygalgia, coccyodynia; [coccyx + G. odyne, pain]

coccygotomy coccygotomy (kok-se-got´o-me)

Operation for freeing the coccyx from its attachments. [coccyx + G. tome, a cutting]

coccyodynia coccyodynia (kok´se-o-din´e-a)

coccygodynia

coccyx coccyx , gen. coccygis , pl. coccyges (kok´siks, -si-jis, -si-jes)

The small bone at the end of the vertebral column in man, formed by the fusion of four rudimentary vertebrae; it articulates above with the sacrum.os coccygis [NA] , coccygeal bone, tail bone; [G. kokkyx, a cuckoo, the coccyx]

cochineal cochineal (kotch´i-nel) [C.I. 75470]

The dried female insects, Coccus cacti, enclosing the young larvae, or the dried female insect, Dactylopius coccus, containing eggs and larvae, from which coccinellin is obtained; used as a red coloring agent and a stain. See carmine.coccinella, coccus (2); [O.Sp. cochinilla, wood louse, fr. G. kokkinos, berry]

cochlea cochlea , pl. cochleae (kok´le-a, le-e) [NA]

A cone-shaped cavity in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, forming one of the divisions of the labyrinth or internal ear. It consists of a spiral canal making two and a half turns around a central core of spongy bone, the modiolus; this spiral canal of the cochlea contains the membranous cochlea, or cochlear duct, in which is the spiral organ (Corti). [L. snail shell]
membranous c. cochlear duct

cochlear cochlear (kok´le-ar)

Relating to the cochlea.

cochleare cochleare (ko-kle´a, kok-le-a´re)

A spoon. [L.]
c. am´plum a tablespoonful. [L.]
c. mag´num a tablespoonful. [L.]
c. me´dium a dessertspoonful. [L.]
c. mod´icum a dessertspoonful. [L.]
c. par´vum a teaspoonful. [L.]

cochleariform cochleariform (kok-le-ar´i-form)

Spoon-shaped. [L. cochleare, spoon, + forma, form]

cochleate cochleate (kok´le-at)

1. Resembling a snail shell. 2. Denoting the appearance of a form of plate culture. [L. cochlea, a snail shell]

cochleosacculotomy cochleosacculotomy (kok´le-o-sac-yu-lot´o-me)

An operation for Ménière's disease performed through the round window to create a shunt between the cochlear duct and the saccule.

cochleovestibular cochleovestibular (kok´le-o-ves-tib´yu-lar)

Relating to the cochlea and the vestibule of the ear.

Cochliomyia Cochliomyia (kok´le-o-mI´ya)

A genus of fleshflies (family Calliphoridae) whose larvae develop in decaying flesh or carrion or in wounds or sores.
C. american´a incorrect name for C. hominivorax.
C. homini´vorax the screw-worm fly, a species that is a serious pest of livestock from Mexico to Argentina and is the primary cause of myiasis in the western hemisphere; attracted by fresh blood, it deposits eggs on wounds, tick bites, or intact moist areas of the body, and the larvae invade living tissues, causing severe myiasis and often death; it is known to attack man, especially in the nose, although wounds, eyes, and other body openings have also been attacked.
C. macella´ria the secondary screw-worm fly, a species attracted to decaying flesh (formerly used as surgical maggots); primarily a scavenger, but not implicated in primary myiasis as is C. hominivorax, though it may be a secondary wound invader in domestic animals in the Americas.

cocillana cocillana (ko´se-lah´na)

The dried bark of Guarea rusbyi, a Bolivia tree, used as an expectorant in bronchitis.

Cockayne Cockayne

Edward A., British physician, 1880-1956. See C.'s disease, syndrome; Weber-C. syndrome.

cocktail cocktail (kok´tal)

A mixture that includes several ingredients or drugs.
Brompton c. a c. of morphine and cocaine usually used for analgesia in terminal cancer patients; the formulations vary, but typically it contains 15 mg of morphine hydrochoride and 10 mg of cocaine hydrochloride per 10 ml of the c. [Brompton Chest Hospital, London, England, where developed]
Philadelphia c. Rivers' c
Rivers' c. an intravenous slow injection of from 1000 to 2000 ml of 10% dextrose in isotonic saline to which thiamine hydrochloride and 25 units of insulin are added; used in acute alcoholism.Philadelphia c;

COCl COCl

Abbreviation for cathodal opening clonus.

cocoa cocoa (ko´ko)

A powder prepared from the roasted kernels of the ripe seed of Theobroma cacao (family Sterculiaceae); used in the preparation of c. syrup, a flavoring agent. See also cacao.

coconsciousness coconsciousness (ko-kon´shus-nes)

A splitting of consciousness into two streams.

coconversion coconversion (ko´kon-ver´shun)

The simultaneous correction of two sites on DNA during gene conversion.

cocto- cocto-

Prefix indicating boiled or modified by heat. [L. coctus, cooked]

coctolabile coctolabile (kok-to-la´bil, -bIl)

Subject to alteration or destruction when exposed to the temperature of boiling water.

coctostabile coctostabile , coctostable (kok-to-sta´bil, -bIl; -sta´bl)

Resisting the temperature of boiling water without alteration or destruction.

cod cod (kod)

1. The fat-filled scrotum of a castrated bovine animal. 2. A common marine fish (family Gadidae) related to the haddock and pollack.

code code (kod)

1. A set of rules, principles, or ethics. 2. Any system devised to convey information or facilitate communication. 3. Term used in hospitals to describe an emergency requiring situation trained members of the staff, such as a cardiopulmonary resuscitation team, or the signal to summon such a team. 4. A numerical system for ordering and classifying information, e.g., about diagnostic categories. [L. codex, book]
genetic c. the genetic information carried by the specific DNA molecules of the chromosomes; specifically, the system whereby particular combinations of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA molecule control the insertion of one particular amino acid in equivalent places in a protein molecule. The genetic c. is almost universal throughout the prokaryotic, plant, and animal kingdoms. There are two known exceptions. In ciliated protozoans, the triplets AGA and AGG are read as termination signals instead of as l-arginine. This is also true of the mitochondrial c., which, in addition, uses AUA as a code for l-methionine (instead of isoleucine) and UGA for l-tryptophan (instead of a termination signal).
soundex c. a sequence of letters used for recording names phonetically, especially in record linkage.

codecarboxylase codecarboxylase (ko´de-kar-boks´i-las)

pyridoxal 5´-phosphate

codehydrogenase I codehydrogenase I , codehydrogenase II (ko´de-hI-droj´e-nas)

Obsolete names for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, respectively.

codeine codeine (ko´den)

morphine monomethyl morphine 3-methyl ether;obtained from opium, which contains 0.7 to 2.5%, but usually made from morphine. Used as an analgesic and antitussive; drug dependence (physical and psychic) may develop, but c. is less liable to produce addiction than is morphine.methylmorphine; [G. kodeia, head, poppy head]

Codex medicamentarius Codex medicamentarius (ko´deks med´i-ka-men-tar´e-us)

The official title of the French Pharmacopeia. [L. a book pertaining to drugs]

coding coding

Translation of information, e.g., diagnoses, questionnaire responses, into numbered categories for entry into a data processing system.

cod liver oil cod liver oil

The partially destearinated fixed oil extracted from the fresh livers of Gadus morrhuae and other species of the family Gadidae, containing vitamins A and D; used as a supplementary source of vitamins A and D.

Codman Codman

Ernest Amory, U.S. surgeon, 1869-1940. See C.'s sign, triangle, tumor.

codogenic codogenic (ko-do-jen-ik)

Formed by a code; specifically, the genetic code.

codominant codominant (ko-dom´i-nant)

In genetics, denoting an equal degree of dominance of two genes, both being expressed in the phenotype of the individual; e.g., genes A and B of the ABO blood group are codominant; individuals with both are type AB.

codon codon (ko´don)

A set of three consecutive nucleotides in a strand of DNA or RNA that provides the genetic information to code for a specific amino acid which will be incorporated into a protein chain or serve as a termination signal.triplet (3); [code + -on]
amber c. the termination codon UAG.
initiating c. the trinucleotide AUG (or sometimes GUG) that codes for the first amino acid in protein sequences, formylmethionine; the latter is often removed post-transcriptionally.start c;
initiation c. a specific mRNA sequence (usually AUG, but sometimes GUG) that is the signal for the addition of fMet-tRNA and the beginning of translation.
nonsense c. termination c
ochre c. the termination c. UAA.
opal c. umber c
punctuation c. termination c
start c. initiating c
stop c. termination c
termination c. trinucleotide sequence (UAA, UGA, or UAG) that specifies the end of translation or transcription. Cf. amber c., ochre c., umber c. nonsense c., punctuation c., stop c., termination sequence;
umber c. the termination c. UGA.opal c;

coe- coe-

For words so beginning, and not found here, see ce-.

coefficient coefficient (ko-e-fish´ent)

1. The expression of the amount or degree of any quality possessed by a substance, or of the degree of physical or chemical change normally occurring in that substance under stated conditions. 2. The ratio or factor that relates a quantity observed under one set of conditions to that observed under standard conditions, usually when all variables are either 1 or a simple power of 10. [L. co- + efficio (exfacio), to accomplish]
absorption c. 1. the milliliters of a gas at standard temperature and pressure that will saturate 100 ml of liquid; 2. the amount of light absorbed in passing through 1 cm of a 1 molar solution of a given substance, expressed as a constant in Beer-Lambert law; Cf. specific absorption c. 3. in x-ray, a measure of the rate of decrease of intensity of a beam in its passage through a substance, resulting from a combination of scattering and conversion to other forms of energy.
activity c. (gamma) See activity (2).
biological c. rarely used term denoting the energy expended by the body at rest.
Bunsen's solubility c. (a) the milliliters of gas STPD dissolved per milliliter of liquid and per atmosphere (760 mm Hg) partial pressure of the gas at any given temperature.
c. of consanguinity c. of inbreeding
correlation c. a measure of association that indicates the degree to which two variables have a linear relationship; this c., represented by the letter r, can vary between +1 and -1; when r = +1, there is a perfect positive linear relationship in which one variable relates directly with the other; when r = -1, there is a perfect negative linear relationship between the variables.
creatinine c. the number of milligrams of creatinine excreted daily per kilogram of body weight.
diffusion c. the mass of material diffusing across a unit area in unit time under a concentration gradient of unity.diffusion constant;
distribution c. the ratio of concentrations of a substance in two immiscible phases at equilibrium; the basis of many chromatographic separation procedures.partition c;
economic c. in growth and cultivation of microorganisms, the ratio of the mass produced to the substrate consumed.
extinction c. (epsi) specific absorption c
extraction c. the percentage of a substance removed from the blood or plasma in a single passage through a tissue; e.g., the extraction c. for p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) in the kidney is the difference between arterial and renal venous plasma PAH concentrations, divided by the arterial plasma PAH concentration.
filtration c. a measure of a membrane's permeability to water; specifically, the volume of fluid filtered in unit time through a unit area of membrane per unit pressure difference, taking into account both hydraulic and osmotic pressures.
Hill c. the slope of the line in a Hill plot; a measure of the degree of cooperativity.Hill constant;
hygienic laboratory c. Rideal-Walker c
c. of inbreeding the probability that the individual concerned is homozygous by descent at an autosomal locus picked at random; equal to the c. of kinship of the parents.c. of consanguinity;
isotonic c. the amount of salts in the blood plasma, or the amount that should be added to distilled water in order to prepare an isotonic solution.
c. of kinship the probability that two genes at the same locus, picked at random from each of two individuals, are identical by descent.
lethal c. that concentration of disinfectant that kills bacteria at 20-25°C in the shortest period of time.
linear absorption c. that fraction of ionizing radiation absorbed in a unit thickness of a substance or tissue. See also absorption c. (3).
Long's c. Long's formula
molar absorption c. (epsi) absorbance (of light) per unit path length (usually the centimeter) and per unit of concentration (moles per liter); a fundamental unit in spectrophotometry.absorbancy index (2) , absorptivity (2) , molar absorbancy index, molar absorptivity, molar extinction c;
molar extinction c. molar absorption c
Ostwald's solubility c. (LAMBDA) the milliliters of gas dissolved per milliliter of liquid and per atmosphere (760 mm of Hg) partial pressure of the gas at any given temperature. This differs from Bunsen's solubility c. (a) in that the amount of dissolved gas is expressed in terms of its volume at the temperature of the experiment, instead of STPD. Thus, lambda = a (1 + 0.00367t), where t = temperature in degrees Celsius.
oxygen utilization c. the extraction c. for oxygen in any given tissue.
partition c. distribution c
permeability c. a c. associated with simple diffusion through a membrane that is proportional to the partition coefficient and the diffusion coefficient and inversely proportional to membrane thickness.
phenol c. Rideal-Walker c
Poiseuille's viscosity c. an expression of the viscosity as determined by the capillary tube method; the coefficient eta = (piPr4t / 8vl), where P is the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the tube, r the radius of the tube, l its length, and v the volume of liquid delivered in the time t. If volume is in cm³, time is in seconds, and l and r are in cm, then n will be in poise.
reflection c. (sigma) a measure of the relative permeability of a particular membrane to a particular solute; calculated as the ratio of observed osmotic pressure to that calculated from van't Hoff's law; also equal to 1 minus the ratio of the effective pore areas available to solute and to solvent.
c. of relationship the probability that a gene present in one mate is also present in the other and is derived from the same source.
reliability c. an index of the consistency of measurement often based on the correlation between scores obtained on the initial test and a retest (test-retest reliability) or between scores on two similar forms of the same test (equivalent-form reliability).
respiratory c. respiratory quotient
Rideal-Walker c. a figure expressing the disinfecting power of any substance; it is obtained by dividing the figure indicating the degree of dilution of the disinfectant that kills a microorganism in a given time by that indicating the degree of dilution of phenol which kills the organism in the same space of time under similar conditions.hygienic laboratory c., phenol c;
sedimentation c. (s) sedimentation constant
selection c. (s) the proportion of progeny or potential progeny not surviving to sexual maturity; usually defined artificially by expressing the fitness of a phenotype as a fraction of the mean or optimal fitness to give the relative fitness, and subtracting this fraction from unity. If the mean size of family in the population is 3.2 and that for a particular genotype is 2.4 then the fitness of the phenotype is 2.4/3.2 =0.75 and the selection coefficient =1-0.75 =.25 = 5
specific absorption c. (a) absorbance (of light) per unit path length (usually the centimeter) and per unit of mass concentration. Cf. molar absorption c. absorbancy index (1) , absorptivity (1) , extinction c., specific extinction;
temperature c. the fractional change in any physical property per degree rise in temperature.
ultrafiltration c. the filtration c. of a semipermeable membrane.
c. of variation (CV) the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean.
velocity c. the rate of transformation of a unit mass of substance in a chemical reaction.
c. of viscosity the value of the force per unit area required to maintain a unit relative velocity between two parallel planes a unit distance apart.

Coelenterata Coelenterata (se-len-te-ra´ta)

One of the major phyla of invertebrates, to which such forms as jellyfish belong.

coelenterate coelenterate (se-len´ter-at)

Common name for members of the Coelenterata.

coelom coelom (se´lom)

body cavity

coenesthesia coenesthesia (ko-en-es-the´ze-a)

cenesthesia

coeno- coeno-

Shared in common. See also ceno-. [G. koinos, common]

coenocyte coenocyte (se´no-sIt)

cenocyte

coenocytic coenocytic (se-no-sit´ik)

cenocytic

coenurosis coenurosis (se-nu-ro´sis)

cenurosis

Coenurus Coenurus (se-nu´rus)

Former generic name, now used to designate larval forms of taenioid cestodes in which a bladder is formed with a number of invaginated scoleces developing within; distinguished from a hydatid cyst by the absence of free-floating daughter cyst colonies budded off within the bladder; C. larvae are found in members of the genus Multiceps. [G. koinos, common, + oura, tail]
C. cerebra´lis the coenurus larvae of the tapeworm Multiceps multiceps, found in the brain and spinal cord of sheep, goats, and other ruminants (a few have been recorded in man); adults are found in the intestine of dogs, foxes, coyotes, and jackals.
C. seria´lis the coenurus larvae of the tapeworm Multiceps serialis, found in subcutaneous and intramuscular tissues of rabbits and hares (a few have been recorded in man); adult worms are found in the intestine of dogs, foxes, and jackals.

coenzyme coenzyme (ko-en´zIm)

A substance (excluding solo metal ions) that enhances or is necessary for the action of enzymes; c.'s are of smaller molecular size than the enzymes themselves, are dialyzable and relatively heat-stable, and are usually easily dissociable from the protein portion of the enzyme; several vitamins are c. precursors.cofactor (1);

coenzyme I coenzyme I , coenzyme II

Obsolete names for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate respectively.

coenzyme A (CoA) coenzyme A (CoA)

A coenzyme containing pantothenic acid, adenosine 3´-phosphate 5´-pyrophosphate, and cysteamine; involved in the transfer of acyl groups, notably in transacetylations.

coenzyme F coenzyme F (ko-en´zIm)

tetrahydrofolic acid

coenzyme Q (CoQ, Q) coenzyme Q (CoQ, Q)

Quinones with isoprenoid side chains (specifically, ubiquinones) that mediate electron transfer between cytochrome b and cytochrome c; chemically similar to vitamins E and K, and to other tocopherols, quinones, and tocols.

coenzyme R coenzyme R

biotin

coeur coeur (kur)

heart [Fr.]
c. en sabot (awn sah-bo´) the radiographic configuration of the heart in the tetralogy of Fallot; the elevated apex gives a silhouette like that of a wooden shoe.sabot heart, wooden-shoe heart;

coevolution coevolution (ko-ev-o-lu´shun)

The process whereby genes or gene fragments are changing together and not diverging.

cofactor cofactor (ko´fak´ter, tor)

1. coenzyme 2. An atom or molecule essential for the action of a large molecule; e.g., heme in hemoglobin, magnesium in chlorophyll. Solo metal ions are regarded as c.'s for proteins, but not as coenzymes.
cobra venom c. properdin factor B
molybdenum c. (mo-lib´de-num) a complex of molybdenum and molybdopterin required for a number of enzymes. A deficiency of this c. will result in lower activities of sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase causing elevated levels of sulfite, thiosulfite, xanthine, etc.
platelet c. I factor VIII
platelet c. II factor IX

coferment coferment (ko´fer-ment)

Obsolete term for coenzyme.

Coffey Coffey

Robert, U.S. surgeon, 1869-1933. See C. suspension.

Coffin Coffin

Grange S., U.S. pediatrician, *1923. See C.-Lowry syndrome; C.-Siris syndrome.

Cogan Cogan

David G., U.S. ophthalmologist, 1908-1993. See C.'s syndrome; C.-Reese syndrome.

cognition cognition (kog-ni´shun)

1. Generic term embracing the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory. 2. Any process whereby one acquires knowledge. [L. cognitio]

cognitive cognitive (kog´ni-tiv)

Pertaining to cognition.

cohesion cohesion (ko-he´zhun)

The attraction between molecules or masses that holds them together. [L. co-haereo, pp. -haesus, to stick together]

Cohnheim Cohnheim

Julius F., German histologist, pathologist, and physiologist, 1839-1884. See C.'s area, field, theory.

cohoba cohoba (ko-ho´ba)

A psychotomimetic hallucinogenic substance obtained from Acacia niopo (family Leguminosae), a Central American plant, Piptadenia peregrina, and other plants; among its constituents are bufotenine and dimethyltryptamine; used in native localities as snuff or enema.

cohort cohort (ko´hort)

1. Component of the population born during a particular period and identified by period of birth so that its characteristics can be ascertained as it enters successive time and age periods. 2. Any designated group followed or traced over a period, as in an epidemiological cohort study. [L. cohors, retinue, military unit]

coil coil (koil)

1. A spiral or series of loops. 2. An object made of wire wound in a spiral configuration, used in electronic applications, or a loop of wire used as an antenna.
detector c. a c. used in magnetic resonance imaging as an antenna to record radiofrequency emissions of stimulated nuclei, e.g., body coil, head coil.
random c. a structure of a macromolecule (typically, a biopolymer) which changes with time.
surface c. a detector c. applied directly to a body part for high resolution imaging; often a single loop of metal.

coin-counting coin-counting (koyn´kownt´ing)

A sliding movement of the tips of the thumb and index finger, occurring in paralysis agitans.

coinosite coinosite (koyn´o-sIt)

cenosite

cointegrate cointegrate

A structure resulting from replicative transposition where the transposon is duplicated.

coital coital (ko´i-tal)

Pertaining to coitus.

Coiter Coiter , Koyter

Volcher, Dutch surgeon and anatomist, 1534- 1600. See C.'s muscle.

coition coition (ko-ish´un)

coitus [L. co-eo, pp. -itus, to come together]

coitophobia coitophobia (ko´i-to-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of sexual intercourse. [L. coitus, sexual intercourse, + G. phobos, fear]

coitus coitus (ko´i-tus)

Sexual union between male and female.coition, copulation (1) , pareunia, sexual intercourse; [L.]
c. interrup´tus sexual intercourse that is interrupted before the man ejaculates.
c. reserva´tus c. in which ejaculation is postponed or suppressed.

col col (kol)

A crater-like area of the interproximal oral mucosa joining the lingual and buccal interdental papillae.

col- col-

See con-.

cola cola (ko´la)

1. kola 2. [L.], Strain (imperative form).

colchicine colchicine (kol´chi-sin) [USP]

C₂₂H₂₅NO₆;an alkaloid obtained from Colchicum autumnale (family Liliaceae); used for gout.

Colchicum corm Colchicum corm (kol´chI-kum)

Dried corm of Colchicum autumnale, the botanical source for colchicine, an alkaloidal drug used for the treatment of gout.

cold cold (kold)

1. A low temperature; the sensation produced by a temperature notably below an accustomed norm or a comfortable level. 2. A virus infection involving the upper respiratory tract and characterized by congestion of the mucosa, watery nasal discharge, and general malaise, with a duration of 3 to 5 days. See also rhinitis.frigid (1);
c. in the head acute rhinitis
rose c. allergic rhinitis occurring in the spring and early summer.

cold-blooded cold-blooded (kold-blud´ed)

poikilothermic

Cole Cole

Laurent, French pathologist, *1903. See Benedict-Hopkins-C. reagent.

Cole Cole

Rufus Ivory, U.S. physician, *1872.

Cole Cole

Warren Henry, surgeon, *1898. Co-developer with E. A. Graham of cholecystography, first described in 1924. See Graham-Cole test.

Cole-Cecil murmur Cole-Cecil murmur

See under murmur.

colectasia colectasia (ko-lek-ta´ze-a)

Distention of the colon. [G. kolon, colon, + ektasis, a stretching]

colectomy colectomy (ko-lek´to-me)

Excision of a segment or all of the colon. [G. kolon, colon, + ektome, excision]

coleo- coleo-

Sheath, specifically, the vagina. [G. koleos, sheath]

coleocele coleocele (kol´e-o-sel)

colpocele (1) [G. koleos, sheath, + kele, tumor]

Coleoptera Coleoptera (ko-le-op´ter-a)

An order of insects, the beetles, characterized by the possession of a pair of hard, horny wing covers overlying a pair of delicate membranous flying wings; it is the largest of the insect orders with the largest number of species of any animal or plant order. [G. koleos, sheath + pteron, wing]

coleoptosis coleoptosis (ko-le-op´to-sis)

coloptosis

coleotomy coleotomy (kol-e-ot´o-me)

1. pericardiotomy 2. vaginotomy [G. koleos, sheath, + tome, incision]

colestipol colestipol (ko-les´ti-pol)

Tetraethylenepentamine polymer with 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane;an antilipemic drug.

colet. colet.

Abbreviation for L. coletur, let it be strained.

colibacillosis colibacillosis (ko´li-bas-i-lo´sis)

Diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli. Often called enteric c.

colibacillus colibacillus , pl. colibacilli (ko´li-ba-sil´us)

Escherichia coli

colic colic (kol´ik)

1. Relating to the colon. 2. Spasmodic pains in the abdomen. 3. In young infants, paroxysms of gastrointestinal pain, with crying and irritability, due to a variety of causes, such as swallowing of air, emotional upset, or overfeeding. [G. kolikos, relating to the colon]
appendicular c. colicky pain occurring early in acute appendicitis.vermicular c;
biliary c. intense spasmodic pain felt in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen from impaction of a gallstone in the cystic duct.gallstone c., hepatic c;
copper c. an affection similar to lead c. occurring in chronic poisoning by copper.
Devonshire c. lead c
gallstone c. biliary c
gastric c. colicky pain associated with gastritis or peptic ulcer.
hepatic c. biliary c
infantile c. episodes of abdominal pain due to abnormal muscular contraction of the intestine in infants.
lead c. severe colicky abdominal pain, with constipation, symptomatic of lead poisoning.Devonshire c., painter's c., Poitou c., saturnine c;
meconial c. abdominal pain of newborn infants.
menstrual c. intermittent cramp-like lower abdominal pains associated with menstruation.
milk c. enterotoxemia
ovarian c. lower abdominal pain due to torsion or twisting of an ovary, as with an ovarian cyst.
painter's c. lead c
pancreatic c. severe colicky abdominal pain, resembling that of biliary c., caused by the passage of a pancreatic calculus.
Poitou c. lead c
renal c. severe colicky pain caused by the impaction or passage of a calculus in the ureter or renal pelvis.
salivary c. periodic attacks of pain in the region of a salivary duct or gland, accompanied by an acute swelling of the gland, occurring in cases of salivary calculus.
saturnine c. lead c
tubal c. lower abdominal pain due to spasmodic contraction of the oviduct excited by a blood clot, other irritant, or the injection of gas or oil.
ureteral c. paroxysm of pain due to abrupt obstruction of ureter from a calculus or blood clot in most instances.
uterine c. painful cramps of the uterine muscle sometimes occurring at the menstrual period, or in association with uterine disease.
vermicular c. appendicular c
zinc c. c. resulting from chronic zinc poisoning.

colica colica (kol´i-ka)

A colic artery. See artery.

colicin colicin (kol´i-sin)

Bacteriocin produced by strains of Escherichia coli and by other enterobacteria (Shigella and Salmonella) that carry the necessary plasmids. Many are toxic to related bacterial strains and bind to specific cellular receptors interfering with normal function. [(Escherichia) coli + bacteriocin]

colicinogeny colicinogeny (kol´i-si-noj´e-ne)

The bacterial property of producing a colicin.

colicky colicky (kol´i-ke)

Denoting or resembling the pain of colic.

colicoplegia colicoplegia (kol´i-ko-ple´je-a)

Lead poisoning marked by both colic and palsy. [G. kolikos, suffering from colic, + plege, stroke]

colimycin colimycin (ko-li-mI´sin)

colistin

colipase colipase (ko´lip-as)

A small protein in pancreatic juice that is essential for the efficient action of pancreatic lipase. [co- + lipase]

coliphage coliphage (ko´li-faj, kol´i-)

A bacteriophage with an affinity for one or another strain of Escherichia coli. In general, c.'s, like other bacteriophages, are known by symbols that have significance only as a means of laboratory identification; additional notations, however, specifically identify variant characteristics, e.g., lambdadgal denotes the deficient prophage (coliphage) lambda, which carries the bacterial gene gal (galactose). [(Escherichia) coli + bacteriophage]

coliplication coliplication (ko´li-pli-ka´shun)

coloplication

colipuncture colipuncture (ko´li-punk-chur)

colocentesis

colistimethate sodium colistimethate sodium (ko-lis-ti-meth´ate)

Pentasodium colistinmethanesulfonate;contains the pentasodium salt of the penta(methanesulfonic acid) derivative of colistin A as the major component, with a small proportion of the pentasodium salt of the same derivative of colistin B; an effective antibiotic against most Gram-negative bacilli (except Proteus), given intramuscularly. See also colistin sulfate, polymyxin.cholistine sulphomethate sodium, colistin sulfomethate sodium;

colistin colistin (ko-lis´tin)

A mixture of cyclic polypeptide antibiotics from a strain of Bacillus polymyxa; separable into polymyxins.colimycin;
c. sulfate the sulfate salt of an antibacterial substance produced by the growth of a strain of Bacillus polymyxa, consisting primarily of colistin A with small amounts of colistin B; it is effective against most Gram-negative bacteria (except Proteus); given orally for intestinal antibacterial action. See also colistimethate sodium, polymyxin.
c. sulfomethate sodium colistimethate sodium

colitis colitis (ko-lI´tis)

Inflammation of the colon. [G. kolon, colon, + -itis, inflammation]
amebic c. inflammation of the colon in amebiasis.
collagenous c. c. occurring mostly in middle-aged women and characterized by persistent watery diarrhea and a deposit of a band of collagen beneath the basement membrane of colon surface epithelium.
c. cys´tica profun´da intramural mucus-containing cysts of the large bowel; the condition may be mistaken for mucinous carcinoma but is not neoplastic.
c. cys´tica superficia´lis a form of c. in which there is superficial cyst formation in the colon.
granulomatous c. changes, identical to those of regional enteritis, involving the colon.
c. gra´vis obsolete term for ulcerative c.
hemorrhagic c. abdominal cramps and bloody diarrhea, without fever, attributed to a self-limited infection by a strain of Escherichia coli.
mucous c. an affection of the mucous membrane of the colon characterized by colicky pain, constipation or diarrhea (sometimes alternating), and passage of mucous or slimy pseudomembranous shreds and patches.mucocolitis, myxomembranous c;
myxomembranous c. mucous c
pseudomembranous c. pseudomembranous enterocolitis
ulcerative c. a chronic disease of unknown cause characterized by ulceration of the colon and rectum, with rectal bleeding, mucosal crypt abscesses, inflammatory pseudopolyps, abdominal pain, and diarrhea; frequently causes anemia, hypoproteinemia, and electrolyte imbalance, and is less frequently complicated by peritonitis, toxic megacolon, or carcinoma of the colon.
uremic c. c. characterized by hemorrhages in the mucosa, occurring in renal failure, possibly owing to the irritant effect of ammonia formed by breakdown of increased urea in the intestinal secretions.

colitose colitose (kol´I-tos)

A polysaccharide somatic antigen of Salmonella species.

colla colla (kol´a)

Plural of collum.

collacin collacin (kol´a-sin)

Degenerated collagen.collastin;

collagen collagen (kol´la-jen)

The major protein (comprising over half of that in mammals) of the white fibers of connective tissue, cartilage, and bone, that is insoluble in water but can be altered to easily digestible, soluble gelatins by boiling in water, dilute acids, or alkalies. It is high in glycine, l-alanine, l-proline, and l-4-hydroxyproline, but is low in sulfur and has no l-tryptophan. C. comprises a family of genetically distinct molecules all of which have a unique triple helix configuration of three polypeptide subunits known as a-chains; 11 types of c. have been identified, each with a different polypeptide chain. See also collagen fiber.ossein, osseine, ostein, osteine; [G koila, glue, + -gen, producing]
type I c. the most abundant c., which forms large well-organized fibrils having high tensile strength.
type II c. c. unique to cartilage, nucleus pulposis, notochord, and vitreous body; it forms as thin highly glycosylated fibrils.
type III c. c. characteristic of reticular fibers.
type IV c. a less distinctly fibrillar form of c. characteristic of basement membranes.

collagenase collagenase (kol-a´je-nas)

A proteolytic enzyme that acts on one or more of the collagens.

collagenase A collagenase A , collagenase I

Clostridium histolyticum collagenase

collagenation collagenation (kol´a-je-na´shun)

collagenization

collagenic collagenic (kol-a-jen´ik)

collagenous

collagenization collagenization (ko-laj´e-ni-za´shun)

1. Replacement of tissues or fibrin by collagen. 2. Synthesis of collagen by fibroblasts.collagenation;

collagenolytic collagenolytic (ko-laj´e-no-lit´ik)

Causing the lysis of collagen, gelatin, and other proteins containing proline. [collagen + G. lysis, dissolving]

collagenosis collagenosis (ko-laj-i-no´sis)

See collagen diseases, under disease.
reactive perforating c. a rare skin disorder characterized by extrusion of collagen fibers through the epidermis; usually begins in infancy or childhood and appears clinically as recurrent umbilicated papules that resolve spontaneously. The condition may be inherited or acquired, the latter differing from Kyrle's disease because follicular involvement is absent.

collagenous collagenous (ko-laj´e-nus)

Producing or containing collagen.collagenic;

collapse collapse (ko-laps´)

1. A condition of extreme prostration, similar to hypovolemic shock and due to the same causes. 2. A state of profound physical depression. 3. A falling together of the walls of a structure or the failure of a physiological system. [L. col-labor, pp. -lapsus, to fall together]
absorption c. pulmonary c. due to rapid complete obstruction of a large bronchus.
circulatory c. failure of the circulation, either cardiac or peripheral.
c. of dental arch movement of teeth to fill a space which would normally be filled by another, missing tooth, creating a malpositioning of adjacent and opposing teeth.
massive c. relatively sudden atelectasis of an entire lung or of a lobe.
pressure c. pulmonary c. due to external compression of the lung, as by a pleural effusion or pneumothorax.
pulmonary c. secondary atelectasis due to bronchial obstruction, pleural effusion or pneumothorax, cardiac hypertrophy, or enlargement of other structures adjacent to the lungs.

collar collar (kol´ar)

A band, usually denoting one encircling the neck.
renal c. in the embryo, a ring of veins around the aorta below the origin of the superior mesenteric artery.
c. of Venus obsolete term for syphilitic leukoderma involving the anterior neck and chest.

collarette collarette (kol´er-et´)

The sinuous, scalloped line in the iris that divides the central pupillary zone from the peripheral ciliary zone and marks the embryonic site of the atrophied minor vascular circle of the iris.iris frill;

collastin collastin (kol-as´tin)

collacin

collateral collateral (ko-lat´er-al)

1. Indirect, subsidiary, or accessory to the main thing; side by side. 2. A side branch of a nerve axon or blood vessel.

collectins collectins

A family of molecules that recognize and opsonize microbes during the preimmune response of a host.

Colles Colles

Abraham, Irish surgeon, 1773-1843. See C.'s fascia, fracture, ligament, space.

Collet Collet

Frédŕic-Justin, French otolaryngologist, *1870.

colliculectomy colliculectomy (ko-lik-yu-lek´to-me)

Excision of the colliculus seminalis.

colliculitis colliculitis (ko-lik-yu-lI´tis)

Inflammation of the urethra in the region of the colliculus seminalis.verumontanitis;

colliculus colliculus , pl. colliculi (ko-lik´yu-lus, -lI) [NA]

A small elevation above the surrounding parts. [L. mound, dim. of collis, hill]
c. of arytenoid cartilage the elevation on the anterolateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage above the triangular fovea.c. cartilaginis arytenoideae [NA];
c. cartila´ginis arytenoi´deae [NA] c. of arytenoid cartilage
facial c. prominent portion of the medial eminence, just rostral to the medullary striae in the rhomboidal fossa; it is formed by the internal genu of the facial nerve and the abducens nucleus around which the facial fibers curve.c. facialis [NA] , abducens eminence, eminentia abducentis, eminentia facialis, facial eminence, facial hillock;
c. facia´lis [NA] facial c
c. infe´rior [NA] inferior c
inferior c. the ovoid, paired, inferior eminence of the laminae of mesencephalic tectum; it receives the lateral lemniscus and projects by way of the brachium of inferior colliculus to the medial geniculate body of the thalamus, and is thus an essential way-station in the central auditory pathway.c. inferior [NA] , corpus quadrigeminum posterius, inferior nasal c., posterior quadrigeminal body;
inferior nasal c. inferior c
seminal c. an elevated portion of the urethral crest upon which open the two ejaculatory ducts and the prostatic utricle.c. seminalis [NA] , caput gallinaginis, c. urethralis, seminal hillock, verumontanum;
c. semina´lis [NA] seminal c
superior c. the paired, larger, rounded anterior eminence of the laminae of mesencephalic tectum; major afferent connections of the superficial layers are the retina and striate cortex; input to deep layers of the c. are polymodal. Its efferent connections are with the lower brainstem and spinal cord (tectobulbar tract and tectospinal tract) and with the pulvinar and other cell groups in the caudal part of the thalamus; participates in extrageniculate visual pathway.c. superior [NA] , anterior quadrigeminal body, corpus quadrigeminum anterius;
c. supe´rior [NA] superior c
c. urethra´lis seminal c

Collier Collier

James S., English physician, 1870-1935. See C.'s tract, sign.

colligation colligation (kol-i-ga´shun)

1. A combination in which the components are distinguishable from one another. 2. The bringing of isolated events into a unified experience. [L. cum, together, + ligo, to bind]

colligative colligative (ko-lig´a-tiv)

1. Depending on numbers of particles. 2. Referring to properties of solutions that depend only on the concentration of dissolved substances and not on their nature (e.g., osmotic pressure, elevation of boiling point, vapor pressure lowering, freezing point depression).

collimation collimation (kol-i-ma´shun)

The process, in x-ray, of restricting and confining the x-ray beam to a given area and, in nuclear medicine, of restricting the detection of emitted radiations from a given area of interest. [L. collineo, to direct in a straight line]

collimator collimator (kol´i-ma-ter)

A device of high absorption coefficient material used in collimation.

collinearity collinearity (kol´in-e-ar´i-te)

The phenomona that the orderings of the corresponding elements of DNA, the RNA transcribed from it, and the amino acid translated from the RNA are identical. [L. collineo, to direct in a straight line]

Collins Collins

Edward Treacher, English ophthalmologist, 1862-1919. See Treacher C.'s syndrome.

Collins Collins

See Lukes-Collins classification.

colliotomy colliotomy (kol-e-ot´o-me)

Obsolete term for adhesiotomy. [G. kolla, glue, + G. tome, incision]

Collip Collip

James B., Canadian endocrinologist, 1892-1965. See Noble-C. procedure; Anderson-C. test.

colliquation colliquation (kol-i-kwa´shun)

1. Excessive discharge of fluid. 2. Liquidification in the process of necrosis. [L. col-, together, + liquo, pp. liquatus, to cause to melt]

colliquative colliquative (ko-lik´wa-tiv)

Denoting or characteristic of colliquation.

Collis Collis

John Leighton, British thoracic surgeon, *1911. See C. gastroplasty.

collodion collodion (ko-lo´de-on)

A liquid made by dissolving pyroxylin or gun cotton in ether and alcohol; on evaporation it leaves a glossy contractile film; used as a protective for cuts or as a vehicle for the local application of medicinal substances.collodium; [Mod. L. collodium, fr. G. kolla, glue]
blistering c. cantharidal c
cantharidal c. a powdered chloroform extract of cantharides in flexible c.; a vesicant.blistering c., c. vesicans;
flexible c. a mixture of camphor, castor oil, and c., or a mixture of castor oil, Canada turpentine, and c., used for the same purposes as c., but its film possesses the advantage, for certain conditions, of not contracting.
hemostatic c. styptic c
iodized c. a 5% solution of iodine in flexible c.; a counterirritant.
salicylic acid c. a keratolytic agent used in the treatment of corns and verrucae.
styptic c. tannic acid in flexible c.; an astringent and local hemostatic.hemostatic c., styptic colloid, xylostyptic ether;
c. vesicans cantharidal c

collodium collodium (ko-lo´de-um)

collodion [G. kolla, glue, + eidos, appearance]

colloid colloid (kol´oyd)

1. Aggregates of atoms or molecules in a finely divided state (submicroscopic), dispersed in a gaseous, liquid, or solid medium, and resisting sedimentation, diffusion, and filtration, thus differing from precipitates. See also hydrocolloid. 2. Gluelike. 3. A translucent, yellowish, homogeneous material of the consistency of glue, less fluid than mucoid or mucinoid, found in the cells and tissues in a state of c. degeneration.colloidin; 4. The stored secretion within follicles of the thyroid gland. For individual c.'s not listed below, see the specific name. [G. kolla, glue, + eidos, appearance]
bovine c. conglutinin
dispersion c. dispersoid
emulsion c. emulsoid
hydrophil c. , hydrophilic c. emulsoid
hydrophobic c. suspensoid
irreversible c. a c. that is not again soluble in water after having been dried at ordinary temperature.unstable c;
lyophilic c. emulsoid
lyophobic c. suspensoid
protective c. a c. that has the power of preventing the precipitation of suspensoids under the influence of an electrolyte.
c. pseudomilium colloid milium
reversible c. a c. that is again soluble in water after having been dried at ordinary temperature.stable c;
stable c. reversible c
styptic c. styptic collodion
suspension c. suspensoid
thyroid c. the semifluid material that occupies the lumen of thyroid follicles; it contains thyroglobulin mainly.
unstable c. irreversible c

colloidal colloidal (ko-loyd´al)

Denoting or characteristic of a colloid.

colloidin colloidin (ko-loy´din)

colloid (3)

colloid milium colloid milium (kol´loyd mil´e-um)

Yellow papules developing in sun-damaged skin of the head and backs of the hands, composed of colloid material in the dermis resembling amyloid but with a different ultrastructure.colloid acne, colloid pseudomilium, elastosis colloidalis conglomerata; [L. milium, millet]

colloidoclasia colloidoclasia , colloidoclasis (ko-loy-do-kla´se-a, -sis)

Obsolete term for a rupture of the colloid equilibrium in the body. [colloid + G. klasis, fracture]

colloidoclastic colloidoclastic (ko-loy-do-klas´tik)

Obsolete term denoting colloidoclasia.

colloidogen colloidogen (ko-loy´do-jen)

A substance capable of giving rise to a colloidal solution or suspension.

colloxylin colloxylin (ko-lok´si-lin)

pyroxylin [G. kolla, glue, + xylinos, woody, fr. xylon, wood]

collum collum , pl. colla (kol´um, kol´a)

1. [NA] The part between the shoulders or thorax and the head. 2. A constricted or necklike portion of any organ or other anatomical structure.cervix (1) [NA]; [L.]
c. anatom´icum hu´meri [NA] anatomical neck of humerus
c. chirur´gicum hu´meri [NA] surgical neck of humerus
c. cos´tae [NA] neck of rib
c. den´tis neck of tooth
c. distor´tum torticollis
c. fem´oris neck of femur
c. fib´ulae [NA] neck of fibula
c. folli´culi pi´li neck of hair follicle
c. glan´dis pe´nis [NA] neck of glans penis
c. hu´meri See anatomical neck of humerus, surgical neck of humerus.
c. mal´lei [NA] neck of malleus
c. mandib´ulae [NA] neck of mandible
c. os´sis fem´oris [NA] neck of femur
c. ra´dii [NA] neck of radius
c. scap´ulae [NA] neck of scapula
c. ta´li [NA] neck of talus
c. vesi´cae biliar´is [NA] neck of gallbladder
c. vesi´cae fel´leae * official alternate term for neck of gallbladder

collutorium collutorium (kol-yu-to´re-um)

mouthwash [Mod. L. fr. col-luo, pp. -lutus, to wash thoroughly]

collutory collutory (kol´yu-tor-e)

mouthwash [L. colluere, to rinse]

Collyriclum Collyriclum (kol-e-rik´lum)

A genus of trematodes. C. faba causes the formation of subcutaneous cysts (cutaneous monostomiasis) in chickens, turkeys, and other birds.

collyrium collyrium (ko-lir´e-um)

Originally, any preparation for the eye; now, an eyewash. [G. kollyrion, poultice, eye salve]

colo- colo-

The colon. [G. kolon,]

coloboma coloboma (kol-o-bo´ma)

Any defect, congenital, pathologic, or artificial, especially of the eye. [G. koloboma, lit., the part taken away in mutilation, fr. koloboo, to dock, mutilate]
c. of choroid a congenital defect of the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium exposing the sclera; the defect is usually situated below the optic disk in the region of fetal fissure.
Fuchs' c. a congenital inferior crescent on the choroid at the edge of the optic disk; not associated with myopia.congenital conus;
c. i´ridis 1. retention of the choroid fissure causing a congenital cleft of the iris, often associated with c. of the choroid, viable in the inferior ocular fundus; 2. obsolete term for the iris defect resulting from a large surgical iridectomy.
c. len´tis a segment of the lens equator devoid of zonular fibers, giving the appearance of a notch.
c. lo´buli congenital fissure of the lobule of the ear.
macular c. a defect of the central retina as a result of arrested development or intrauterine retinal inflammation.
c. of optic nerve a congenital notch in the formation of the optic nerve, appearing as a craterlike excavation at the optic disk.
c. palpebra´le a congenital notch in the eyelid margin.
c. of vitreous a congenital indentation of the vitreous body by mesoderm; associated with severe myopia.

colocentesis colocentesis (ko´lo-sen-te´sis)

Puncture of the colon with a trochar or scalpel to relieve distention.colipuncture, colopuncture; [colo- + G. kentesis, a puncture]

colocholecystostomy colocholecystostomy (ko´lo-ko-le-sis-tos´to-me)

cholecystocolostomy

colocolic colocolic (ko-lo-kol´ik)

From colon to colon; said of a spontaneous or induced anastomosis between two parts of the colon.

colocolostomy colocolostomy (ko´lo-ko-los´to-me)

Establishment of a communication between two noncontinuous segments of the colon. [colo- + colo- + G. stoma, mouth]

colocynth colocynth (kol´o-sinth)

The peeled dried fruit of Citrullus colcynthis (family Cucurbitaceae), an herb of the sandy shores of the Mediterranean, resembling somewhat the watermelon plant; formerly widely used as a cathartic and laxative.bitter apple; [G. kolokynthe, the round gourd or pumpkin]

colocystoplasty colocystoplasty (ko-lo-sis´to-plas-te)

Enlargement of the urinary bladder by attaching a segment of colon to it.

coloenteritis coloenteritis (ko´lo-en-ter-I´tis)

enterocolitis

colohepatopexy colohepatopexy (ko-lo-hep´a-to-pek´se)

Attachment of the colon to the liver by adhesions. [colo- + G. hepar (hepat-), liver, + pexis, fixation]

cololysis cololysis (ko-lol´i-sis)

Procedure of freeing the colon from adhesions. [colo- + G. lysis, loosening]

colominic acid colominic acid (kol-o-min´ik)

Polymer of a(1,5)-N-acetylneuraminic acid; found in Escherichia coli.

colon colon (ko´lon) [NA]

The division of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum. [G. kolon]
c. ascen´dens [NA] ascending c
ascending c. the portion of the c. between the ileocecal orifice and the right colic flexure.c. ascendens [NA];
c. descen´dens [NA] descending c
descending c. the part of the c. extending from the left colic flexure to the pelvic brim.c. descendens [NA];
giant c. megacolon
iliac c. that portion of the descending c. which occupies the left iliac fossa, between the crest of the left ilium and the pelvic brim.
irritable c. tendency to colonic hyperperistalsis, sometimes with colicky pains and diarrhea.
lead-pipe c. the scarred rigid c. of advanced ulcerative colitis.
mucosa of c. the lining coat of the colon.tunica mucosa coli [NA];
c. pelvi´num sigmoid c
sigmoid c. the part of the c. describing an S-shaped curve between the pelvic brim and the third sacral segment; it is continuous with the rectum.c. sigmoideum [NA] , c. pelvinum, flexura sigmoidea, sigmoid flexure;
c. sigmoi´deum [NA] sigmoid c
spastic c. nonspecific term used to describe symptoms such as abdominal pain, flatulence, and alternating diarrhea with constipation thought to reflect increased muscular function of the colon.
transverse c. B>the part of the c. between the right and left colic flexures. It may extend somewhat transversely across the abdomen, but more often sags centally, frequently to subumbilical levels.c. transversum [NA];
c. transver´sum [NA] transverse c

colonalgia colonalgia (ko-lon-al´je-a)

Rarely used term for pain in the colon. [colon + G. algos, pain]

colonic colonic (ko-lon´ik)

Relating to the colon.

colonization colonization (kol´on-i-za´shun)

1. innidiation 2. The formation of compact population groups of the same type of microorganism, as the colonies that develop when a bacterial cell begins reproducing. 3. The care of certain persons, e.g., lepers, mental patients, in community groups.
genetic c. propagation of a gene by a host into which the gene has been introduced, naturally or artificially.

colonogram colonogram (ko-lon´o-gram)

Graphic recording of movements of the colon.

colonometer colonometer (ko´lo-nom´e-ter)

A device for counting bacterial colonies.

colonopathy colonopathy (ko-lo-nop´a-the)

Rarely used term for any disordered condition of the colon.colopathy;

colonorrhagia colonorrhagia (ko-lon-o-ra´je-a)

Rarely used term for colorrhagia.

colonorrhea colonorrhea (ko´lon-o-re´a)

colorrhea

colonoscope colonoscope (ko-lon´o-skop)

An elongated endoscope, usually fiberoptic.

colonoscopy colonoscopy (ko-lon-os´ko-pe)

Visual examination of the inner surface of the colon by means of a colonoscope.coloscopy; [colon + G. skopeo, to view]

colony colony (kol´o-ne)

1. A group of cells growing on a solid nutrient surface, each arising from the multiplication of an individual cell; a clone. 2. A group of people with similar interests, living in a particular location or area. [L. colonia, a colony]
daughter c. a secondary c. growing on the surface of an older c.; it is smaller and may have characteristics different from those of the mother c.
filamentous c. in bacteriology, a c. composed of long, interwoven, irregularly disposed threads.
Gheel c. a c. in Gheel, Belgium, originating in the 13th century, for the informal communal care, in private homes, of severely mentally disordered persons.
H c. a c. of motile organisms forming a thin film of growth. Cf. O c. [Ger. Hauch, breath]
lenticular c. a bacterial c. shaped like a lentil or a double-convex lens.
mother c. a c. which gives rise to a secondary c. (a daughter c.), the latter growing on the surface of the former; the mother c. is larger than the daughter c., and the characteristics of the c.'s may differ.
mucoid c. a c. showing viscous or sticky growth typical of an organism producing large quantities of a carbohydrate capsule.
O c. growth of a nonmotile bacterium in discrete, compact c.'s in contrast to a film of growth produced by some motile bacteria. Cf. H c. [Ger. ohne Hauch, without breath]
rough c. a bacterial c. with a granular, flattened surface; this type of c. is usually associated with loss of virulence with respect to that of smooth c.'s.
smooth c. a bacterial c. with a glistening, rounded surface; this type of c. is usually associated with increased virulence with respect to that of rough c.'s.
spheroid c. a c. of protozoa in which the individual cells are held together in a coherent spherical mass by a gelatinoid material.

colopathy colopathy (ko-lop´a-the)

colonopathy

colopexostomy colopexostomy (ko´lo-peks-os´to-me)

Rarely used term for establishment of an artificial anus by creation of an opening into the colon after its fixation to the abdominal wall. [colo- + G. pexis, fixation, + stoma, mouth]

colopexotomy colopexotomy (ko´lo-pek-sot´o-me)

Rarely used term for incision into the colon after its fixation to the abdominal wall. [colo- + G. pexis, fixation, + tome, incision]

colopexy colopexy (kol´o-pek-se)

Attachment of a portion of the colon to the abdominal wall. [colo- + G. pexis, fixation]

colophony colophony (ko-lof´o-ne)

rosin [Colophon, Summit, a town in Ionia]

coloplication coloplication (ko´lo-pli-ka´shun)

Reduction of the lumen of a dilated colon by making folds or tucks in its walls.coliplication; [colo- + Mod. L. plica, fold]

coloproctia coloproctia (ko-lo-prok´she-a)

Obsolete term for colostomy.

coloproctitis coloproctitis (ko´lo-prok-tI´tis)

Inflammation of both colon and rectum.colorectitis, proctocolitis, rectocolitis; [colo- + G. proktos, anus (rectum), + -itis, inflammation]

coloproctostomy coloproctostomy (ko´lo-prok-tos´to-me)

Establishment of a communication between the rectum and a discontinuous segment of the colon.colorectostomy; [colo- + G. proktos, anus (rectum), + stoma, mouth]

coloptosis coloptosis , coloptosia (ko-lop-to´sis, -to´se-a)

Downward displacement, or prolapse, of the colon, especially of the transverse portion.coleoptosis; [colo- + G. ptosis, a falling]

colopuncture colopuncture (ko-lo-punk´chur)

colocentesis

color color (kul´or)

1. That aspect of the appearance of objects and light sources that may be specified as to hue, lightness (brightness), and saturation. 2. That portion of the visible (370-760 nm) electromagnetic spectrum specified as to wavelength, luminosity, and purity. [L.]
complementary c.'s pairs of different colors of light that produce white light when combined.
confusion c.'s a set of c.'s (usually of colored wools), cream, buff, pale blue, gray, brown, green, violet, etc., used in tests for c. blindness.
extrinsic c. c. applied to the external surface of a dental prosthesis.
incidental c. an obsolete term for a c. impression that remains after removal of the source. See also afterimage.
intrinsic c. the addition of c. pigment within the material of a dental prosthesis.
opponent c. pairs of c. that share c. channels in the retina (red-green, blue-yellow, black-white).
primary c. the three c.'s of the retinal cone pigments (red, green, blue) that may be combined to match any hue.simple c;
pure c. a visual sensation produced by light of a specific wavelength.
reflected c.'s those c.'s seen in light falling upon a pigmented surface.
saturated c. a c. containing a minimum amount of whiteness.
simple c. primary c
structural c. a c. created by an optical effect (e.g., via interference, refraction, or diffraction). Many naturally occurring blues fall in this class. Cf. natural pigment. schemochromes;
tone c. timbre

colorectal colorectal (kol´o-rek´tal)

Relating to the colon and rectum, or to the entire large bowel.

colorectitis colorectitis (ko´lo-rek-tI´tis)

coloproctitis

colorectostomy colorectostomy (ko´lo-rek-tos´to-me)

coloproctostomy

colorimeter colorimeter (kol-er-im´e-ter)

An optical device for determining the color and/or intensity of the color of a liquid.chromatometer, chromometer;
Duboscq's c. an apparatus for measuring the depth of tint in a fluid by comparing it with a standard fluid; glass cylinders are immersed in each of two cups one containing standard fluid, the other the fluid to be tested; on looking through the cylinders, the tints are equalized by raising or lowering the cylinder in one cup, and the extent of this raising or lowering is indicated on a scale and gives the exact difference in tint.

colorimetric colorimetric (kol-er-i-met´rik)

Relating to colorimetry.

colorimetry colorimetry (kol-er-im´e-tre)

A procedure for quantitative chemical analysis, based on comparison of the color developed in a solution of the test material with that in a standard solution; the two solutions are observed simultaneously in a colorimeter, and quantitated on the basis of the absorption of light.

color match color match

The result of adjusting color mixtures until all visually apparent differences are minimal.

colorrhagia colorrhagia (ko-lo-ra´je-a)

An abnormal discharge from the colon. [colo- + G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]

colorrhaphy colorrhaphy (ko-lor´a-fe)

Suture of the colon. [colo- + G. rhaphe, suture]

colorrhea colorrhea (ko-lo-re´a)

Rarely used term for diarrhea thought to originate from a condition confined to or affecting chiefly the colon.colonorrhea; [colo- + G. rhoia, a flow]

color solid color solid

A schematic arrangement of color in space, the attributes of hue, saturation, and brightness being represented by cylindrical coordinates.

color triangle color triangle

A graph on which chromaticity coordinates are plotted.

coloscopy coloscopy (ko-los´ko-pe)

colonoscopy [colo- + G. skopeo, to view]

colosigmoidostomy colosigmoidostomy (ko´lo-sig-moy-dos´to-me)

Establishment of an anastomosis between any other part of the colon and the sigmoid colon.

colostomy colostomy (ko-los´to-me)

Establishment of an artificial cutaneous opening into the colon. [colo- + G. stoma, mouth]

colostration colostration (ko-los-tra´shun)

Infantile diarrhea attributed to the action of the colostrum.

colostric colostric (ko-los´trik)

Relating to the colostrum.

colostrorrhea colostrorrhea (ko-los-tror-re´a)

Abnormally profuse secretion of colostrum. [colostrum, + G. rhoia, flow]

colostrous colostrous (ko-los´trus)

Containing colostrum.

colostrum colostrum (ko-los´trum)

A thin white opalescent fluid, the first milk secreted at the termination of pregnancy; it differs from the milk secreted later by containing more lactalbumin and lactoprotein; c. is also rich in antibodies which confer passive immunity to the newborn.foremilk; [L.]

colotomy colotomy (ko-lot´o-me)

Incision into the colon. [colo- + G. tome, incision]

Colour Index Colour Index

A publication concerned with the chemistry of dyes, with each listed dye identified by a five-digit C.I. number, e.g., methylene blue is C.I. 52015.

colp- colp-

See colpo-.

colpatresia colpatresia (kol-pa-tre´ze-a)

vaginal atresia [colp- + G. atretos, imperforate]

colpectasis colpectasis , colpectasia (kol-pek´ta-sis, -pek-ta´si-a)

Distention of the vagina. [colp- + G. aktasis, stretching]

colpectomy colpectomy (kol-pek´to-me)

vaginectomy [colp- + G. ektome, excision]

colpo- colpo- , colp-

The vagina. See also vagino-. [G. kolpos, fold or hollow]

colpocele colpocele (kol´po-sel)

1. A hernia projecting into the vagina.coleocele, vaginocele; 2. colpoptosis [colpo- + G. kele, hernia]

colpocleisis colpocleisis (kol-po-klI´sis)

Operation for obliterating the lumen of the vagina. [colpo- + G. kleisis, closure]

colpocystitis colpocystitis (kol´po-sis-tI´tis)

Obsolete term for inflammation of both vagina and bladder. [colpo- + G. kystis, bladder, + -itis, inflammation]

colpocystocele colpocystocele (kol-po-sis´to-sel)

cystocele [colpo- + G. kystis, bladder, + kele, hernia]

colpocystoplasty colpocystoplasty (kol-po-sis´to-plas-te)

Plastic surgery to repair the vesicovaginal wall. [colpo- + G. kystis, bladder, + plastos, formed]

colpocystotomy colpocystotomy (kol´po-sis-tot´o-me)

Incision into the bladder through the vagina. [colpo- + G. kystis, bladder, + tome, incision]

colpocystoureterotomy colpocystoureterotomy (kol´po-sis´to-yu-re-ter-ot´o-me)

Incision into the ureter by way of the vagina and the bladder. [colpo- + G. kystis, bladder, + oureter, ureter, + tome, incision]

colpodynia colpodynia (kol-po-din´e-a)

vaginodynia [colpo- + G. odyne, pain]

colpohysterectomy colpohysterectomy (kol´po-his-ter-ek´to-me)

vaginal hysterectomy [colpo- + G. hystera, uterus, + ektome, excision]

colpohysteropexy colpohysteropexy (kol-po-his´ter-o-pek-se)

Operation for fixation of the uterus performed through the vagina. [colpo- + G. hystera, uterus, + pexis, fixation]

colpohysterotomy colpohysterotomy (kol´po-his-ter-ot´o-me)

vaginal hysterotomy [colpo- + G. hystera, uterus, + tome, incision]

colpomicroscope colpomicroscope (kol-po-mI´kro-skop)

Special microscope for direct visual examination of the cervical tissue.

colpomicroscopy colpomicroscopy (kol´po-mI-kros´ko-pe)

Direct observation and study of cells in the vagina and cervix magnified in vivo, in the undisturbed tissue, by means of a colpomicroscope.

colpomycosis colpomycosis (kol´po-mI-ko´sis)

vaginomycosis

colpomyomectomy colpomyomectomy (kol´po-mI-o-mek´to-me)

vaginal myomectomy [colpo- + myoma + G. ektome, excision]

colpopathy colpopathy (kol-pop´a-the)

vaginopathy [colpo- + G. pathos, suffering]

colpoperineoplasty colpoperineoplasty (kol´po-par-i-ne´o-plas-te)

vaginoperineoplasty [colpo- + perineum, + G. plastos, formed]

colpoperineorrhaphy colpoperineorrhaphy (kol´po-par-i-ne-or´a-fe)

vaginoperineorrhaphy [colpo- + perineum, + G. rhaphe, sewing]

colpopexy colpopexy (kol´po-pek-se)

vaginofixation [colpo- + G. pexis, fixation]

colpoplasty colpoplasty (kol´po-plas-te)

vaginoplasty [colpo- + G. plastos, formed]

colpopoiesis colpopoiesis (kol´po-poy-e´sis)

Surgical construction of a vagina. [colpo- + G. poiesis, a making]

colpoptosis colpoptosis , colpoptosia (kol-po-to´sis, -to´se-a; kol-pop-to´sis)

Prolapse of the vaginal walls.colpocele (2); [colpo- + G. ptosis, a falling]

colporectopexy colporectopexy (kol-po-rek´to-pek-se)

Repair of a prolapsed rectum by suturing it to the wall of the vagina. [colpo- + rectum + G. pexis, fixation]

colporrhagia colporrhagia (kol-po-ra´je-a)

A vaginal hemorrhage. [colpo-+ G. rhegnymi, to burst forth]

colporrhaphy colporrhaphy (kol-por´a-fe)

Repair of a rupture of the vagina by excision and suturing of the edges of the tear. [colpo- + G. rhaphe, suture]

colporrhexis colporrhexis (kol-po-rek´sis)

Tearing of the vaginal wall.vaginal laceration; [colpo- + G. rhexis, rupture]

colposcope colposcope (kol´po-skop)

Endoscopic instrument that magnifies cells of the vagina and cervix in vivo to allow direct observation and study of these tissues.

colposcopy colposcopy (kol-pos´ko-pe)

Examination of vagina and cervix by means of an endoscope. [colpo- + G. skopeo, to view] The magnification afforded, between 5 and 50x, allows for visual inspection of dysplastic areas. Colposcopy generally takes place after an abnormal Pap smear, and it may aid in office procedures for removing dysplastic cells, such as cauterization or loop excision.

colpospasm colpospasm (kol´po-spazm)

Spasmodic contraction of the vagina.

colpostat colpostat (kol´po-stat)

Appliance for use in the vagina, such as a radium applicator, for treatment of cancer of the cervix. [colpo- + G. statos, standing]

colpostenosis colpostenosis (kol´po-sten-o´sis)

Narrowing of the lumen of the vagina. [colpo- + G. stenosis, narrowing]

colpostenotomy colpostenotomy (kol´po-sten-ot´o-me)

Surgical correction of a colpostenosis. [colpo- + G. stenosis, narrowing, + tome, incision]

colpotomy colpotomy (kol-pot´o-me)

vaginotomy [colpo- + G. tome, incision]

colpoureterotomy colpoureterotomy (kol´po-yu-re-ter-ot´o-me)

Incision into a ureter through the vagina. [colpo- + G. tome, incision]

colpoxerosis colpoxerosis (kol-po-ze-ro´sis)

Abnormal dryness of the vaginal mucous membrane. [colpo- + G. xerosis, dryness]

Colubridae Colubridae (kol-yu´bri-de)

A family of largely nonpoisonous or mildly poisonous snakes comprising over 1000 species, found in North and South America, Asia, and Africa. [L. coluber, serpent]

columbium (Cb) columbium (Cb) (kol-um´be-um)

Former name for niobium. [Columbia, name for America]

columella columella , pl. columellae (kol-u-mel´a, -mel´e)

1. A column, or a small column.columnella; 2. In fungi, a sterile invagination of a sporangium, as in Zygomycetes. [L. dim. of columna, column]
c. au´ris the middle ear ossicle of amphibians, reptiles, and birds; homologous with the stapes of mammals.
c. coch´leae modiolus labii
c. na´si the fleshy lower margin (termination) of the nasal septum.

column column (kol´um)

1. An anatomical part or structure in the form of a pillar or cylindric funiculus. See also fascicle. 2. A vertical object (usually cylindrical), mass, or formation.columna [NA]; [L. columna]
affinity c. affinity chromatography
anal c.'s a number of vertical ridges in the mucous membrane of the upper half of the anal canal formed as the caliber of the canal is sharply reduced from that of the rectal ampulla.columnae anales [NA] , Morgagni's c.'s, rectal c.'s;
anterior c. the pronounced, ventrally oriented ridge of gray matter in each half of the spinal cord; it corresponds to the anterior or ventral horn appearing in transverse sections of the cord, and contains the motor neurons innervating the skeletal musculature of the trunk, neck, and extremities. See also gray c.'s.columna anterior [NA];
anterior gray c. central and lateral intermediate substance
anterior c. of medulla oblongata pyramid of medulla oblongata
anterolateral c. of spinal cord lateral funiculus
Bertin's c.'s renal c.'s
branchial efferent c. a c. of gray matter in the brainstem of the embryo, represented in the adult by the nucleus ambiguus and the motor nuclei of the trigeminal and facial nerves.
Burdach's c. cuneate fasciculus
Clarke's c. thoracic nucleus
dorsal c. of spinal cord posterior c
c. of fornix that part of the fornix that curves down in front of the thalamus and the interventricular foramen of Monro, then continues through the hypothalamus to the mamillary body; consisting primarily of fibers originating in the hippocampus and subiculum, the c. of fornix is the direct continuation of the body of the fornix.columna fornicis [NA] , anterior pillar of fornix;
general somatic afferent c. in the embryo, a c. of gray matter in the hindbrain and spinal cord, represented in the adult by the sensory nuclei of the trigeminal nerve and relay cells in the dorsal horn.
general somatic efferent c. a c. of gray matter in the embryo, represented in the adult by the nuclei of the oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, and hypoglossal nerves and by motor neurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
general visceral afferent c. a c. of gray matter in the hindbrain and spinal cord of the embryo, developing into the nucleus of the solitary tract and relay cells of the spinal cord.
general visceral efferent c. a c. of gray matter in the hindbrain and spinal cord of the embryo, represented in the adult by the dorsal nucleus of the vagus, the superior and inferior salivatory and Edinger-Westphal nuclei and the visceral motor neurons of the spinal cord.
Goll's c. fasciculus gracilis
Gowers' c. anterior spinocerebellar tract
gray c.'s the three somewhat ridge-shaped masses of gray matter (anterior, posterior, and lateral c.'s) that extend longitudinally through the center of each lateral half of the spinal cord; in transverse sections these c.'s appear as gray horns and are therefore commonly called ventral or anterior, dorsal or posterior, and lateral horn, respectively.columnae griseae [NA];
intermediolateral cell c. of spinal cord intermediolateral nucleus
lateral c. a slight protrusion of the gray matter of the spinal cord into the lateral funiculus of either side, especially marked in the thoracic region where it encloses preganglionic motor neurons of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system; it corresponds to the lateral horn appearing in transverse sections of the spinal cord. See also gray c.'s.columna lateralis [NA] , lateral c. of spinal cord;
lateral c. of spinal cord lateral c
Lissauer's c. dorsolateral fasciculus
Morgagni's c.'s anal c.'s
posterior c. the pronounced, dorsolaterally oriented ridge of gray matter in each lateral half of the spinal cord, corresponding to the posterior or dorsal horn appearing in transverse sections of the cord.columna posterior [NA] , dorsal c. of spinal cord, posterior c. of spinal cord (1);
posterior c. of spinal cord 1. posterior c 2. in clinical parlance, the term often refers to the posterior funiculus of the spinal cord.
rectal c.'s anal c.'s
renal c.'s the prolongations of cortical substance separating the pyramids of the kidney.columnae renales [NA] , Bertin's c.'s;
Rolando's c. a slight ridge on either side of the medulla oblongata related to the descending trigeminal tract and nucleus.
rugal c.'s of vagina two slight longitudinal ridges, anterior and posterior, in the vaginal mucous membrane, each marked by a number of transverse mucosal folds.columnae rugarum [NA] , vaginal c.'s;
Sertoli's c.'s See Sertoli's cells, under cell.
special somatic afferent c. a c. of gray matter in the hindbrain of the embryo, represented in the adult by the nuclei of the auditory and vestibular nerves.
special visceral efferent c. a c. of gray matter in the hindbrain of the embryo, represented in the adult by the trigeminal and facial nuclei and the nucleus ambiguus.
spinal c. vertebral c
c. of Spitzka-Lissauer See dorsolateral fasciculus.
Stilling's c. thoracic nucleus
Türck's c. anterior pyramidal tract
vaginal c.'s rugal c.'s of vagina
ventral white c. white commissure
vertebral c. the series of vertebrae that extend from the cranium to the coccyx, providing support and forming a flexible bony case for the spinal cord.columna vertebralis [NA] , backbone, dorsal spine, rachis, spina dorsalis, spina (2) , spina (1) , spinal c., spine (2) , vertebrarium;

columna columna , gen and pl. columnae (ko-lum´na, -ne) [NA]

column, column [L.]
colum´nae ana´les [NA] anal columns, under column
c. ante´rior [NA] anterior column
colum´nae car´neae trabeculae carneae, under trabecula
c. for´nicis [NA] column of fornix
colum´nae gris´eae [NA] gray columns, under column
c. latera´lis [NA] lateral column
c. poste´rior [NA] posterior column
colum´nae rena´les [NA] renal columns, under column
colum´nae ruga´rum [NA] rugal columns of vagina, under column
c. vertebra´lis [NA] vertebral column

columnella columnella , pl. columnellae (ko-lum-nel´a, -nel´e)

columella (1) [L. dim. of columna, a column; another form of columella]

colypeptic colypeptic (ko-le-pep´tik)

Rarely used term for retarding digestion. [G. kolyo, to hinder, + pepsis, digestion]

com- com-

See con-.

coma coma (ko´ma)

1. A state of profound unconsciousness from which one cannot be roused; may be due to the action of an ingested toxic substance or of one formed in the body, to trauma, or to disease. 2. An aberration of spherical lenses; occurring in cases of oblique incidence (e.g., the image of a point becomes comet-shaped). [G. kome, hair] 3. coma aberration [G. koma, deep sleep, trance]
c. carcinomato´sum c. occurring in the final stage of cancerous cachexia.
delayed c. after hypoxia c. that develops a few days to 3 weeks after an acute hypoxic insult; the latter was usually severe enough to cause an initial bout of coma, which cleared, and was followed by a transient interval of apparent normality.severe postanoxic encephalopathy;
diabetic c. c. that develops in severe and inadequately treated cases of diabetes mellitus and is commonly fatal, unless appropriate therapy is instituted promptly; results from reduced oxidative metabolism of the central nervous system that, in turn, stems from severe ketoacidosis and possibly also from the histotoxic action of the ketone bodies and disturbances in water and electrolyte balance.Kussmaul's c;
hepatic c. c. that occurs with advanced hepatic insufficiency and portal-systemic shunts, caused by elevated blood ammonia levels; characteristic findings include asterixis in the precoma stage and paroxysms of bilaterally synchronous triphasic waves on EEG examination.
hyperosmolar (hyperglycemic) nonketotic c. (hI´per-os-mo-lar) a complication seen in diabetes mellitus in which very marked hyperglycemia occurs (such as levels over 800 mg/dL) causing osmotic shifts in water in brain cells and resulting in coma. It can be fatal or lead to permanent neurologic damage. Ketoacidosis does not occur in these cases.nonketotic hyperglycemia;
hypoglycemic c. a metabolic encephalopathy caused by hypoglycemia; usually seen in diabetics, and due to exogenous insulin excess.
hypoventilation c. coma seen with advanced lung failure and resultant hypoventilation.CO₂ narcosis, hypoxic-hypercarbic encephalopathy, pulmonary encephalopathy;
Kussmaul's c. diabetic c
metabolic c. coma resulting from diffuse failure of neuronal metabolism, caused by such abnormalities as intrinsic disorders of neuron or glial cell metabolism, or extracerebral disorders that produce intoxication or electrolyte imbalances.
thyrotoxic c. c. preceding death in severe hyperthyroidism, as in thyroid storm or thyrotoxic crisis.
trance c. lethargic hypnosis
uremic c. a metabolic encephalopathy caused by renal failure.

comatose comatose (ko´ma-tos)

In a state of coma.

combination combination (kom-bi-na´shun)

1. The act of combining (i.e., by joining, uniting, or otherwise bringing into close association) separate entities. 2. The state of being so combined.
binary c. the name of a species of bacteria consisting of two parts: a generic name and a specific epithet.
new c. the new name that results from the transfer of a microorganism from one genus to another; the generic name changes but, in most cases, the specific epithet remains the same.

combinatorial combinatorial (kom´bin-a-tor´e-al)

Any system using a random assortment of components at any positions in the linear arrangement of atoms, i.e., a combinatorial library of mutations could contain positions where all four bases have been randomly inserted.

combustible combustible (kom-bus´ti-bl)

Capable of combustion.

combustion combustion (kom-bus´chun)

Burning, the rapid oxidation of any substance accompanied by the production of heat and light. [L. comburo, pp. -bustus, to burn up]
slow c. See decay.
spontaneous c. the ignition of a mass of material by heat developed within it by the oxidation of the substances composing it without external ignition.

Comby Comby

Jules, French pediatrician, 1853-1947. See C.'s sign.

comedo comedo , pl. comedos comedones (kom´e-do, ko-me´do; kom´e-doz; kom-e-do´nez)

A dilated hair follicle infundibulum filled with keratin squamae, bacteria, particularly Propionibacterium acnes, and sebum; the primary lesion of acne vulgaris. [L. a glutton, fr. com-edo, to eat up]
closed c. a c. with a narrow or obstructed opening on the skin surface; closed c.'s may rupture, producing a low-grade dermal inflammatory reaction.whitehead (2);
open c. a c. with a wide opening on the skin surface capped with a melanin-containing blackened mass of epithelial debris.blackhead (1);

comedocarcinoma comedocarcinoma (ko-me´do-kar-si-no´ma)

Form of carcinoma of the breast or other organ in which plugs of necrotic malignant cells may be expressed from the ducts.

comedogenic comedogenic (kom´e-do-jen´ik)

Tending to promote the formation of comedones.acnegenic; [comedo + G. genesis, production]

comedonecrosis comedonecrosis (kom´e-do-nek-ro´sis)

A type of necrosis occurring with glands in which there is central luminal inflam- mation with devitalized cells, usually occurring in the breast in intraductal carcinoma. [comedo + necrosis]

comes comes , pl. comites (ko´mez, kom´i-tez)

A blood vessel accompanying another vessel or a nerve; the veins accompanying an artery, often two in number, are called venae comitantes or venae comites. [L. a companion, fr. com-, together, + eo, pp. itus, to go]

comitance comitance (kom´e-tans)

A characteristic of strabismus in which the misalignment of the eyes is maintained in all directions of gaze.

comitant comitant (komitant)

having comitance; in a c. strabismus the same angle of misalignment of the eyes is maintained in all directions of gaze.concomitant;

commensal commensal (ko-men´sal)

1. Pertaining to or characterized by commensalism. 2. An organism participating in commensalism.

commensalism commensalism (ko-men´sal-izm)

A symbiotic relationship in which one species derives benefit and the other is unharmed; e.g., Entamoeba coli in the human large intestine. Cf. metabiosis, mutualism, parasitism. [L. con-, with, together, + mensa, table]
epizoic c. phoresis (2)

comminuted comminuted (kom´i-nu-ted)

Broken into several pieces; denoting especially a fractured bone. [L. com-minuo, pp. -minutus, to make smaller, break into pieces, fr. minor, less]

comminution comminution (kom-i-nu´shun)

A breaking into several pieces.

commissura commissura , gen and pl. commissurae (kom-i-syur´a, -syur´e) [NA]

commissure [L. a joining together, seam, fr. com- mitto, to send together, combine]
c. al´ba [NA] white commissure
c. ante´rior [NA] anterior commissure
c. ante´rior gris´ea See substantia intermedia centralis et lateralis.
c. bulbor´um * official alternate term for commissure of vestibular bulb
c. cine´rea interthalamic adhesion
c. colliculo´rum inferi´orum See commissure of inferior colliculi.
c. colliculo´rum superio´rum See commissure of superior colliculus.
c. for´nicis [NA] the triangular subcallosal plate of commissural fibers resulting from the converging of the right and left fornix bundles which exchange numerous fibers and which curve back in the contralateral fornix to end in the hippocampus of the opposite side.c. hippocampi, commissure of fornix, delta fornicis, hippocampal commissure, psalterium (1) , transverse fornix;
c. gris´ea 1. interthalamic adhesion 2. See substantia intermedia centralis et lateralis.
c. habenula´rum [NA] the connection between the right and left habenular nuclei; the decussation of fibers of the two striae medullares, forming the dorsal portion of the peduncle of the pineal body.commissure of habenulae, habenular commissure;
c. hippocam´pi c. fornicis
c. labio´rum [NA] commissure of lips
c. labio´rum ante´rior [NA] anterior labial commissure
c. labio´rum poste´rior [NA] posterior labial commissure
c. palpebra´rum latera´lis [NA] lateral palpebral commissure
c. palpebra´rum media´lis [NA] medial palpebral commissure
c. poste´rior cer´ebri [NA] a thin band of white matter, crossing from side to side beneath the habenula of the pineal body and over the aditus ad aqueductum cerebri; it is largely composed of fibers interconnecting the left and right pretectal region and related cell groups of the midbrain; dorsally, it marks the junction of the diencephalon and mesencephalon.posterior cerebral commissure;
c. poste´rior gris´ea See substantia intermedia centralis et lateralis.
commissu´rae supraop´ticae [NA] the commissural fibers that lie above and behind the optic chiasm.Ganser's commissures, Gudden's commissures, Meynert's commissures, supraoptic commissures;
c. ventra´lis al´ba white commissure

commissural commissural (kom-i-syur´al)

Relating to a commissure.

commissure commissure (kom´i-syur)

1. Angle or corner of the eye, lips, or labia. 2. A bundle of nerve fibers passing from one side to the other in the brain or spinal cord.commissura [NA];
anterior c. a round bundle of nerve fibers that crosses the midline of the brain near the anterior limit of the third ventricle. It consists of a smaller anterior part, the fibers of which pass in part to the olfactory bulbs, and a larger posterior part, which interconnects the left and right temporal lobes.commissura anterior [NA];
anterior labial c. the junction of the labia majora anteriorly at the mons pubis.commissura labiorum anterior [NA];
anterior white c. white c
c. of cerebral hemispheres corpus callosum
c. of fornix commissura fornicis
Ganser's c.'s commissurae supraopticae, under commissura
Gudden's c.'s commissurae supraopticae, under commissura
c. of habenulae commissura habenularum
habenular c. commissura habenularum
hippocampal c. commissura fornicis
c. of inferior colliculi nerve fibers on the midline between the two inferior colliculi connecting the colliculi and containing some fibers originating from nontectal nuclei.
labial c. junction of upper and lower lip which occurs at corner of mouth. See also angle of mouth.
lateral palpebral c. the union of the upper and lower eyelids adjacent to the lateral angle.commissura palpebrarum lateralis [NA];
c. of lips the junction of the lips lateral to the angle of the mouth.commissura labiorum [NA] , junction of lips;
medial palpebral c. the union of the upper and lower eyelids adjacent to the medial angle.commissura palpebrarum medialis [NA];
Meynert's c.'s commissurae supraopticae, under commissura
posterior cerebral c. commissura posterior cerebri
posterior labial c. a slight fold uniting the labia majora posteriorly in front of the anus.commissura labiorum posterior [NA];
c. of superior colliculus nerve fibers interconnecting corresponding and noncorresponding portions of the two superior colliculi across the midline; may contain fibers originating outside the tectum.
supraoptic c.'s commissurae supraopticae, under commissura
c. of vestibular bulb a narrow median band that connects the two masses of erectile tissue (the bulbus vestibuli) on either side of the vaginal orifice.pars intermedia commissura bulborum [NA] , commissura bulborum, intermediate part of vestibular bulb, pars intermedia bulborum;
Wernekinck's c. the decussation of the brachia conjunctiva before their entrance into the red nucleus of the tegmentum.
white c. a narrow band of white substance bordering on the anterior median fissure of the spinal cord in front of the anterior gray commissure, and consisting of nerve fibers crossing over from one half of the spinal cord to the other.commissura alba [NA] , anterior white c., commissura ventralis alba, ventral white column;

commissurotomy commissurotomy (kom´i-syur-ot´o-me)

1. Surgical division of any commissure, fibrous band, or ring via surgery or a balloon catheter technique. 2. midline myelotomy
mitral c. opening the narrowed mitral orifice for the relief of mitral stenosis.

commitment commitment (ko-mit´ment)

Legal consignment, by certification, or voluntarily, of an individual to a mental hospital or institution. [L. com-mitto, to deliver, consign]

common vehicle spread common vehicle spread

spread of disease agent from a source that is common to those who acquire the disease, e.g., water, milk, air, syringe contaminated by infectious or noxious agents.

commotio commotio (ko-mo´she-o)

concussion (2) [L. a moving, commotion, fr. com-moveo, pp. -motus, to set in motion, agitate]
c. cer´ebri brain concussion
c. re´tinae concussion of the retina that may produce a milky edema in the posterior pole that clears up after a few days.

communicable communicable (ko-myun´i-ka-bl)

Capable of being communicated or transmitted; said especially of disease.

communicans communicans , pl. communicantes (ko-myu´ni-kans, ko-myu-ni-kan´tez)

Communicating; connecting or joining. [L. pres. p. of communico, pp. -atus, to share with someone, make common]

communication communication (ko-myu-ni-ka´shun)

1. An opening or connecting passage between two structures. 2. In anatomy, a joining or connecting, said of fibrous, solid structures, e.g., tendons and nerves. Anastomosis is incorrectly used as a synonym. [L. communicatio]

community community (ko-myu´ni-te)

A given segment of a society or a population.
biotic c. biocenosis
therapeutic c. a specially structured mental hospital or community health center milieu that provides an effective environment for behavioral changes in patients through resocialization and rehabilitation.

community mental health center community mental health center

A mental health treatment center located in a neighborhood catchment area close to the homes of patients, introduced in the 1960's via new federal legislation designed to replace the large state hospitals, which usually were located in remote rural areas; features include offering a series of comprehensive services by one or more members of the four mental health professions, provision of continuity of care, participation of consumers in the centers, community location to provide accessibility, a combination of indirect or preventive and direct services, the use of program-centered as well as case-centered consultation, a requirement for program evaluation, and various linkages to a variety of health and human services.

Comolli Comolli

Antonio, Italian pathologist, *1879. See C.'s sign.

comorbidity comorbidity (ko-mor-bid´i-te)

A concomitant but unrelated pathologic or disease process; usually used in epidemiology to indicate the coexistence of two or more disease processes. [co- + L. morbidus, diseased]

compacta compacta (kom-pak´ta)

stratum compactum

compages thoracis compages thoracis (kom-pa´jez tho-ra´sis) [NA]

thoracic cage

comparascope comparascope (kom-par´a-skop)

A microscope accessory by means of which an observer may directly compare simultaneously the findings in two microscopic preparations. [L. comparo, to compare, + G. skopeo, to view]

compartment compartment (kom-part´ment)

A separate division; specifically, a structural or biochemical portion of a cell that is separated from the rest of the cell.
nonplasmatic c. c. surrounded by a single biomembrane (e.g., vacuoles, lysosomes).
plasmatic c. c. surrounded by a double biomembrane and containing polynucleotides (e.g., mitochondria).

compartmentation compartmentation (kom-part´ment-a´shun)

The division of a cell into different regions, either structurally or biochemically.

compatibility compatibility (kom-pat-I-bil´i-te)

The condition of being compatible.

compatible compatible (kom-pat´I-bl)

1. Capable of being mixed without undergoing destructive chemical change or exhibiting mutual antagonism; said of the elements in a properly constructed pharmaceutical mixture. 2. Denoting the ability of two biologic entities to exist together without nullification of, or deleterious effects on, the function of either; e.g., blood, tissues, or organs that cause no reaction when transfused or no rejection when transplanted. 3. Denoting satisfactory relationships between two or more people as in work or in marriage or in sexual activities. [L. con-, with, + patior, to suffer]

compensation compensation (kom-pen-sa´shun)

1. A process in which a tendency for a change in a given direction is counteracted by another change so that the original change is not evident. 2. An unconscious mechanism by which one tries to make up for fancied or real deficiencies. [L. com-penso, pp. -atus, to weigh together, counterbalance]
attenuation c. time-gain c
depth c. time-gain c
gene dosage c. the putative mechanism that adjusts the X-linked phenotypes of males and females to compensate for the haploid state in males and the diploid state in females. It is now largely ascribed to lyonization which compensates the mean of the dose but not its variance, which is greater in females.
time-gain c. (TGC) in ultrasonography, an increase in receiver gain with time to compensate for loss in echo amplitude with depth, usually due to attenuation.attenuation c., depth c., time compensation gain, time-compensated gain, time-varied gain control, time-varied gain;

compensatory compensatory (kom-pen´sa-tor-e)

Providing compensation; making up for a deficiency or loss.

competence competence (kom´pe-tens)

1. The quality of being competent or capable of performing an allotted function. 2. The normal tight closure of a cardiac valve. 3. The ability of a group of embryonic cells to respond to an organizer. 4. The ability of a (bacterial) cell to take up free DNA, which may lead to transformation. 5. In psychiatry, the mental ability to distinguish right from wrong and to manage one's own affairs, or to assist one's counsel in his or her defense in a legal proceeding. [Fr. competence, fr. L.L. competentia, congruity]
cardiac c. ability of the ventricles to pump the blood returning to the atria, so that atrial pressure does not rise abnormally.
immunological c. immunocompetence

competition competition (kom-pe-tish´un)

The process by which the activity or presence of one substance interferes with, or suppresses, the activity of another substance with similar affinities.
antigenic c. c. that occurs when two different antigens, each of which can evoke an immunological response when inoculated alone, are mixed in equal quantities and inoculated together; the response may be to only one, that to the other being largely or entirely suppressed.

complaint complaint (kom-plant´)

A disorder, disease, or symptom, or the description of it. [O. Fr. complainte, fr. L. complango, to lament]
chief c. the primary symptom that a patient states as the reason for seeking medical care.

complement complement (kom´ple-ment)

Ehrlich's term for the thermolabile substance, normally present in serum, that is destructive to certain bacteria and other cells sensitized by a specific complement-fixing antibody. C. is a serum protein complex comprising at least 20 distinct proteins, the activity of which is affected by a series of interactions resulting in enzymatic cleavages and which can follow one or the other of at least two pathways. In the case of immune hemolysis (classical pathway), the complex comprises nine components (designated C1 through C9) which react in a definite sequence and the activation of which is effected by the antigen-antibody complex; only the first seven components are involved in chemotaxis, and only the first four are involved in immune adherence or phagocytosis or are fixed by conglutinins. An alternative pathway (see properdin system) is activated by factors other than antigen-antibody complexes and involves components other than C1, C4, and C2 in the activation of C3. See also component of complement. [L. complementum, that which completes, fr. com-pleo, to fill up]
heparin c. the protein component of heparin in blood.

complementarity complementarity (kom-ple-men-tar´i-te)

1. The degree of base-pairing (A opposite U or T, G opposite C) between two sequences of DNA and/or RNA molecules. 2. The degree of affinity, or fit, of antigen and antibody combining sites.

complementation complementation (kom´ple-men-ta´shun)

1. Functional interaction between two defective viruses permitting replication under conditions inhibitory to the single virus. 2. Interaction between two genetic units, one or both of which are defective, permitting the organism containing these units to function normally, whereas it could not do so if either unit were absent.
intergenic c. c. between pieces of genetic material that regulate the same function, such as a multienzyme pathway, but have defects in regions of separate genetic function; such c. permits synthesis of a normal end-product.
intragenic c. c. between pieces of genetic material, each of which has a different defect within the same locus; the resultant product of each is defective and nonfunctional, but the defective products may associate to produce a product which has some activity.

complex complex (kom´pleks)

1. An organized constellation of feelings, thoughts, perceptions, and memories that may be in part unconscious and may strongly influence associations and attitudes. 2. In chemistry, the relatively stable combination of two or more compounds into a larger molecule without covalent binding. 3. A composite of chemical or immunological structures. 4. A structural anatomical entity made up of three or more interrelated parts. 5. An informal term used to denote a group of individual structures known or believed to be anatomically, embryologically, or physiologically related. [L. complexus, woven together]
aberrant c. an anomalous electrocardiographic c., more specifically an abnormal ventricular c. caused by abnormal intraventricular conduction of a supraventricular impulse.
AIDS dementia c. (ADC) a subacute or chronic HIV-1 encephalitis, the most common neurological complication in the later stages of HIV infection; manifested clinically as a progressive dementia, accompanied by motor abnormalities.AIDS dementia, HIV encephalopathy;
AIDS-related c. (ARC) early manifestations of AIDS in individuals who have not yet developed deficient immune function, characterized by fever with generalized lymphadenopathy, diarrhea, and weight loss.
a-keto acid dehydrogenase c. See a-keto acid dehydrogenase.
amygdaloid c. amygdaloid body
anomalous c. a c. in the electrocardiogram differing significantly from the physiologic type in the same lead.
antigen-antibody c. See immune c.
antigenic c. a composite of different antigenic structures, such as a cell or a bacterium, or, by extension, a molecule containing two or more determinant groups of different antigenic specificities.
apical c. a set of anterior structures that characterize one or several developmental stages of members of the protozoan phylum Apicomplexa; includes the following structures, visible by electron microscopy: polar ring, conoid, rhoptries, micronemes, and subpellicular tubules.
atrial c. p wave in the electrocardiogram.auricular c;
auricular c. atrial c
avian leukosis-sarcoma c. , avian leukemia-sarcoma c. 1. a term applied to a group of transmissible virus-induced diseases of chickens causing sarcoma, myeloblastosis, erythroblastosis, leukosis, osteopetrosis, and lymphomatosis. These agents are closely related viruses (avian leukosis-sarcoma virus) causing prolferation of immature erythroid, myeloid, or lymphoid cells; 2. a division of the RNA tumor viruses (subfamily Oncovirinae) causing the avian leukosis-sarcoma c. of diseases; the viruses are subgrouped according to antigenic characteristics and growth in defined types of tissue culture cells.avian erythroblastosis virus, avian leukosis-sarcoma virus, avian lymphomatosis virus (1) , avian myeloblastosis virus, avian sarcoma virus, fowl erythroblastosis virus, fowl lymphomatosis virus, fowl myeloblastosis virus;
binary c. a noncovalent c. of two molecules; often referring to the enzyme-substrate c. in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Cf. central c., Michaelis c. enzyme-substrate c;
brain wave c. a specific combination of fast and slow electroencephalographic activity that recurs frequently enough to be identified as a discrete phenomenon.
brother c. Cain c
Cain c. extreme envy or jealousy of a brother, leading to hatred.brother c; [Cain, biblical personage]
castration c. 1. a child's fear of injury to the genitals by the parent of the same sex as punishment for unconcious guilt over oedipal feelings; 2. fantasied loss of the penis by a female or fear of its actual loss by a male; 3. unconscious fear of injury from those in authority.castration anxiety;
caudal pharyngeal c. the ultimobranchial body associated with the embryonic fourth and transitory fifth pharyngeal pouches.
central c. in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the structural complex of the enzyme and all of the enzyme's substrates (or the enzyme with all of the enzyme's products) equivalent to the binary c. for a one-substrate enzyme. Cf. binary c., Michaelis c.
charge transfer c. 1. a c. between two organic molecules in which an electron from one (the donor) is transferred to the other (the acceptor), becoming generally distributed throughout the latter; subsequent transfer of a hydrogen atom completes the reduction of the acceptor; such c.'s are generally highly colored and may be so observed; 2. a network of hydrogen bridges at the catalytic center of certain proteases.charge transfer system;
Diana c. ideas leading to the adoption of masculine traits and behavior in a female. [Diana, L. myth. char.]
diphasic c. a c. consisting of both positive and negative deflections.
EAHF c. a combination of allergies consisting of eczema, asthma and hay fever.
Eisenmenger's c. the combination of ventricular septal defect with pulmonary hypertension and consequent right-to-left shunt through the defect, with or without an associated overriding aorta.Eisenmenger's defect, Eisenmenger's disease, Eisenmenger's tetralogy;
Electra c. female counterpart of the Oedipus c. in the male; a term used to describe unresolved conflicts during childhood development toward the father which subsequently influence a woman's relationships with men.father c; [Electra, daughter of Agamemnon]
electrocardiographic c. a deflection or group of deflections in the electrocardiogram.
enzyme-substrate c. binary c
equiphasic c. isodiphasic c
father c. Electra c
feline leukemia-sarcoma virus c. viruses from cats that induce transmissible leukemia or transmissible fibrosarcoma in kittens.
femininity c. in psychoanalysis, the unconscious fear, in boys and men, of castration at the hands of the mother with resultant identification with the aggressor and envious desire for breasts and vagina.
Ghon's c. Ghon's tubercle
Golgi c. Golgi apparatus
H-2 c. term that denotes genes of the major histocompatibility c.
histocompatibility c. a family of fifty or more genes on the sixth human chromosome that code for cell surface proteins and play a role in the immune response.Histocompatibility genes control the production of proteins on the outer membranes of tissue and blood cells, especially lymphocytes, and are vital elements in cell-cell recognition. The proteins also determine the level and type of immune response, and may serve other biochemical or immunologic functions. In the case of allografts, it is necessary to determine whether donor and recipient possess compatible sets of proteins (histocompatibility antigens), to minimize the likelihood of rejection. Histocompatibility testing (HLA tissue typing) provides this information.
HLA c. the major histocompatibility c. in humans. See also human lymphocyte antigens, under antigen.
immune c. antigen combined with specific antibody, to which complement may also be fixed, and which may precipitate or remain in solution. Frequently associated with autoimmune disease.
inferiority c. a sense of inadequacy which is expressed in extreme shyness, diffidence, or timidity, or as a compensatory reaction in exhibitionism or aggressiveness.
iron-dextran c. a colloidal solution of ferric hydroxide in c. with partially hydrolyzed dextran; used in the treatment of iron deficiency anemias by intramuscular injection.
isodiphasic c. a diphasic c. whose positive and negative deflections are approximately equal.equiphasic c;
j-g c. juxtaglomerular c
Jocasta c. a mother's libidinous fixation on a son. [Jocasta, mother and wife of Oedipus]
junctional c. the attachment zone between epithelial cells, typically consisting of the zonula occludens, the zonula adherens, and the macula adherens (desmosome).
juxtaglomerular c. a c. consisting of the juxtaglomerular cells, which are modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent glomerular arteriole and sometimes also the efferent arteriole; extraglomerular mesangium lacis cells, which are located in the angle between the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles; the macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule; and granular epithelial peripolar cells located at the angle of reflection of the parietal to the visceral capsule of the renal corpuscle; believed to provide some feedback control of extracellular fluid volume and glomerular filtration rate.j-g c., juxtaglomerular apparatus;
K c. high amplitude, diphasic frontocental slow waves in the electroencephalogram related to arousal from sleep by a sound; characteristic of sleep stages 2, 3, and 4.
a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase c. a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Lear c. a father's libidinous fixation on a daughter. [Lear, Shakespearean character]
MAC c. membrane attack c
major histocompatibility c. (MHC) a group of linked loci, collectively termed H-2 c. in the mouse and HLA c. in humans, that codes for cell-surface histocompatibility antigens and is the principal determinant of tissue type and transplant compatibility. See also human lymphocyte antigens, under antigen.
membrane attack c. (MAC) a c. of complement components (C5-C9) that, when activate, bind to the membrane of a target cell, penetrating it with a hydrophobic residue exteriorly and a hydrophilic residue in the interior of the cell; this allows passage of ions and water, swelling of the cell and its eventual rupture.MAC c;
Meyenburg's c. clusters of small bile ducts occurring in polycystic livers, separate from the portal areas.
Michaelis c. binary c. of an enzyme.
monophasic c. a c. in the electrocardiogram that is entirely negative or entirely positive.
mother superior c. the tendency of a psychotherapist to play a mothering role to the detriment of the therapeutic process.
multienzyme c. a structurally distinct and ordered collection of enzymes, often catalyzing successive steps in a metabolic pathway (e.g., pyruvate dehydrogenase c.).
Oedipus c. a developmentally distinct group of associated ideas, aims, instinctual drives, and fears generally observed in male children 3 to 6 years old: coinciding with the peak of the phallic phase of psychosexual development, the child's sexual interest is attached primarily to the parent of the opposite sex and is accompanied by aggressive feelings toward the parent of the same sex; in psychoanalytic theory, it is replaced by the castration c. [Oedipus, G. myth. char.]
ostiomeatal c. point where the frontal and maxillary sinuses normally drain into the nasal cavity; obstruction produces inflammation of affected sinus cavities.ostiomeatal unit;
persecution c. a feeling that others have evil designs against one's well-being.
primary c. the typical lesions of primary pulmonary tuberculosis, consisting of a small peripheral focus of infection, with hilar or paratracheal lymph node involvement.
pyruvate dehydrogenase c. See pyruvate dehydrogenase.
QRS c. portion of electrocardiogram corresponding to the depolarization of cardiac cells.
ribosome-lamella c. a cylindrical cytoplasmic inclusion composed of concentrically arranged sheets of membranes alternating with rows of ribosomes; characteristic of the hairy cell in leukemic reticuloendotheliosis.
Shone's c. an obstructive lesion of the mitral valve c. with left ventricular outflow obstruction and coarctation of the aorta.
sicca c. dryness of the mucous membranes, as of the eyes and mouth, in the absence of a connective tissue disease such as rheumatoid arthritis.
spike and wave c. a generalized, synchronous pattern seen on the electroencephalogram, consisting of a sharply contoured fast wave followed by a slow wave; particularly found in patients with generalized epilepsies. Spike and wave complexes are often characterized by their frequency, e.g., s low spike and wave, fast spike and wave.
superiority c. term sometimes given to the compensatory behavior, e.g., aggressiveness, self-assertion, associated with inferiority c.
symptom c. 1. See syndrome. 2. See complex (1).
synaptinemal c. a submicroscopic structure interposed between the homologous chromosome pairs during synapsis.synaptonemal c;
synaptonemal c. synaptinemal c
Tacaribe c. of viruses a group of arenaviruses that includes the antigenically interrelated arboviruses Amapari, Junin, Latino, Machupo, Parana, Pichinde, Tacaribe, and Tamiami.
ternary c. term used to describe the tripartite combination of, for example, enzyme-cofactor-substrate or enzyme-substrate₁-substrate₂ for a multisubstrate enzyme, the active form involved in many enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
triple symptom c. Behçet's syndrome
VATER c. a constellation of vertebral defects, anal atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia, and renal and radial anomalies; associated with Fanconi's anemia.
ventricular c. the continuous QRST waves of each beat in the electrocardiogram.

complexion complexion (kom-plek´shun)

The color, texture, and general appearance of the skin of the face. [L. complexio, a combination, (later) physical condition]

complexity complexity (kom-pleks´i-te)

The state of consisting of many interrelated parts.
chemical c. the level measured, via a chemical assay, of a DNA component.

complexus complexus (kom-plek´sus)

Obsolete term for semispinalis capitis muscle. [L. an embracing, encircling]

compliance compliance (kom-plI´ans)

1. A measure of the distensibility of a chamber expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. 2. The consistency and accuracy with which a patient follows the regimen prescribed by a physician or other health professional. Cf. adherence (2) , maintenance. 3. A measure of the ease with which a structure or substance may be deformed. In medicine and physiology, usually a measure of the ease with which a hollow viscus (e.g., lung, urinary bladder, gallbladder) may be distended, i.e., the volume change resulting from the application of a unit pressure differential between the inside and outside of the viscus; the reciprocal of elastance. [M.E. fr. O. Fr., fr. L. compleo, to fulfill]
bladder c. relationship of volume to pressure; can be calculated from a cytometrogram's pressure volume curve.c. of bladder;
c. of bladder bladder c
detrusor c. change in volume of bladder for a given change in pressure.
dynamic c. of lung the value obtained when lung c. is estimated during breathing by dividing the tidal volume by the difference in instantaneous transpulmonary pressures at the ends of the respiratory excursions, when flow in the airway is momentarily zero; this value deviates markedly from static c. in patients in whom resistances and compliances are not uniform throughout the lung (i.e., uneven time constants).
c. of heart the reciprocal of passive or diastolic stiffness of the ventricle of the heart, most commonly of the left ventricle; one may distinguish between c. of the muscle and c. of the supportive structures, although ordinarily both are considered together (chamber c.); a hypertrophied or scarred heart will manifest a stiff wall, i.e., decreased c.
specific c. 1. the c. of a structure divided by its initial volume; 2. more specifically for the lungs, the c. divided by the functional residual capacity.
static c. the value obtained when c. is measured at true equilibrium, i.e., in the absence of any motion.
thoracic c. that portion of total ventilatory c. ascribable to c. of the thoracic cage.
ventilatory c. the sum of dynamic c. of the lung and thoracic c.

complicated complicated (kom´pli-ka-ted)

Made complex; denoting a disease upon which a morbid process or event has been superimposed, altering symptoms and modifying its course for the worse. [L. com-plico, pp. -atus, to fold together]

complication complication (kom-pli-ka´shun)

A morbid process or event occurring during a disease that is not an essential part of the disease, although it may result from it or from independent causes.

component component (kom-po´nent)

An element forming a part of the whole. [L. com-pono, pp. -positus, to place together]
anterior c. of force a force operating to move teeth anteriorly.
c. of complement (C) any one of the nine distinct protein units (designated C1 through C9 and distributed in the a, beta, and gamma electrophoretic partitions of normal serum) that effect the immunological activities long associated with complement. C1 is a complex of three subunits: C1q, C1r, and C1s. C1q (overbar indicates "active form") activates proenzyme C1r to C1r which activates C1s to C1s (also known as C1 esterase), which converts proenzyme C2 to C2b and produces C4b from C4. C2b combines with C4b to form "classical-complement-pathway C3/C5 convertase" (also known as C3 convertase, C5 convertase, and C42). This enzyme cleaves C3 to C3a and C3b, and C5 to yield C5a and C5b, as does "alternative-complement-pathway C3/C5 convertase" (also known as proenzyme factor B, properdin factor B, C3 proactivator, and heat-labile factor). Complement factor I (also known as C3b or C3b/C4b inactivator) inactivates C3b and C4b by a different proteolytic cleavage. Several autosomal recessive disorders have been identified in which one or more of the complement components have been deficient or completely absent.
c. of force 1. one of the factors from which a resultant force may be compounded or into which it may be resolved; 2. one of the vectors into which a force may be resolved.
c.'s of mastication the various jaw movements that are made during the act of mastication, as determined by the neuromuscular system, the temporomandibular articulations, the teeth, and the food being chewed; divided, for purposes of analysis or description, into opening, closing, left lateral, right lateral, and anteroposterior c.'s.
c.'s of occlusion the various factors involved in occlusion, such as the temporomandibular joint, the associated neuromusculature, the teeth, and the denture-supporting structures.
plasma thromboplastin c. (PTC) factor IX
secretory c. a polypeptide chain found in external secretions (e.g., tears, saliva, colostrum) associated with the immunoglobulins IgA and IgM. It also may occur in free form. The secretory piece is derived by proteolytic cleavage of the immunoglobulin receptor on epithelial cells.

composite composite

A colloquial term for resin materials used in restorative dentistry. [L. compositus, put together, fr. compono, to put together]

composition composition (kom-po-zish´un)

In chemistry, the kinds and numbers of atoms constituting a molecule. [L. compono, to arrange]
base c. the proportions of the four bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine (or uracil) present in DNA or RNA; usually expressed as the percentage (mol %) of G plus C.
modeling c. modeling plastic

compos mentis compos mentis (kom´pos men´tis)

Of sound mind; usually used in its opposite form, non compos mentis. [L. possessed of one's mind; compos, having control, + mens(ment-), mind]

compound compound (kom´pownd)

1. In chemistry, a substance formed by the covalent or electrostatic union of two or more elements, generally differing entirely in physical characteristics from any of its components. 2. In pharmacy, denoting a preparation containing several ingredients. For c.'s not listed here, see the specific chemical or pharmaceutical names. [thru O. Fr., fr. L. compono]
acetone c. ketone body
acyclic c. an organic c. in which the chain does not form a ring.aliphatic c., open chain c;
addition c. 1. strictly, a complex of two or more complete molecules in which each preserves its fundamental structure and no covalent bonds are made or broken (e.g., hydrates of salts, adducts); 2. loosely, association of acids with basic organic c.'s (e.g., amines with HCl); 3. more loosely, addition of two molecules without loss of any atom, but forming new covalent bonds (e.g., CH₂=CH₂ + Br₂ -> BrCH₂-CH₂Br).
alicyclic c.'s See cyclic c.
aliphatic c. acyclic c
APC c. an analgesic tablet drug combination containing aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine. Very widely used in the 1940's through 1960's; original constituents of popular over-the-counter pain remedies. Use currently much diminished due to concerns about potential renal injury due to the phenacetin.
aromatic c. See cyclic c.
carbamino c. any carbamic acid derivative formed by the combination of carbon dioxide with a free amino group to form an N-carboxy group, -NH-COOH, as in hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin.
carbocyclic c. See cyclic c.
closed chain c. cyclic c
condensation c. a c. resulting from the combination of two or more simple substances, with the splitting off of some other substance, such as alcohol or water; e.g., a peptide. Cf. conjugated c.
conjugated c. a c. formed by the union of two c.'s (as by the elimination of water between an alcohol and an organic acid to form an ester) and easily converted to the original c.'s (hydrolysis). See also conjugation (4). Cf. condensation c.
cyclic c. any c. in which the constituent atoms, or any part of them, form a ring. Used mainly in organic chemistry where: 1) numerous c.'s contain rings of carbon atoms (carbocyclic c.'s) or carbon atoms plus one or more atoms of other types (heterocyclic c.'s), usually nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; 2) where the atoms in the ring are all of the same element (homocyclic or isocyclic c.); 3) where the ring is saturated or contains nonconjugated double bonds (alicyclic c.), the c. is similar in properties to the corresponding acyclic c. (e.g., cyclohexane resembles hexane); 4) where the ring contains conjugated double bonds in a closed loop in which there are 4n + 2 (where n is an integer) delocalized pi electrons (Hückel's rule) (aromatic c.; e.g., benzene, pyridine), it is more stable than the corresponding saturated ring and exhibits unusual chemical properties characteristic of itself and not of other types of rings or of acyclic c.'s. These aromatic c.'s have the ability to sustain an induced ring current.closed chain c., ring c;
genetic c. compound heterozygote
glycosyl c. the c. formed between a sugar and another organic substance in which the OH of the reducing (hemiacetal) group of the former is removed; e.g., the natural nucleosides, in which a heterocyclic N becomes linked directly to the C-1 of ribose (or deoxyribose) to yield ribosyl compounds. Cf. glycoside.
heterocyclic c. See cyclic c.
high energy c.'s classically, a group of phosphoric esters whose hydrolysis takes place with a standard free energy change of -5 to -15 kcal/mol (or, -20 to -63 kJ/mol) (in contrast to -1 to -4 kcal/mol or, -4 to -17 kJ/mol) for simple phosphoric esters like glucose 6-phosphate or a-glycerophosphates), thus being capable of driving energy-consuming reactions in living cells or reconstituted cell-free systems; adenosine 5´-triphosphate, with respect to the beta- and gamma-phosphates, is the best known and is regarded as the immediate energy source for most metabolic syntheses. The general types are acid anhydrides, phosphoric esters of enols, phosphamic acid (R-NH-PO₃H₂) derivatives, acyl thioesters (e.g., of coenzyme A), sulfonium c.'s (R₃-S⁺), and aminoacyl esters of ribosyl moieties. See also high energy phosphates, under phosphate.
homocyclic c. See cyclic c.
impression c. modeling plastic
inclusion c. the mechanical trapping of small molecules within spaces between other molecules; e.g., the inclusion of iodine molecules by starch molecules to form the well-known red-to-black "addition c."
inorganic c. a c. in which the atoms or radicals consist of elements other than carbon and are typically held together by electrostatic forces rather than by covalent bonds; often are capable of dissociation into ions in polar solvents (e.g., H₂O). Cf. organic c.
isocyclic c. See cyclic c.
Kendall's c.'s a group of corticosteroids. Kendall's compound A (11-dehydrocorticosterone); Kendall's compound B (corticosterone); Kendall's compound E (cortisone); Kendall's compound F (cortisol).Kendall's substance;
meso c.'s c.'s containing more than one asymmetric carbon atom, with configurations about them so balanced that the molecule as a whole possesses a plane of symmetry, although the individual carbon atoms do not; such compounds are not optically active; e.g., ribitol, mucic acid, meso-inositol, meso-cystine.
methonium c.'s agents that block impulses in ganglia (e.g., hexamethonium) and are used in arterial hypertension; also used for neuromusclar paralysis in surgery (e.g., decamethonium).
modeling c. modeling plastic
nonpolar c. a c. composed of molecules that possess a symmetrical distribution of charge, so that no positive or negative poles exist, and that are not ionizable in solution; e.g., hydrocarbons. See also organic c.
open chain c. acyclic c
organic c. a c. composed of atoms (some of which are carbon) held together by covalent (shared electron) bonds. Cf. inorganic c.
polar c. a c. in which the electric charge is not symmetrically distributed, so that there is a separation of charge or partial charge and formation of definite positive and negative poles; e.g., H₂O. See also inorganic c.
Reichstein's c. Reichstein's substance
ring c. cyclic c
Wintersteiner c. F cortisone

comprehension comprehension (kom-pre-hen´shun)

Knowledge or understanding of an object, situation, event, or verbal statement.

compress compress (kom´pres)

A pad of gauze or other material applied for local pressure. [L. com-primo, pp. -pressus, to press together]
graduated c. layers of cloth thickest in the center, becoming thinner toward the periphery.
wet c. gauze moistened with saline or antiseptic solution.

compression compression (kom-presh´un)

A squeezing together; the exertion of pressure on a body in such a way as to tend to increase its density; the decrease in a dimension of a body under the action of two external forces directed toward one another in the same straight line.
c. of brain cerebral c
cerebral c. pressure upon the intracranial tissues by an effusion of blood or cerebrospinal fluid, an abscess, a neoplasm, a depressed fracture of the skull, or an edema of the brain.c. of brain;
c. of tissue tissue displaceability

compressor compressor (kom-pres´er, -or)

1. A muscle, contraction of which causes compression of any structure. 2. An instrument for making pressure on a part, especially on an artery to prevent loss of blood.compressorium;
c. ve´nae dorsa´lis pe´nis a variation of the bulbospongiosus muscle in which some fibers pass dorsal to the dorsal vein of the penis; thought at one time to be an important component in the mechanism of erection.Houston's muscle;

compressorium compressorium (kom-pres-or´e-um)

compressor (2)

Compton Compton

Arthur H., U.S. physicist and Nobel laureate, 1892-1962. See C. effect.

Compton scattering Compton scattering

Compton effect

compulsion compulsion (kom-pul´shun)

Uncontrollable thoughts or impulses to perform an act, often repetitively, as an unconscious mechanism to avoid unacceptable ideas and desires which, by themselves, arouse anxiety; the anxiety becomes fully manifest if performance of the compulsive act is prevented; may be associated with obsessive thoughts. [L. com-pello pp. -pulsus, to drive together, compel]

compulsive compulsive (kom-pul´siv)

Influenced by compulsion; of a compelling and irresistible nature.

computer computer

A programmable electronic device that can be used to store and manipulate data in order to carry out designated functions; the two fundamental components are hardware, i.e., the actual electronic device, and software, i.e., the instructions or program used to carry out the function.

con- con-

With, together, in association; appears as com- before p, b, or m, as col- before l, and as co- before a vowel; corresponds to G. syn-. [L. cum, with, together]

conA conA , con A

Abbreviation for concanavalin A.

conalbumin conalbumin (kon-al-byu´min)

A glycoprotein containing d-mannose and d-galactose, constituting about 14% of egg white.ovotransferrin;

conanine conanine (kon´a-nen)

A steroid alkaloid; pregnane with a methylimino group bridging C-18 and C-20 (in a-configuration). See also conessine.

conarium conarium (ko-na´re-um)

pineal body [G. konarion (dim. of konos, cone), the pineal body]

conation conation (ko-na´shun)

The conscious tendency to act, usually an aspect of mental process; historically aligned with cognition and affection, but more recently used in the wider sense of impulse, desire, purposeful striving. [L. conatio, an undertaking, effort]

conative conative (kon´a-tiv)

Pertaining to, or characterized by, conation.

conatus conatus (ko-nah´tus, -na´tus)

A striving toward self-preservation and self-affirmation. [L. attempt]

concameration concameration (kon-kam-er-a´shun)

A system of interconnecting cavities. [L. concameratio, a vault; fr. concamero, pp. -atus, to vault over, fr. camera, a vault]

concanavalin A (conA, con A) concanavalin A (conA, con A) (kon-ka-nav´a-lin)

A phytomitogen, extracted from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) that agglutinates the blood of mammals and reacts with glucosans; like other phytohemagglutinins, con A stimulates T lymphocytes more vigorously than it does B lymphocytes.

concatamer concatamer (kon-kat-a-mer)

A linear repeat of restriction fragments. [concatenate + -mer]

concatenate concatenate (kon-kat´e-nat)

Denoting the arrangement of a number of structures, e.g., enlarged lymph glands, in a row like the links of a chain. [L. con-cateno, pp. -atus, to link together, fr. catena, a chain]

Concato Concato

Luigi M., Italian physician, 1825-1882. See C.'s disease.

concave concave (kon´kav)

Having a depressed or hollowed surface. [L. concavus, arched or vaulted]

concavity concavity (kon-kav´i-te)

A hollow or depression, with more or less evenly curved sides, on any surface.

concavoconcave concavoconcave (kon-ka´vo-kon´kav)

biconcave

concavoconvex concavoconvex (kon-ka´vo-kon´veks)

Concave on one surface and convex on the opposite surface.

concentration (c) concentration (c) (kon-sen-tra´shun)

1. A preparation made by extracting a crude drug, precipitating from the solution, and drying. 2. Increasing the amount of solute in a given volume of solution by evaporation of the solvent. 3. The quantity of a substance per unit volume or weight. In renal physiology, symbol U for urinary c., P for plasma c.; in respiratory physiology, symbol C for amount per unit volume in blood, F for fractional c. (mole fraction or volume per volume) in dried gas; subscripts indicate location and chemical species. [L. con-, together, + centrum, center]
critical micelle c. (cmc) the c. at which an amphipathic molecule (e.g., a phospholipid) will form a micelle.
M c. the maximum number of bacterial cells which can be produced in a unit volume of growth medium.
mean corpuscular hemoglobin c. (MCHC) Hgb/Hct;the average hemoglobin c. in a given volume of packed red cells, calculated from the hemoglobin therein and the hematocrit, in erythrocyte indices.
minimal alveolar c. the end-alveolar c. of an inhalation anesthetic which prevents somatic response to a painful stimulus in 50% of individuals; an index of relative potency of inhalation anesthetics.minimal anesthetic c;
minimal anesthetic c. (MAC) minimal alveolar c
minimal inhibitory c. (MIC) the lowest concentration of antibiotic sufficient to inhibit bacterial growth when tested in vitro.
molar c. See molar (4).
normal c. (n) See normal (3).

concentric concentric (kon-sen´trik)

Having a common center, such that two or more spheres, circles, or segments of circles are within one another.

concept concept (kon´sept)

1. An abstract idea or notion. 2. An explanatory variable or principle in a scientific system.conception (1); [L. conceptum, something understood, pp. ntr. of concipio, to receive, apprehend]
no-threshold c. that the biologic effect of radiation is proportional to dose, even for minutely small doses.
self c. an individual's sense of self, including self definition in the various social roles he or she enacts, including assessment of his or her status on a single trait or on many human dimensions using societal or personal norms as criteria.

concepti concepti (kon-sep´tI)

Plural of conceptus.

conception conception (kon-sep´shun)

1. concept 2. Act of forming a general idea or notion. 3. Act of conceiving, or becoming pregnant; fertilization of the oocyte (ovum) by a spermatozoon to form a viable zygote. [L. conceptio; see concept]
imperative c. a concept that does not arise from association but appears spontaneously and refuses to be banished.

conceptual conceptual (kon-sep´chu-al)

Relating to the formation of ideas, usually higher order abstractions, to mental conceptions.

conceptus conceptus , pl. concepti (kon-sep´tus, -sep´tI)

The product of conception, i.e., embryo and membranes.

concha concha , pl. conchae (kon´ka, kon´ke) [NA]

In anatomy, a structure comparable to a shell in shape, as the auricle or pinna of the ear or a turbinated bone in the nose. [L. a shell]
c. auric´ulae [NA] c. of ear
c. bullosa abnormal pneumatization of the middle turbinate which may interfere with normal ventilation of sinus ostia and can result in recurrent sinusitis.
c. of ear the large hollow, or floor of the auricle, between the anterior portion of the helix and the antihelix; it is divided by the crus of the helix into the cymba above and the cavum below.c. auriculae [NA];
highest c. supreme nasal c
inferior nasal c. 1. a thin, spongy, bony plate with curved margins, on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity, separating the middle from the inferior meatus; it articulates with the ethmoid, lacrimal, maxilla, and palate bones; 2. the above bony plate and its thick mucoperiosteum containing an extensive cavernous vascular bed for heat exchange.c. nasalis inferior [NA] , inferior turbinated bone, turbinated body (2);
middle nasal c. 1. the middle thin, spongy, bony plate with curved margins, part of the ethmoidal labyrinth, projecting from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and separating the superior meatus from the middle meatus; 2. the above bony plate and its thick mucoperiosteum containing a cavernous vascular bed for heat exchange.c. nasalis media [NA] , middle turbinated bone, turbinated body (2);
Morgagni's c. superior nasal c
c. nasa´lis infe´rior [NA] inferior nasal c
c. nasa´lis me´dia [NA] middle nasal c
c. nasa´lis supe´rior [NA] superior nasal c
c. nasa´lis supre´ma [NA] supreme nasal c
Santorini's c. , c. santori´ni supreme nasal c
sphenoidal conchae paired ossicles of pyramidal shape, the spines of which are in contact with the medial pterygoid lamina, the bases forming the roof of the nasal cavity.conchae sphenoidales [NA] , Bertin's bones, Bertin's ossicles, sphenoidal turbinated bones;
con´chae sphenoida´les [NA] sphenoidal conchae
superior nasal c. 1. the upper thin, spongy, bony plate with curved margins, part of the ethmoidal labyrinth, projecting from the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and separating the superior meatus from the sphenoethmoidal recess; 2. the above bony plate and its thick mucoperiosteum, which is less vascular than that of the middle and inferior conchae.c. nasalis superior [NA] , Morgagni's c., superior turbinated bone, turbinated body (2);
supreme c. supreme nasal c
supreme nasal c. a small c. frequently present on the posterosuperior part of the lateral nasal wall; it overlies the supreme nasal meatus.c. nasalis suprema [NA] , fourth turbinated bone, highest c., highest turbinated bone, Santorini's c., c. santorini, supraturbinal, supreme c., supreme turbinated bone, turbinated body (2);

conchoidal conchoidal (kon-koy´dal)

Shaped like a shell; having alternate convexities and concavities on the surface. [concha + G. eidos, appearance]

concomitance concomitance (kon-kom´i-tans)

In esotropia, one eye accompanying the other in all excursions, as in concomitant strabismus. [con- + L. comito-, pp. -atus, to accompany]

concomitant concomitant

comitant

concordance concordance (kon-kor´dans)

Agreement in the types of data that occur in natural pairs. For example, in a trait like schizophrenia, a pair of identical twins is concordant if both are affected or both are unaffected; it is discordant if one of them only is affected. Likewise, the pairs might be non-identical twins, or sibs, or husband and wife, etc. [L. concordia, agreeing, harmony]

concordant concordant (kon-kor´dant)

Denoting or exhibiting concordance.

concrement concrement (kon´kre-ment)

A concretion; a deposit of calcareous material in a part. [L. con- cresco, to grow together]

concrescence concrescence (kon-kres´ens)

1. coalescence 2. In dentistry, the union of the roots of two adjacent teeth by cementum. [see concrement]

concretio cordis concretio cordis (kon-kre´she-o kor´dis)

Extensive adhesion between parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium with partial or complete obliteration of the pericardial cavity.internal adhesive pericarditis, synechia pericardii;

concretion concretion (kon-kre´shun)

The aggregation or formation of solid material. [L. cum, together, + crescere, to grow]

concretization concretization (kon´kret-i-za´shun)

Inability to abstract with an overemphasis on specific details; seen in mental disorders, such as dementia and schizophrenia, and also normally in children. [L. con-cresco, pp. -cretus, to grow together, harden]

concussion concussion (kon-kush´un)

1. A violent shaking or jarring. 2. An injury of a soft structure, as the brain, resulting from a blow or violent shaking.commotio; [L. concussio, fr. con- cutio, pp. -cussus, to shake violently]
brain c. a clinical syndrome due to mechanical, usually traumatic, forces; characterized by immediate and transient impairment of neural function, such as alteration of consciousness, disturbance of vision and equilibrium, etc.commotio cerebri;
spinal c. spinal cord c
spinal cord c. injury to the spinal cord due to a blow to the vertebral column with transient or prolonged dysfunction below the level of the lesion.spinal c;

concussor concussor (kon-kus-er, -sor)

A hammer-like instrument for tapping the parts as a form of massage.

condensation condensation (kon-den-sa´shun)

1. Making more solid or dense. 2. The change of a gas to a liquid, or of a liquid to a solid. 3. In psychoanalysis, an unconscious mental process in which one symbol stands for a number of others. 4. In dentistry, the process of packing a filling material into a cavity, using such force and direction that no voids result. [L. con- denso, pp. -atus, to make thick, condense]
aldol c. formation of an aldol (a beta-hydroxy carbonyl compound) from two carbonyl compounds; the reverse reaction is an aldol cleavage; fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase catalyzes such a reaction.
Claisen c. the formation of a beta-keto ester from two esters, one of which has an a-hydrogen atom; malate synthase, citrate synthase, and ATP citrate lyase all catalyze such reactions.

condense condense (kon-dens´)

To pack; to increase the density of; applied particularly to insertion of gold foil or silver amalgam in a cavity prepared in a tooth.

condenser condenser (kon-den´ser)

1. An apparatus for cooling a gas to a liquid, or a liquid to a solid. 2. In dentistry, a manual or powered instrument used for packing a plastic or unset material into a cavity of a tooth; variation in sizes and shapes allows conformation of the mass to the cavity outline. 3. The simple or compound lens on a microscope that is used to supply the illumination necessary for visibility of the specimen under observation. 4. capacitor
Abbé's c. a system of two or three wide-angle, achromatic, convex and planoconvex lenses that may be moved upward or downward beneath the stage of a microscope, thereby regulating the concentration of light (directly from a bulb or reflected from a mirror) that passes through the material to be examined on the stage.
automatic c. automatic plugger
cardioid c. a type of dark-field c.
dark-field c. an apparatus for throwing reflected light through the microscope field, so that only the object to be examined is illuminated, the field itself being dark.
paraboloid c. a type of dark-field c.

condition condition (kon-dish´un)

1. To train; to undergo conditioning. 2. A certain response elicited by a specifiable stimulus or emitted in the presence of certain stimuli with reward of the response during prior occurrence. 3. Referring to several classes of learning in the behavioristic branch of psychology. [L. conditio, fr. condico, to agree]

conditioning conditioning (kon-dish´un-ing)

The process of acquiring, developing, educating, establishing, learning, or training new responses in an individual. Used to describe both respondent and operant behavior; in both usages, refers to a change in the frequency or form of behavior as a result of the influence of the environment.
assertive c. assertive training
aversive c. aversive training
avoidance c. the technique whereby an organism learns to avoid unpleasant or punishing stimuli by learning the appropriate anticipatory response to protect it from further such stimuli. Cf. escape c. avoidance training;
classical c. a form of learning, as in Pavlov's experiments, in which a previously neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus when presented together with an unconditioned stimulus. Also called stimulus substitution because the new stimulus evokes the response in question. See also respondent c.stimulus substitution;
escape c. the technique whereby an organism learns to terminate unpleasant or punishing stimuli by making the appropriate new response which stops the delivery of such stimuli. Cf. avoidance c. escape training;
higher order c. the use of a previously conditioned stimulus to condition further responses, in much the same way unconditioned stimuli are used.
instrumental c. c. in which the response is a prerequisite to achieving some goal; often used as a synonym for operant c., but some psychologists make distinctions in the usages of these two terms.
operant c. a type of c. developed by Skinner in which an experimenter waits for the target response (head scratching) to be conditioned to occur (emitted) spontaneously, immediately after which the organism is given a reinforcer reward; after this procedure is repeated many times, the frequency of emission of the targeted response will have significantly increased over its pre-experiment base rate. See also schedules of reinforcement, under schedule.skinnerian c;
pavlovian c. respondent c
respondent c. a type of c., first studied by I. P. Pavlov, in which a previously neutral stimulus (bell sound) elicits a response (salivation) as a result of pairing it (associating it contiguously in time) a number of times with an unconditioned or natural stimulus for that response (food shown to a hungry dog).pavlovian c;
second-order c. the use of a previously successfully conditioned stimulus as the unconditioned stimulus for further c.
skinnerian c. operant c
trace c. c. when there is no temporal overlap between the c. stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.

condom condom (kon´dom)

Sheath or cover for the penis, or vagina for use in the prevention of conception or infection during coitus.

conductance conductance (kon-duk´tans)

1. A measure of conductivity; the ratio of the current flowing through a conductor to the difference in potential between the ends of the conductor; the c. of a circuit is the reciprocal of its resistance. 2. The ease with which a fluid or gas enters and flows through a conduit, air passage, or respiratory tract; the flow per unit pressure difference.

conduction conduction (kon-duk´shun)

1. The act of transmitting or conveying certain forms of energy, such as heat, sound, or electricity, from one point to another, without evident movement in the conducting body. 2. The transmission of stimuli of various sorts by living protoplasm. [L. con- duco, pp. ductus, to lead, conduct]
aberrant ventricular c. abnormal intraventricular c. of a supraventricular beat, especially where surrounding beats are normally conducted.ventricular aberration;
accelerated c. any pathologically increased speed of c.; usually occurs between the atrium and ventricles as in the Wolff-Parkinson-White and Lown-Ganong-Levine syndromes; such accelerated pathways provide the bases for particular forms of reentry tachycardia.
air c. in relation to hearing, the transmission of sound to the inner ear through the external auditory canal and the structures of the middle ear.
anomalous c. c. of cardiac electrical impulses through any abnormal pathway.
antegrade c. anterograde c
anterograde c. c. in the expected normal direction between any cardiac structures.antegrade c., forward c., orthograde c;
atrioventricular c. (AVC) , A-V c. forward c. of the cardiac impulse from atria to ventricles via the A-V node or any bypass tract, represented in the electrocardiogram by the P-R interval. P-H c. time is from the onset of the P wave to the first high frequency component of the His bundle electrogram (normally 119 ± 38 msec); A-H c. time is from the onset of the first high frequency component of the atrial electrogram to the first high frequency component of the His bundle electrogram (normally 92 ± 38 msec); P-A conduction time is from the onset of the P wave to the onset of the atrial electrogram (normally 27 ± 18 msec).
avalanche c. the discharge of an impulse from a neuron into a large number of neurons of the same physiologic system, thus producing the liberation of a very large amount of nervous energy by a given stimulus.
bone c. in relation to hearing, the transmission of sound to the inner ear through vibrations applied to the bones of the skull.osteophony;
concealed c. c. of an impulse through a part of the heart without direct evidence of its presence in the electrocardiogram; c. is inferred only because of its influence on the subsequent cardiac cycle.
decremental c. impaired c. in a portion of a fiber because of progressively lessening response of the unexcited portion of the fiber to the action potential coming toward it; it is manifested by decreasing speed of c., amplitude of action potential, and extent of spread of the impulse.
delayed c. first-degree A-V block. See atrioventricular block, intraventricular block, bundle-branch block.
forward c. anterograde c
intra-atrial c. c. of the cardiac impulse through the atrial myocardium, represented by the P wave in the electrocardiogram.
intraventricular c. c. of the cardiac impulse through the ventricular myocardium, represented by the QRS complex in the electrocardiogram. H-R c. time is from the onset of the first high frequency component of the His bundle electrogram to the onset of the QRS complex of the surface electrocardiogram (normally 43 ± 12 msec); H-V c. time is from the onset of the first high frequency component of the His bundle electrogram to the onset of the ventricular electrogram (normally approximates the H-R interval but may be a little shorter).ventricular c;
nerve c. the transmission of an impulse along a nerve fiber.
orthograde c. anterograde c
Purkinje c. c. of the cardiac impulse through the Purkinje system.
retrograde c. c. backward from the ventricles or from the A-V node into and through the atria.retroconduction, ventriculoatrial c., V-A c;
saltatory c. c. in which the nerve impulse jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next.
sinoventricular c. (sI´no-ven-trik´u-lar) a rare form of c. of the sinus impulse during paralysis of the atrial muscle by hyperkalemia. The impulse leaves the sinus node and enters the internodal tracts rapidly achieving the junctional tissues but without inscribing a P wave due to the inactivation of the atrial muscle cells.
supranormal c. transmission of an impulse during the brief period of the cardiac cycle when it would be expected to fail if it occurred outside this time interval. Cf. supranormal excitability.
synaptic c. the c. of a nerve impulse across a synapse.
ventricular c. intraventricular c
ventriculoatrial c. (VAC) , V-A c. retrograde c

conductivity conductivity (kon-duk-tiv´i-te)

1. The power of transmission or conveyance of certain forms of energy, as heat, sound, and electricity, without perceptible motion in the conducting body. 2. The property, inherent in living protoplasm, of transmitting a state of excitation; e.g., in muscle or nerve.
hydraulic c. ease of pressure filtration of a liquid through a membrane; specifically, Kf = eta(Q/A) (deltax/deltaP), where Kf = hydraulic c., eta = viscosity of the liquid being filtered, Q/A = volume of liquid filtered per unit time and unit area, and deltax/deltaP = reciprocal of the pressure gradient through the membrane; solute concentrations should be identical on both sides of the membrane. Also applied more loosely to measurements on a total membrane of unknown area and thickness with unmeasured fluid viscosity (K = Q/deltaP).

conductor conductor (kon-duk´ter, -tor)

1. A probe or sound with a groove along which a knife is passed in slitting open a sinus or fistula; a grooved director. 2. Any substance possessing conductivity.

conduit conduit (kon´du-it)

A channel.
apical-aortic c. a valved c. between the LV apex and aorta, used to treat severe otherwise unapproachable LV outflow tract obstruction.
ileal c. an isolated segment of ileum serving as a replacement for another tubular organ; specifically, the use as a urinary conduit into which ureters can be implanted following total cystectomy or other loss of normal bladder function requiring supravesical diversion.ileal bladder;

conduplicate conduplicate (kon-du´pli-kat)

Folded upon itself lengthwise. [L. con-, with, + duplico, pp. -atus]

conduplicato corpore conduplicato corpore (kon-du-pli-ka´to kor´por-e)

Condition in which the fetus is doubled up on itself in shoulder presentation.

condurango condurango (kon-du-rang´go)

The bark of Gonolobus condurango, Marsdenia condurango (family Asclepiadaceae), a shrub of Ecuador and Peru; an aromatic bitter and astringent. [Peruv.]

condylar condylar (kon´di-lar)

Relating to a condyle.

condylarthrosis condylarthrosis (kon´di-lar-thro´sis)

A joint, like that of the knee, formed by condylar surfaces. [G. kondylos, condyle, + arthrosis, a jointing]

condyle condyle (kon´dIl)

A rounded articular surface at the extremity of a bone.condylus [NA];
balancing side c. in dentistry, the mandibular c. on the side away from which the mandible moves in a lateral excursion.
c. of humerus the distal end of the humerus, including the trochlea, capitulum and the olecranon, coronoid and radial fossae.condylus humeri [NA];
lateral c. c. farthest from the midline.condylus lateralis [NA];
lateral c. of femur the lateral c. is longer than the medial c.condylus lateralis femoris;
lateral c. of tibia the lateral c. is longer than the medial c.condylus lateralis tibiae;
mandibular c. condylar process
medial c. c. closest to midline.condylus medialis [NA];
medial c. of femur the shorter c. closest to the midline.condylus medialis femoris;
medial c. of tibia the shorter c. closest to the midline.condylus medialis tibiae;
occipital c. one of two elongated oval facets on the undersurface of the occipital bone, one on each side of the foramen magnum, which articulate with the atlas.condylus occipitalis [NA];
working side c. in dentistry, the mandibular c. on the side toward which the mandible moves in a lateral excursion.

condylectomy condylectomy (kon-di-lek´to-me)

Excision of a condyle. [G. kondylos, condyle, + ektome, excision]

condylion condylion (kon-dil´e-on)

A point on the lateral outer or medial inner surface of the condyle of the mandible. [G. kondylion, dim. of kondylos, condyle]

condyloid condyloid (kon´di-loyd)

Relating to or resembling a condyle. [G. kondylodes, like a knuckle, fr. kondylos, condyle, + eidos, resemblance]

condyloma condyloma , pl. condylomata (kon-di-lo´ma, -mah´ta)

A wartlike excrescence at the anus or vulva, or on the glans penis.verruca mollusciformis; [G. kondyloma, a knob]
c. acumina´tum a contagious projecting warty growth on the external genitals or at the anus, consisting of fibrous overgrowths covered by thickened epithelium showing koilocytosis, due to sexual contact with infection by human papilloma virus; it is usually benign, although malignant change has been reported, associated with particular types of the virus.genital wart, venereal wart;
flat c. 1. c. latum 2. a c. of the uterine cervix or other site caused by human papilloma virus infection and characterized histologically by koilocytosis without papillomatosis.
giant c. a large type of c. acuminatum found in the anus, vulva, or preputial sac of the penis of middle-aged, uncircumcised men; it tends to extend deeply and recur.Buschke-Löwenstein tumor;
c. la´tum a secondary syphilitic eruption of flat-topped papules, occurring in groups covered by a necrotic layer of epithelial detritus, and secreting a seropurulent fluid; they are found at the anus and wherever contiguous folds of skin produce heat and moisture.flat c. (1) , moist papule, mucous papule;
pointed c. obsolete term for c. acuminatum.

condylomatous condylomatous (kon-di-lo´ma-tus)

Relating to a condyloma.

condylotomy condylotomy (kon-di-lot´o-me)

Division, without removal, of a condyle. [G. kondylos, condyle, + tome, incision]

condylus condylus (kon´di-lus) [NA]

condyle [L. fr. G. kondylos, knuckle, the knuckle of any joint]
c. hu´meri [NA] condyle of humerus
c. latera´lis [NA] lateral condyle
c. latera´lis fem´oris lateral condyle of femur
c. latera´lis tib´iae lateral condyle of tibia
c. media´lis [NA] medial condyle
c. media´lis fem´oris medial condyle of femur
c. media´lis tibiae medial condyle of tibia
c. occipita´lis [NA] occipital condyle

cone cone (kon)

1. A figure having a circular base with sides inclined so as to meet at a point above. 2. The photosensitive, outward-directed, conical process of a c. cell essential for sharp vision and color vision; c.'s are the only photoreceptor in the fovea centralis and become interspersed with increasing numbers of rods toward the periphery of the retina.cone cell of retina; 3. Metallic cylinder or c. used to confine a beam of x-rays.conus (1); [G. konos, cone]
antipodal c. the set of astral rays of a dividing cell extending from the centriole in a direction opposite to the equatorial plate.
arterial c. conus arteriosusinfundibulum (4);
c. down to narrow a beam of x-rays to a region of interest using a collimator or c. (3); colloq., to delimit one's attention or activities.
elastic c. conus elasticus (1)
gutta-percha c. a c.-shaped, semirigid root canal filling material composed of gutta-percha and zinc oxide.
Haller's c.'s lobules of epididymis, under lobule
implantation c. axon hillock
keratosic c.'s obsolete term for horny pointed or rounded elevations on the hands and feet, occasionally observed in cases of gonorrheal rheumatism.
c. of light pyramid of light
medullary c. the tapering lower extremity of the spinal cord.conus medullaris [NA];
nerve growth c. a highly motile structure at the leading edge of an elongating axon.
ocular c. the c. of light in the interior of the eyeball with the base formed by the rays entering through the pupil and the apex focused on the retina.
Politzer's luminous c. pyramid of light
pulmonary c. conus arteriosus
retinal c.'s See cone (2).
silver c. pure silver c. with standard conical shape, used with cement to obturate dental root canals.
theca interna c. the conical thickening of thecal cells of an ovarian follicle with its apex pointed toward the surface.
twin c. two retinal c.'s fused together.
vascular c.'s lobules of epididymis, under lobule

-cone -cone

The cusp of a tooth in the upper jaw.

conessi conessi (ko-nes´e)

The bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica (family Apocynaceae), an Indian tree; used as an astringent and in the treatment of dysentery and amebiasis.kurchi bark; [E. Ind.]

conessine conessine (kon´e-sen)

roquessine; 3beta-(dimethylamino)con-5-enine; 3beta-dimethylamino-18a:20a-methylimino-5-pregnene;a steroid alkaloid derived from Holarrhena antidysenterica (conessi); a yellow astringent, used in the treatment of amebic dysentery and vaginal trichomoniasis.neriine, wrightine;

conexus conexus , pl. conexus (ko-nek´sus) [NA]

* official alternate term for connection, connection [L.]
c. intertendin´eus [NA] * official alternate term for intertendinous connections, under connection

confabulation confabulation (kon´fab-yu-la´shun)

The making of bizarre and incorrect responses, and a readiness to give a fluent but tangential answer, with no regard whatever to facts, to any question put; seen in amnesia, presbyophrenia, and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. [L. con-fabulor, pp. -fabulatus, to talk together, fr. fabula, narrative]

confectio confectio , gen. confectionis , pl. confectiones (kon-fek´she-o, -o´nis, -o´nez)

confection [L. fr. conficio, pp. -fectus, to make ready, prepare]

confection confection (kon-fek´shun)

A pharmaceutical preparation consisting of a drug mixed with honey or syrup; a soft solid, sometimes used as an excipient for pill masses.confectio, conserve, electuary; [L. confectio]

confertus confertus (kon-fer´tus)

Arranged closely together; coalescing. [L. confercio, pp. -fertus, to cram together, fr. farcio, to fill full, cram]

confidentiality confidentiality (kon´fi-den-she-al´i-te)

The statutorily protected right afforded specifically designated health professionals to nondisclosure of information discerned during consultation with a patient. [L. con-fido, to trust, be assured]

configuration configuration (kon-fig-yu-ra´shun)

1. The general form of a body and its parts. 2. In chemistry, the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule. The c. of a compound (e.g., a sugar) is the unique spatial arrangement of its atoms such that no other arrangement of these atoms is superimposable thereon with complete correspondence, regardless of changes in conformation (i.e., twisting or rotation about single bonds); change of c. requires breaking and rejoining of bonds, as in going from d to l c.'s of sugars. Cf. conformation.
cis c. 1. See cis- (4). 2. the property of two or more sites on the same molecule of DNA.

confinement confinement (kon-fIn´ment)

Lying-in; giving birth to a child. [L. confine (ntr.), a boundary, confine, fr. con- + finis, boundary]

conflict conflict (kon´flikt)

Tension or stress experienced by an organism when satisfaction of a need, drive, motive, or wish is thwarted by the presence of other attractive or unattractive needs, drives, or motives.
approach-approach c. a situation of indecision and vacillation when an individual is confronted with two equally attractive alternatives.
approach-avoidance c. a situation of indecision and vacillation when the individual is confronted with a single object or event which has both attractive and unattractive qualities.
avoidance-avoidance c. a situation of indecision and vacillation when the individual is confronted with two equally unattractive alternatives.
c. of interest a c. between the professional or personal interests and needs of a health provider and his or her professional responsibilities toward a patient or other consumer.
interpersonal c. relating to a conflict in the relations and social exchanges between persons. Cf. intrapersonal c.
intrapersonal c. a conflict that occurs solely in the psychological dynamics of the individual's own mind. See intrapsychic.
role c. the dilemma an individual experiences when required to play two different parts (e.g., spouse and aggressive business competitor) that cannot be easily harmonized.

confluence confluence (kon´flu-ens)

A flowing together; a joining of two or more streams.confluens [NA]; [L. confluens]
c. of sinuses a meeting place, at the internal occipital protuberance, of the superior sagittal, straight, occipital, drained by the two transverse sinuses of the dura mater.confluens sinuum [NA];

confluens confluens (kon-flu´enz) [NA]

confluence, confluence [L.]
c. si´nuum [NA] confluence of sinuses

confluent confluent (kon´flu-ent)

1. Joining; running together; denoting certain skin lesions which become merged, forming a patch; denoting a disease characterized by lesions which are not discrete, or distinct one from the other. 2. Denoting a bone formed by the blending together of two originally distinct bones. [L. con-fluo, to flow together]

confocal confocal (kon-fo´kal)

See confocal microscope.

conformation conformation (kon-for-ma´shun)

The spatial arrangement of a molecule achieved by rotation of groups about single covalent bonds, without breaking any covalent bonds; the latter restriction differentiates c. from configuration (as in anomers and related stereoisomers) where a bond or bonds must be broken in going from one form (configuration) to another. C. is one of the most important aspects of sugar chemistry and is basic to an understanding of the chemical properties of sugars. Cf. configuration.
boat c. See Haworth conformational formulas of cyclic sugars.
envelope c. See Haworth conformational formulas of cyclic sugars.

conformer conformer (kon-for´mer)

A mold, usually of plastic material, used in plastic surgical repair to maintain space in a cavity or to prevent closing by healing of an artificial or natural opening affected by neighboring surgical repair. [L. conformo, to fashion]

confounding confounding

1. A situation in which the effects of two or more processes are not separated; the distortion of the apparent effect of an exposure on risk, brought about by the association with other factors that can influence the outcome. 2. A relationship between the effects of two or more causal factors observed in a set of data, such that it is not logically possible to separate the contribution of any single causal factor to the observed effects.

confrontation confrontation (kon-fron-ta´shun)

The act by the therapist, or another patient in a therapy group, of openly interpreting a patient's resistances, attitudes, feelings, or effects upon either the therapist, the group, or its member(s).

confusion confusion (kon-fyu´zhun)

A mental state in which reactions to environmental stimuli are inappropriate because the person is bewildered, perplexed, or unable to orientate himself. [L. confusio, a confounding]

confusional confusional (kon-fyu´zhun-al)

Characterized by, or pertaining to, confusion.

congelation congelation (kon-je-la´shun)

1. freezing 2. Obsolete term for frostbite. [L. con-gelo, pp. -atus, to freeze]

congener congener (kon´je-ner)

1. One of two or more things of the same kind, as of animal or plant with respect to classification. 2. One of two or more muscles with the same function. [L. con-, with, + genus, race]

congenerous congenerous (kon-jen´er-us)

1. Having the same function; denoting certain muscles that are synergistic. 2. Derived from the same source, or of a similar nature. [see congener]

congenic congenic (kon-jen´ik)

Relating to an inbred strain of animals produced by repeated crossing of one gene line onto another inbred (isogenic) line. [con- + G. genos, birth, + -ic]

congenital congenital (kon-jen´i-tal)

Existing at birth, referring to certain mental or physical traits, anomalies, malformations, diseases, etc. which may be either hereditary or due to an influence occurring during gestation up to the moment of birth. To establish that a trait is genetic, it is neither sufficient nor necessaary to show that it is congenital.congenitus; [L. congenitus, born with]

congenitus congenitus (kon-jen´i-tus)

congenital [L.]

congested congested (kon-jes´ted)

Containing an abnormal amount of blood; in a state of congestion.

congestion congestion (kon-jes´chun)

Presence of an abnormal amount of fluid in the vessels or passages of a part or organ; especially, of blood due either to increased influx or to an obstruction to the return flow. See also hyperemia. [L. congestio, a bringing together, a heap, fr. con-gero, pp. -gestus, to bring together]
active c. c. due to an increased flow of arterial blood to a part.
brain c. increased volume of the intravascular compartment of the brain; often associated with brain swelling.encephalemia;
functional c. hyperemia occurring during functional activity of an organ.physiologic c;
hypostatic c. c. due to pooling of venous blood in a dependent part.hypostasis (2);
passive c. c. caused by obstruction or slowing of the venous drainage, resulting in partial stagnation of blood in the capillaries and venules.
physiologic c. functional c
venous c. overfilling and distention of the veins with blood as a result of mechanical obstruction or right ventricular failure.

congestive congestive (kon-jes´tiv)

Relating to congestion.

conglobate conglobate (kon-glo´bat)

Formed in a single rounded mass. [L. con-globo, pp. -atus, to gather into a globus, ball]

conglobation conglobation (kon-glo-ba´shun)

An aggregation of numerous particles into one rounded mass.

conglomerate conglomerate (kon-glom´e-rat)

Composed of several parts aggregated into one mass. [L. con- glomero, pp. -atus, to roll together, fr. glomus, a ball]

conglutinant conglutinant (kon-glu´ti-nant)

Adhesive, promoting the union of a wound. [L. con-glutino, pp. -atus, to glue together, fr. gluten, glue]

conglutination conglutination (kon-glu-ti-na´shun)

1. adhesion (1) 2. Agglutination of antigen(erythrocyte)-antibody-complement complex by normal bovine serum (and certain other colloidal materials); the procedure provides a means of detecting the presence of nonagglutinating antibody.

conglutinin conglutinin (kon-glu´ti-nin)

Bovine serum protein that, when absorbed by erythrocyte-antibody-complement complexes, causes them to agglutinate; it is comparatively thermostable and apparently dissociates when diluted with physiologic saline solution.bovine colloid;

congophilic congophilic (kon-go-fil´ik)

Denoting any substance that takes a Congo red stain.

Congo red Congo red (kong´go) [C.I. 22120]

An acid direct cotton dye, sodium diphenyldiazo-bis-a-naphthylaminesulfonate; used as an indicator (pH 3.0, blue-violet, to pH 5.0, red) in testing for free hydrochloric acid in gastric contents; the dye is absorbed by amyloid and induces green fluorescence to amyloid in polarized light; used as a laboratory aid in the diagnosis of amyloidosis and as a histologic stain. See Bennhold's Congo red stain.

coni coni (ko´nI)

Plural of conus.

conic conic , conical (kon´ik, kon´i-kal)

Resembling a cone.

-conid -conid

The cusp of a tooth in the lower jaw.

conidia conidia (ko-nid´e-a)

Plural of conidium.

conidial conidial (ko-nid´e-al)

Relating to a conidium.

Conidiobolus Conidiobolus (ko-nid´e-o-bo´lus)

A genus of fungi containing two species, C. coronatus and C. incongruus, both of which cause zygomycosis (entomophthoramycosis).

conidiogenous conidiogenous (ko-nid-e-oj´e-nus)

Denoting a cell that gives rise to a conidium, e.g., a phialide.

conidiophore conidiophore (ko-nid´e-o-for)

A specialized hypha which bears conidia in fungi. [conidium + G. phoros, bearing]
Phialophore-type c. a type of spore formation, characteristic of the genus Phialophora, in which conidia are formed endogenously in flask-like c.'s called phialids.

conidium conidium , pl. conidia (ko-nid´e-um, -e-a)

An asexual spore of fungi borne externally in various ways. [Mod. L. dim. fr. G. konis, dust]

coniine coniine (ko´ne-en)

Cicutine; conicine; 2-propylpiperidine;the toxic active alkaloid of conium (hemlock); hydrobromide and hydrochloride salts have been used as an antispasmodic; principal toxin of poison hemlock (Conium maculatum).

coniofibrosis coniofibrosis (ko´ne-o-fI-bro´sis)

Fibrosis produced by dust, especially of the lungs by inhaled dust. [G. konis, dust, + fibrosis]

coniolymphstasis coniolymphstasis (ko´ne-o-limf´sta-sis)

Stasis of lymph caused by dust, presumably through the intervention of fibrosis. [G. konis, dust, + lymph + G. stasis, a standing]

coniometer coniometer (ko-ne-om´e-ter)

A device for estimating the amount of dust in the air. [G. konis, dust, + metron, measure]

coniophage coniophage (ko´ne-o-faj)

alveolar macrophage [G. konis, dust, + phagein, to eat]

coniosis coniosis (ko-ne-o´sis)

Any disease or morbid condition caused by dust. [G. konis, dust]

coniotomy coniotomy (ko-ne-ot´o-me)

cricothyrotomy

conium conium (ko-ne´um)

The dried unripe fruit of Conium maculatum (family Umbelliferae), also known as spotted cowbane or spotted parsley; it has been used as a sedative, antispasmodic, and anodyne.hemlock; [L. fr. G. koneion, hemlock]

conization conization (ko-nI-za´shun)

Excision of a cone of tissue, e.g., mucosa of the cervix uteri.
cautery c. removal of a cone shape of endocervical tissue with electrocautery.
cold c. obtaining a cone of endocervical tissue with a cold knife blade so as to preserve histological characteristics and avoid desiccating tissue.

conjugant conjugant (kon´ju-gant)

A member of a mating pair of organisms or gametes undergoing conjugation. See also exconjugant. [L. con-jugo, to join]

conjugase conjugase (kon´ju-gas)

gamma-glutamyl hydrolase

conjugata conjugata (kon-ju-ga´ta) [NA]

Conjugate diameters of the pelvis. See conjugate. [L. fem. of conjugatus, pp. of con-jugo, to join together]
c. diagonal´is diagonal conjugate
c. vera conjugate of pelvic inlet

conjugate conjugate (kon´ju-gat)

1. Joined or paired.conjugated; 2. Conjugate diameters of the pelvis. The distance between any two specified points on the periphery of the pelvic canal. [L. conjugatus, joined together. See conjugata]
diagonal c. the anteroposterior dimension of the inlet that measures the clinical distance from the promontory of the sacrum to the lower margin of the symphysis pubica.conjugata diagonalis, diagonal conjugate diameter, false c. (1);
effective c. the internal c. measured from the nearest lumbar vertebra to the symphysis, in spondylolisthesis.false c. (2);
external c. the distance in a straight line between the depression under the last spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae and the upper edge of the pubic symphysis.Baudelocque's diameter, external conjugate diameter;
false c. 1. diagonal c 2. effective c
folic acid c. a folate with three molecules of glutamic acid (pteropterin) instead of one, or with seven (pteroylheptaglutamic acid or vitamin B_c conjugate).
internal c. c. of pelvic inlet
obstetric c. the diameter that represents the shortest diameter through which the head must pass in descending into the superior strait and measures, by means of x-ray, the distance from the promontory of the sacrum to a point on the inner surface of the symphysis a few millimeters below its upper margin.obstetric conjugate diameter;
obstetric c. of pelvic outlet the c. of the pelvic outlet lengthened by the posterior displacement of the coccyx.
c. of pelvic inlet distance from the promontory of the sacrum to the upper posterior edge of the pubic symphysis.anteroposterior diameter of the pelvic inlet, conjugata vera, conjugate axis, conjugate diameter of pelvic inlet, diameter mediana, internal c., true c;
c. of pelvic outlet the distance from the tip of the coccyx to the lower edge of the pubic symphysis. See also obstetric c. of pelvic outlet.conjugate diameter of pelvic outlet;
true c. c. of pelvic inlet

conjugated conjugated (kon´ju-gat-ed)

conjugate (1)

conjugation conjugation (kon-ju-ga´shun)

1. The union of two unicellular organisms or of the male and female gametes of multicellular forms followed by partition of the chromatin and the production of two new cells. 2. Bacterial c., effected by simple contact, usually by means of specialized pili through which transfer genes and other genes of the plasmid are transferred to recipient bacteria. 3. Sexual reproduction among protozoan ciliates, during which two individuals of appropriate mating types fuse along part of their lengths; their macronuclei degenerate and the micronuclei in each macronucleus divide several times (including a meiotic division); one of the resulting haploid pronuclei passes from each conjugant into the other and fuses with the remaining haploid nucleus in each conjugant; the organisms then separate (becoming exconjugants), undergo nuclear reorganization, and subsequently divide by asexual mitosis. 4. The combination, especially in the liver, of certain toxic substances formed in the intestine, drugs, or steroid hormones with glucuronic or sulfuric acid; a means by which the biological activity of certain chemical substances is terminated and the substances made ready for excretion. 5. The formation of glycyl or tauryl derivatives of the bile acids. [L. con-jugo, pp. -jugatus, to join together]

conjunctiva conjunctiva , pl. conjunctivae (kon-junk-tI´va, -ve)

The mucous membrane investing the anterior surface of the eyeball and the posterior surface of the lids.tunica conjunctiva [NA]; [L. fem. of conjunctivus, from conjungo, pp. -junctus, to bind together]
bulbar c. the part of the conjunctiva covering the anterior surface of the sclera and the surface epithelium of the cornea.tunica conjunctiva bulbi [NA] , conjunctival layer of bulb;
palpebral c. the part of the conjunctiva lining the posterior surface of the eyelids and continuous with the bulbar conjunctiva at the conjunctival fornices.tunica conjunctiva palpebrarum [NA] , conjunctival layer of eyelids;

conjunctival conjunctival (kon-junk-tI´val)

Relating to the conjunctiva.

conjunctive conjunctive (kon-junk´tiv)

Joining; connecting; connective.

conjunctiviplasty conjunctiviplasty (kon-junk-tI´vi-plas-te)

conjunctivoplasty

conjunctivitis conjunctivitis (kon-junk-ti-vI´tis)

Inflammation of the conjunctiva.blennophthalmia (1);
actinic c. ultraviolet keratoconjunctivitis
acute catarrhal c. an obsolete term for c. with marked hyperemia and mucopurulent discharge, with a tendency toward spontaneous recovery.mucopurulent c;
acute contagious c. an obsolete term for an acute c. marked by intense hyperemia and profuse mucopurulent discharge.acute epidemic c., pinkeye (1);
acute epidemic c. acute contagious c
acute follicular c. obsolete term for acute viral c.
acute hemorrhagic c. specific acute endemic c. with eyelid swelling, tearing, conjunctival hemorrhages, and follicles; usually caused by Enterovirus type 70.
acute viral c. an epidemic inflammation of the conjunctiva marked by follicles, especially in the lower fornix; may be caused by adenoviruses, herpesvirus, and Newcastle disease virus.
allergic c. vernal c
angular c. a subacute bilateral conjunctival inflammation sometimes caused by the Moraxella bacillus, marked by redness of the lateral canthi and scanty, stringy discharge that adheres to the lashes.Moraxella c;
arc-flash c. ultraviolet keratoconjunctivitis
c. ar´ida xerophthalmia
blennorrheal c. obsolete term for hyperacute purulent c.
calcareous c. obsolete term for a condition in which the palpebral conjunctiva contains minute yellow concretions.c. petrificans;
chemical c. conjunctival inflammation due to chemical irritants.
chronic c. a persistent, bilateral, conjunctival hyperemia with scanty exudation; there is a tendency toward remission and exacerbation.
chronic follicular c. indolent inflammation of the conjunctiva, with discrete follicles in fornices that may be infective, toxic, or irritant in nature.
cicatricial c. a chronic progressive ocular affection that produces scarring of the conjunctiva primarily and of the cornea sequentially.
diphtheritic c. a severe conjunctival inflammation caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and characterized by an infiltrating membrane which on removal leaves a raw surface.membranous c;
follicular c. c. associated with hypertrophic lymphoid tissue in the conjunctival fornices.
gonococcal c. a type of hyperacute, purulent c.
gonorrheal c. gonorrheal ophthalmia
granular c. trachomatous c
hyperacute purulent c. c. caused by Neisseria gonorrhea and marked by swollen congested conjunctiva, edematous eyelids, and a purulent discharge.
inclusion c. a follicular c. caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.
infantile purulent c. ophthalmia neonatorum
lacrimal c. obsolete term for a secondary c. due to canaliculitis or dacryocystitis.reflux c;
larval c. c. due to imbedding of larvae in the eye. See ophthalmomyiasis.
ligneous c. c. characterized typically by woody induration of the upper tarsal conjunctiva, whitish pseudomembrane, and, in severe cases, corneal opacity; usually bilateral.
c. medicamento´sa a c. caused by medicine or toxin instilled into the conjunctival sac.toxicogenic c;
meibomian c. an obsolete term for a c. associated with chronic inflammation of the meibomian glands, with swollen tarsal plates and frothy seborrheic secretion.seborrheic blepharoconjunctivitis;
membranous c. diphtheritic c
molluscum c. c. associated with lesions of molluscum contagiosum of the eyelid.
Moraxella c. angular c
mucopurulent c. acute catarrhal c
necrotic infectious c. a unilateral, suppurative, necrotic inflammation of the conjunctiva characterized by scattered, elevated white spots in the fornices and palpebral conjunctiva, and ipsilateral swelling of preauricular, parotid, and submaxillary lymph glands.Pascheff's c;
neonatal c. ophthalmia neonatorum
Parinaud's c. a chronic necrotic inflammation of the conjunctiva characterized by large, irregular, reddish follicles and regional lymphadenopathy.
Pascheff's c. necrotic infectious c
c. petrif´icans calcareous c
phlyctenular c. a circumscribed c. accompanied by the formation of small red nodules of lymphoid tissue (phlyctenulae) on the conjunctiva.phlyctenular ophthalmia;
prairie c. obsolete term for a chronic c., characterized by the presence of small white spots on the palpebral conjunctiva, especially of the lower lid.
pseudomembranous c. a nonspecific inflammatory reaction characterized by the appearance on the conjunctiva of a coagulated fibrinous plaque that may be peeled off from intact epithelium.
purulent c. a violently acute inflammation of the conjunctiva, with copious pus and a marked tendency for corneal involvement.
reflux c. lacrimal c
simple c. acute viral c., self-limited and of short duration.
snow c. ultraviolet keratoconjunctivitis
spring c. vernal c
squirrel plague c. one of the causes of Parinaud's c.tularemic c., c. tularensis;
swimming pool c. a non-specific red-eye that can be caused by pool chlorination, adenovirus, and rarely, Chlamydia.
toxicogenic c. c. medicamentosa
trachomatous c. a chronic infection of the conjunctiva due to Chlamydia trachomatis, characterized by conjunctival follicles and subsequent cicatrization. See also trachoma.granular c;
tularemic c. , c. tularen´sis squirrel plague c
vernal c. a chronic, bilateral conjunctival inflammation with photophobia and intense itching that recurs seasonally during warm weather; characterized in the palpebral form by cobblestone papillae in the upper palpebral conjunctiva and in the bulbar form by gelatinous nodules adjacent to the corneoscleral limbus.allergic c., spring c., spring ophthalmia, vernal catarrh, vernal keratoconjunctivitis;
welder's c. ultraviolet keratoconjunctivitis

conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy (kon-junk´ti-vo-dak´re-o-sis´to-rI-nos´to-me)

A procedure for providing lacrimal drainage when the canaliculi are closed; plastic tubes are inserted that extend from the conjunctival sac to the nose. [conjunctiva + G. dakryon, tear, + kystis, cyst, + ris (rhin-), nose, + stoma, mouth]

conjunctivodacryocystostomy conjunctivodacryocystostomy (kon-junk´ti-vo-dak´re-o-sis-tos´to-me)

1. A surgical procedure through the conjunctiva, which provides an opening into the lacrimal sac. 2. The opening so produced. [conjunctiva + G. dakryon, tear, + kystis, sac, + stoma, mouth]

conjunctivoplasty conjunctivoplasty (kon-junk-tI´vo-plas-te, kon-jungk´ti-vo-)

Plastic surgery on the conjunctiva.conjunctiviplasty;

conjunctivorhinostomy conjunctivorhinostomy (kon-junk´ti-vo-rI-nos´to-me)

1. A surgical procedure to construct a passageway through the conjunctiva into the nasal cavity. 2. The opening so produced. [conjunctiva + G. ris (rhin), nose, + stoma, mouth]

Conn Conn

Harold J., U.S. microbiologist, 1886-1975. See Hucker-C. stain.

Conn Conn

Jerome, U.S. physician, *1907. See C.'s syndrome.

connectins connectins (kon-nek´tinz)

Collective term for the protein components of the cytoskeleton (connective tissue); originally described in muscle, but later observed in erythrocyte and other cell membranes.

connection connection (ko-nek´shun)

A union of elements or things; a connecting structure.connexus [NA] , conexus [NA];
ambiguous atrioventricular c.'s c.'s in which half the atrioventricular junction is connected concordantly and the other half is discordantly connected.
atrioventricular c.'s the five distinct and discrete ways in which the atrial chambers may be connected to the ventricles are concordant, discordant, ambiguous, double inlet, and univentricular.
concordant atrioventricular c.'s c.'s in which the atrial chambers connect to the morphologically appropriate ventricles.
discordant atrioventricular c.'s c.'s in which each atrium is connected with a morphologically inappropriate ventricle.
double inlet atrioventricular c.'s c.'s in which both atrial chambers connect to the same ventricle.
intertendinous c.'s fibrous bands passing obliquely between the diverging tendons of the extensor digitorum on the dorsum of the hand.connexus intertendineus [NA] , conexus intertendineus [NA] , juncturae tendinum;
total or partial anomalous pulmonary venous c.'s c.'s in which some or all of the pulmonary veins connect to the right atrium or one of its tributaries.
univentricular c.'s c.'s in which one of the atrial chambers is connected to a ventricle, but the other has no connection with the ventricular mass at all.

connector connector (ko-nek´tor, -tor)

In dentistry, a part of a partial denture which unites its components.
major c. a plate or bar (lingual bar, palatal bar) used for the purpose of uniting partial denture bases.
minor c. the connecting link (tang) between the major c. or base of a partial denture and other units of the prosthesis, such as clasps, indirect retainers, and occlusal rests.

Connell Connell

F. Gregory, U.S. surgeon, 1875-1968. See C.'s suture.

connexins connexins , connexons (kon-neks´inz, -onz)

Complex protein assemblies that traverse the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane and forms a continuous channel with a pore diameter of approximately 1.5 nm; a pair of c.'s from two adjacent cells join to form a gap junction that bridges the 2-4-nm gap between the cells, resulting in both electrical and metabolic couplings; one type of c. makes up the gap junction in heart and may coordinate the beating of all muscle cells in one section of the heart.

connexus connexus (ko-nek´sus) [NA]

connection [L.]
c. intertendin´eus [NA] intertendinous connections, under connection

conoid conoid (ko´noyd)

1. A cone-shaped structure. 2. Part of the apical complex characteristic of the protozoan subphylum, Apicomplexa; seen in sporozoites, merozoites, or other developmental stages of sporozoans, less well developed in the piroplasms (families Babesiidae and Theileriidae). The function of the c. is unknown, but it is thought to be an organelle of penetration into the host cell, possibly aided by a protrusible form of the c. [G. konoeides, cone-shaped]
Sturm's c. in optics, the pattern of rays formed after passage through a spherocylindrical combination.

conomyoidin conomyoidin (ko-no-mI´oy-din)

Contractile protoplasm at the inner end of the inner segment of retinal cones; motility is most evident in fishes and amphibians, and slight or absent in mammals. [G. konos, cone, + mys, muscle, + eidos, resemblance]

conquinine conquinine (kon´kwi-nen)

quinidine

Conradi Conradi

Andrew, Norwegian physician, 1809-1869. See C.'s line.

Conradi Conradi

Heinrich, German bacteriologist, *1876. See C.-Drigalski agar; Drigalski-Conradi agar.

Conradi Conradi

Erich, 20th century German physician. See C.'s disease.

consanguineous consanguineous (kon-sang-gwin´e-us)

Denoting consanguinity. [L. cum, with, + sanguis, blood: consanguineus]

consanguinity consanguinity (kon-sang-gwin´i-te)

Kinship because of common ancestry.blood relationship; [L. consanguinitas, blood relationship]

conscious conscious (con´shus)

1. Aware; having present knowledge or perception of oneself, one's acts and surroundings. 2. Denoting something occurring with the perceptive attention of the individual, as a c. act or idea, distinguished from automatic or instinctive. [L. conscius, knowing]

consciousness consciousness (con´shus-nes)

The state of being aware, or perceiving physical facts or mental concepts; a state of general wakefulness and responsiveness to environment; a functioning sensorium. [L. con-scio, to know, to be aware of]
clouding of c. a state in which the patient's mental state is clouded and thus not fully in contact with the environment.
double c. a condition in which one lives in two seemingly unrelated mental states, being, while in one, unaware of the other or of the acts performed in the other. See also dual personality.
field of c. the content of awareness at any given moment.

consensual consensual (kon-sen´shu-al)

Denoting what something is by the fact of agreement between the perceiving of several persons.reflex (3); [L. con-, with, + sensus, sensation]

conservation conservation (kon-ser-va´shun)

1. Preservation from loss, injury, or decay. 2. In sensorimotor theory, the mental operation by which an individual retains the idea of an object after its removal in time or space. [L. conservatio, a preserving, keeping]
c. of energy the principle that the total amount of energy in a closed system remains always the same, none being lost or created in any chemical or physical process or in the conversion of one kind of energy into another, within that system.

conservative conservative (kon-ser´va-tiv)

Denoting treatment by gradual, limited, or well-established procedures, as opposed to radical.

conserve conserve (kon´serv)

confection

consolidant consolidant (kon-sol´i-dant)

A substance that promotes healing or union.

consolidation consolidation (kon-sol-i-da´shun)

Solidification into a firm dense mass; applied especially to inflammatory induration of a normally aerated lung due to the presence of cellular exudate in the pulmonary alveoli. [L. consolido, to make thick, condense, fr. solidus, solid]

conspecific conspecific (kon-spe-sif´ik)

Of the same species. [L. con-, with, + specific]

conspicuity conspicuity (kon-spi-kyu´i-te)

The visibility of a structure of interest on a radiograph, a function of the inherent contrast of the structure and the complexity (noise) of the surrounding image.

constancy constancy (kon´stan-se)

The quality of being constant. [L. constantia, fr. consto, to stand still]
color c. unchanging perception of the color of an object despite changes in lighting or viewing conditions.
object c. the tendency for objects to be perceived as unchanging despite variations in the positions in and conditions under which the objects are observed; e.g., a book's shape is always perceived as a rectangle regardless of the visual angle from which it is viewed.

constant constant (kon´stant)

A quantity that, under stated conditions, does not vary with changes in the environment.
Ambard's c. See Ambard's laws, under law.
association c. 1. in experimental immunology, a mathematical expression of hapten-antibody interaction: average association c., K = [hapten-bound antibody]/[free antibody][free hapten]; 2. (K_a) the equilibrium c. involved in the association of two or more compounds or ions into a new compound; the reciprocal of the dissociation c.binding c;
Avogadro's c. Avogadro's number
binding c. association c
decay c. the fractional change in the number of atoms of a radionuclide which occurs in unit time; the constant l in the equation for the fraction (DN/N) of the number of atoms (N) of a radionuclide disintegrating in time Dt, DN/N = - lDt.disintegration c., radioactive c., transformation c;
diffusion c. diffusion coefficient
disintegration c. decay c
dissociation c. (K_d, K) the equilibrium c. involved in the dissociation of a compound into two or more compounds or ions. The reciprocal of the association c. (2).
dissociation c. of an acid (K_d, K_a) expressed by general equation [H⁺][A^-]/[HA] = K_a, where HA is the undissociated acid.
dissociation c. of a base (K_b) expressed by the general equation [B⁺][OH^-]/[BOH] = K_b, where BOH is the undissociated base.
dissociation c. of water (K_w) expressed by the equation [H⁺][OH^-] = K_w = 10^-14 at 25°C.
equilibrium c. (K_eq) in the reaction A + B <-> C + D at equilibrium (i.e., no net change in concentrations of A, B, C, or D), the concentrations of the four components are related by the equation K_eq = [C][D]/[A][B]; K_eq is the equilibrium c. If any component in the reaction has a multiplier (e.g., H₂ <-> 2H), that multiplier appears as an exponent in the calculation of K (e.g., K_eq = [H]²/[H₂]). When this equation is applied to the ionization of a substance in solution, K_eq is called the dissociation c. (K_d) and its negative logarithm (base 10) is the pK_d. See also Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, mass-action ratio.
Faraday's c. (F) See faraday.
flotation c. (S_f) characteristic sedimentation behavior of a lipoprotein fraction of plasma in a centrifugal field in a medium of appropriate density, achieved by adding a salt or D₂O to the plasma.negative S, Svedberg of flotation;
gas c. (R) R (symbol for the constant) = 8.314 x 10⁷ ergs per degree Celsius per mole = 8.314 J K^-1 mol^-1 (joules per kelvin mole).
Hill c. Hill coefficient
Michaelis c. 1. the true dissociation constant for the enzyme-substrate binary complex in a single-substrate rapid equilibrium enzyme-catalyzed reaction (usually symbolized by K_s); 2. the concentration of the substrate at which half the true maximum velocity of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is achieved (when velocities are measured under initial rate and steady state conditions); the ratio of rate constants (k₂ + k₃)/k₁ in the single-substrate enzyme-catalyzed reaction: E + S <-> ES <-> E + products where E represents the free enzyme, S is the substrate, and ES is the central binary complex. The expression for the Michaelis c. will be more complex for multisubstrate reactions. An apparent Michaelis c. is a c. determined either under conditions that are not strictly steady state and initial rate or one that varies with the concentration of one or more cosubstrates. See Michaelis-Menten equation.Michaelis-Menten c;
Michaelis-Menten c. (K_m) Michaelis c
Newtonian c. of gravitation (G) a universal c. relating the gravitational force, f., attracting two masses, m₁ and m₂, toward each other when they are separated by a distance, r, in the equation: f = G(m₁m₂/r²); it has the value of 6.67259 x 10^-8 dyne cm² g^-2 = 6.67259 x 10^-11 m³ kg^-1 s^-2 in SI units.
permeability c. (P with a subscript for the ion, P) a measure of the ease with which an ion can cross a unit area of membrane driven by a 1.0 m difference in concentration; usually expressed in centimeters per second. Cf. permeability coefficient.
Planck's c. (h) a c., 6.6260755 x 10^-34 J. s (joule-seconds) or 6.6260755 x 10^-27 erg-seconds = 6.6260755 x 10^-34 J Hz^-1 (joule per hertz).
radioactive c. (LAMBDA) decay c
rate c.'s (k) proportionality c.'s equal to the initial rate of a reaction divided by the concentration of the reactant(s); e.g., in the reaction A -> B + C, the rate of the reaction equals -d[A]/dt = k₁[A]. The rate c. k₁ is a unimolecular rate c. since there is only one molecular species reacting and has units of reciprocal time (e.g., sec^-1). For the reverse reaction, B + C -> A, the rate equals -d[B]/dt = d[A]/dt = k₂[B][C]. The rate c. k₂ is a bimolecular rate c. and has units of reciprocal concentration-time (e.g., m^-1 sec^-1).velocity c.'s;
sedimentation c. the c. s in Svedberg's equation for estimating the molecular weight of a protein from the rate of movement in a centrifugal field: where M is the molecular weight, R the gas constant, T the absolute temperature, D the diffusion constant (in square centimeters per second), V the partial specific volume of the protein, rho the density of the solvent. The constant s, with dimensions of time per unit of field force (s = d_rb/dt / omega²r_o where r_b is the position at time t, r₀ is the position at time 0, and omega is the angular velocity) is usually between 1 x 10^-13 and 200 x 10^-13 second. The Svedberg unit (S) is arbitrarily set at 1 x 10^-13 second and is very often used to describe the sedimentation rate of macromolecules; e.g., 4 S RNA.sedimentation coefficient;
specificity c. ratio of the maximum velocity (V_max) or k_cat to the true K_m value for a specific substrate in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
time c. that part of a circuit that determines the time interval over which the rate of electrical events will be averaged; in pulmonary physiology, the factors determining rate of flow in the airways.
transformation c. decay c
velocity c.'s (k) rate c.'s

constellation constellation (kon-stel-a´shun)

In psychiatry, all the factors that determine a particular action. [L.L. constellatio, fr. cum, together, + stella, star]

constipate constipate (kon´sti-pat)

To cause constipation.

constipated constipated (kon´sti-pat-ed)

Suffering from constipation.

constipation constipation (kon-sti-pa´shun)

A condition in which bowel movements are infrequent or incomplete.costiveness; [L. con-stipo, pp. -atus, to press together]

constitution constitution (kon-sti-tu´shun)

1. The physical makeup of a body, including the mode of performance of its functions, the activity of its metabolic processes, the manner and degree of its reactions to stimuli, and its power of resistance to the attack of pathogenic organisms. 2. In chemistry, the number and kind of atoms in the molecule and the relation they bear to each other. [L. constitutio, constitution, disposition, fr. constituo, pp. -stitutus, to establish, fr. statuo, to set up]

constitutional constitutional (kon-sti-tu´shun-al)

1. Relating to a body's constitution. 2. General; relating to the system as a whole; not local.

constitutive constitutive (kon-sti´tu-tiv)

1. See constitutive enzyme. 2. In genetics, descriptive of a gene that is controlled by constantly active promoter.

constriction constriction (kon-strik´shun)

1. A normally or pathologically constricted or narrowed portion of a luminal structure. See also stricture, stenosis. 2. The act or process of binding or contracting, becoming narrowed; the condition of being constricted. squeezed. 3. A subjective sensation of pressure or tightness, as if the body or any part were tightly bound or squeezed. [L. con-stringo, pp. -strictus, to draw together]
esophageal c.'s three narrowings of the esophagus normally demonstrated radiographically following a barium swallow: the upper or pharyngeal esophageal constriction, at the beginning of the esophagus, is caused by the cricopharyngeus muscle, often referred to as the superior esophageal sphincter; the middle or aortic constriction is a left-sided narrowing due to the esophagus passing the aortic arch; the inferior or diaphragmatic esophageal c. corresponds to the passage of the esophagus through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.impressions of esophagus;
primary c. the narrowing between the two arms of the chromosome represented by the centromere.
pyloric c. a prominent fold of mucous membrane at the gastroduodenal junction overlying the pyloric sphincter.pyloric valve, valvula pylori, valvulae pylori;
secondary c. a subsidiary narrowing of the chromosome associated in some cases with satellites.
c.'s of ureter normal physiological narrowings of the ureter observable in a pyelogram; the uppermost occurs at the origin of the ureter from the renal pelvis; a second occurs as the ureter crosses the iliac vessels and pelvic brim; the inferiormost occurs as the ureter penetrates the wall of the urinary bladder.

constrictor constrictor (kon-strik´ter, -tor)

1. Anything that binds or squeezes a part. 2. A muscle, the action of which is to narrow a canal; a sphincter. [L. fr. constringo, to draw together]

construct construct (kon´strukt)

(noun) The combination of a bone graft, metal instrumentation, prosthetic devices and/or bone cement applied to a specific level of the spinal column in the setting of segmental spinal instability.

consultand consultand (kon-sul´tand)

A person about whose future offspring the genetic counselor is to make predictions; not to be confused with proband. [consult (for counsel) + L. -andus, gerundive suffix]
dummy c. a person in the line of descent from the leading ancestor to the c. proper; for logical simplicity, the dummy c. is analyzed as if the c. proper.

consultant consultant (kon-sul´tant)

1. A physician or surgeon who does not take full responsibility for a patient, but acts in an advisory capacity, deliberating with and counseling the attending physician or surgeon. 2. A member of a hospital staff who has no active service but stands ready to advise in any case, at the request of the attending physician or surgeon. [L. consulto, pp. -atus, to deliberate, ask advice]

consultation consultation (kon-sul-ta´shun)

Meeting of two or more physicians or surgeons to evaluate the nature and progress of disease in a particular patient and to establish diagnosis, prognosis, and/or therapy.

consumption consumption (kon-sump´shun)

1. The using up of something, especially the rate at which it is used. 2. Obsolete term for a wasting of the tissues of the body, usually tuberculous. [L. con-sumo, pp. -sumptus, to take up wholly, use up, waste]
oxygen c. (V_O2) 1. (Qo or Qo₂), the rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; units: microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; 2. (Vo₂), the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body; units: milliliters of oxygen STPD used per minute or mmol/min.

consumptive consumptive (kon-sump´tiv)

Relating to, or suffering from, consumption.

contact contact (kon´takt)

1. The touching or apposition of two bodies. 2. A person who has been exposed to a contagious disease. [L. con- tingo, pp. -tactus, to touch, seize, fr. tango, to touch]
balancing c. 1. the c.'s between upper and lower dentures on the balancing or mediotrusive side for the purpose of stabilizing the dentures; 2. the c.'s between upper and lower dentures at the opposite side from the working or laterotrusive side (anteroposteriorly or laterally) for the purpose of stabilizing the dentures; 3. the c.'s between upper and lower natural or artificial teeth at the opposite side from the working or laterotrusive side.balancing occlusal surface;
centric c. centric occlusion
deflective occlusal c. a condition of tooth c.'s which diverts the mandible from a normal path of closure to centric jaw relation.cuspal interference, interceptive occlusal c., premature c;
initial c. 1. the first meeting of opposing teeth upon elevation of the mandible toward the maxillae; 2. the initial occlusal c. of opposing teeth when the jaw is closed.
interceptive occlusal c. deflective occlusal c
premature c. deflective occlusal c
proximal c. , proximate c. the area where the surfaces of two adjacent teeth in the same arch touch.
c. with reality correctly interpreting external phenomena in relation to the norms of one's social or cultural milieu.
working c.'s working or occlusion; c.'s of teeth made on the side of the occlusion toward which the mandible has been moved.working bite, working occlusion;

contactant contactant (kon-tak´tant)

Any of a heterogeneous group of allergens that elicit manifestations of induced sensitivity (hypersensitivity) by direct contact with skin or mucosa.

contagion contagion (kon-ta´jun)

1. contagium 2. Transmission of infection by direct contact, droplet spread, or contaminated fomites. The term originated long before development of modern ideas of infectious disease and has since lost much of its significance, being included under the more inclusive term "communicable disease." 3. Production via suggestion or imitation of a neurosis or psychosis in several or more members of a group. [L. contagio; fr. contingo, to touch closely]
immediate c. direct c. occurring as the result of actual contact with the sick.
mediate c. indirect c. effected through the medium of persons or objects that have been in contact with the sick.
psychic c. communication of a nervous disorder or lesser psychological symtoms by imitation, as in mass hysteria.

contagious contagious (kon-ta´jus)

Relating to contagion; communicable or transmissible by contact with the sick or their fresh secretions or excretions.

contagiousness contagiousness (kon-ta´jus-nes)

The quality of being contagious.

contagium contagium (kon-ta´je-um)

The agent of an infectious disease.contagion (1); [L. a touching]

containment containment

The concept of regional or global eradication of communicable disease, proposed by Fred Lowe Soper (1893-1977) in 1949 for the eradication of smallpox.

contaminant contaminant (kon-tam´i-nant)

An impurity; any material of an extraneous nature associated with a chemical, a pharmaceutical preparation, a physiologic principle, or an infectious agent.

contaminate contaminate (kon-tam´i-nat)

To cause or result in contamination. [L. con-tamino, to mingle, corrupt]

contamination contamination (kon-tam-i-na´shun)

1. The presence of an infectious agent on a body surface; also on or in clothes, bedding, toys, surgical instruments or dressings, or other inanimate articles or substances including water, milk and food or that infectious agent itself. 2. In epidemiology, the situation that exists when a population being studied for one condition or factor also possesses other conditions or factors that modify results of the study. 3. Freudian term for a fusion and condensation of words. [L. contamino, pp. -atus, to stain, defile]

content content (kon´tent)

1. That which is contained within something else, usually in this sense in the plural form, contents. 2. In psychology, the form of a dream as presented to consciousness. 3. Ambiguous usage for concentration (3); e.g., blood hemoglobin c. could mean either its concentration or the product of its concentration and the blood volume. [L. contentus, fr. con- tineo, pp. -tentus, to hold together, contain]
carbon dioxide c. the total carbon dioxide available from serum or plasma following addition of acid; measured routinely in hospital laboratories as a component of electrolyte profiles.
GC c. the amount of guanine and cytosine in a polynucleic acid usually expressed in mole fraction (or percentage) of total bases; the melting temperature of such biopolymers varies with the GC c.
latent c. the hidden, unconscious meaning of thoughts or actions, especially in dreams or fantasies.
manifest c. those elements of fantasy and dreams which are consciously available and reportable.

contig contig

See contig map.

contiguity contiguity (kon-ti-gyu´i-te)

1. Contact without actual continuity, e.g., the contact of the bones entering into the formation of a cranial suture. Cf. continuity. 2. Occurrence of two or more objects, events, or mental impressions together in space (spatial c. ) or time (temporal c. ). [L. contiguus, touching, fr. contingo, to touch]

contiguous contiguous (kon-tig´u-us)

Adjacent or in actual contact.

continence continence (kon´ti-nens)

1. Moderation, temperance, or self-restraint in respect to the appetites, especially to sexual intercourse. 2. The ability to retain urine and/or feces until a proper time for their discharge. [L. continentia, fr. con- tineo, to hold back]

continent continent (kon´ti-nent)

Denoting continence.

continued continued (kon-tin´yud)

Continuous; without intermission; said especially of protracted fever without apyretic intervals, such as typhoid fever, compared with the paroxysms of fever in malaria. [L. continuo, to join together, make continuous]

continuity continuity (kon-ti-nu´i-te)

Absence of interruption, a succession of parts intimately united, e.g., the unbroken conjunction of cells and structures that make up a single bone of the skull. Cf. contiguity. [L. continuus, continued]

contour contour (kon´tur)

1. The outline of a part; the surface configuration. 2. In dentistry, to restore the normal outlines of a broken or otherwise misshapen tooth, or to create the external shape or form of a prosthesis. [L. con- (intens.), + torno, to turn (in a lathe), fr. tornus, a lathe]
flange c. the design of the flange of a denture.
gingival c. the shape or form of the gingiva, either natural or artificial, around the necks of the teeth.gum c;
gum c. gingival c
height of c. See height of contour.

contra- contra-

Opposed, against. See also counter-. Cf. anti-. [L.]

contra-angle contra-angle (kon´tra-ang´gl)

1. One of the double or triple angles in the shank of an instrument by means of which the cutting edge or point is brought into the axis of the handle. 2. An extension piece added to the end of a dental handpiece which, through a set of bevel gears, changes the angle of the axis of rotation of the bur in relation to the axis of the handpiece.

contra-aperture contra-aperture (kon´tra-ap´er-chur)

counteropening

contrabevel contrabevel (kon´tra-bev´el)

A bevel located on the side opposite the customary side.

contraception contraception (kon-tra-sep´shun)

Prevention of conception or impregnation.

contraceptive contraceptive (kon-tra-sep´tiv)

1. An agent for the prevention of conception. 2. Relating to any measure or agent designed to prevent conception. [L. contra, against, + conceptive]
barrier c. a mechanical device designed to prevent spermatozoa from penetrating the cervical os; usually used in combination with a spermicidal agent, i.e., vaginal diaphragm.
combination oral c. a mixture of a steroid having progestational activity and an estrogen.
intrauterine c. device See intrauterine contraceptive devices, under device.
oral c. any orally effective preparation designed to prevent conception.

contract contract

1. (kon-trakt´) To shorten; to become reduced in size; in the case of muscle, either to shorten or to undergo an increase in tension. 2. (kon-trakt´) To acquire by contagion or infection. 3. (kon´trakt) An explicit bilateral commitment by psychotherapist and patient to a defined course of action to attain the goal of the psychotherapy. [L. con-traho, pp. -tractus, to draw together]

contractile contractile (kon-trak´tIl)

Having the property of contracting.

contractility contractility (kon-trak-til´i-te)

The ability or property of a substance, especially of muscle, of shortening, or becoming reduced in size, or developing increased tension.
cardiac c. a measure of cardiac pump performance, the degree to which muscle fibers can shorten when activated by a stimulus independent of preload and afterload.

contraction (C) contraction (C) (kon-trak´shun)

1. A shortening or increase in tension; denoting the normal function of muscular tissue. 2. A shrinkage or reduction in size. 3. Heart beat, as in premature c. See also entries underbeat [L. contractio, to draw together]
after-c. See aftercontraction.
anodal closure c. (ACC, AnCC) obsolete term for the momentary c. of a muscle under the influence of the positive pole when the electrical circuit is established.
anodal opening c. (AnOC, AOC) obsolete term for the momentary c. of a muscle under the influence of the positive pole when the circuit is broken.
automatic c. automatic beat
Braxton Hicks c. rhythmic myometrial activity occurring during the course of a pregnancy which causes no pain for the patient.
carpopedal c. carpopedal spasm
cathodal closure c. (CaCC, CCC) obsolete term for the momentary c. of a muscle under the influence of the negative pole when an electrical circuit is established.
cathodal opening c. (CaOC, COC) obsolete term for the momentary c. of a muscle under the influence of the negative pole when the circuit is broken.
closing c. c. produced at the time of closing of the circuit when using direct current to stimulate the muscle.
escape c. escape beat
escape ventricular c. an escape beat arising in the ventricle.
fibrillary c.'s c.'s occurring spontaneously in individual muscle fibers; they are seen commonly a few days after damage to the motor nerves supplying the muscle, and this type of activity is distinguished from fasciculation, which is related to activation of motor units.
front-tap c. c. of the calf muscles when the anterior surface of the leg is struck.Gowers' c;
Gowers' c. front-tap c
hourglass c. constriction of the middle portion of a hollow organ, such as the stomach or the gravid uterus.
hunger c.'s strong c.'s of the stomach associated with hunger pains.
idiomuscular c. myoedema
isometric c. force development at constant length. Cf. isotonic c.
isotonic c. shortening at constant force development. Cf. isometric c. isotonic exercise;
myotatic c. a reflex c. of a skeletal muscle that occurs as a result of stimulation of the stretch receptors in the muscle, i.e., as part of a myotatic reflex.
opening c. a c. produced at the time of opening the circuit when using direct current to stimulate the muscle or a motor nerve.
paradoxical c. a tonic c. of the anterior tibial muscles when a sudden passive dorsal flexion of the foot is made.
postural c. maintenance of muscular tension (usually isometric) sufficient to maintain posture.
premature c. See extrasystole.
reflex detrusor c. normal coordinated function of the bladder with sustained contractions of the bladder matched by simultaneous relaxation of the sphincteric outlet mechanisms to empty the bladder.
tetanic c. See tetanus (2).
tonic c. sustained contraction of a muscle, as employed in the maintenance of posture.
uterine c. rhythmic activity of the myometrium associated with menstruation, pregnancy, or labor.

contracture contracture (kon-trak´chur)

Static muscle shortening due to tonic spasm or fibrosis, or to loss of muscular balance, the antagonists being paralyzed. [L. contractura, fr. con-traho, to draw together]
Dupuytren's c. a disease of the palmar fascia resulting in thickening and shortening of fibrous bands on the palmar surface of the hand and fingers.
fixed c. organic c
functional c. muscular shortening that ceases during sleep or general anesthesia, caused by prolonged active muscle contraction.
ischemic c. of the left ventricle irreversible contraction of the left ventricle of the heart as a complication seen in the early period of cardiopulmonary bypass and now avoided by appropriate cardioplegic solutions.myocardial rigor mortis, stone heart;
organic c. c., usually due to fibrosis within the muscle that persists whether the subject is conscious or unconscious.fixed c;
Volkmann's c. ischemic c. resulting from irreversible necrosis of muscle tissue, produced by a compartment syndrome; classically involves the forearm flexor muscles.

contrafissura contrafissura (kon´tra-fi-shur´a)

Fracture of a bone, as in the skull, at a point opposite that where the blow was received. [L. contra, against, counter, + fissura, fissure]

contraindicant contraindicant (kon-tra-in´di-kant)

Indicating the contrary, i.e., showing that a method of treatment that would otherwise be proper is inadvisable by special circumstances in the individual case.

contraindication contraindication (kon-tra-in-di-ka´shun)

Any special symptom or circumstance that renders the use of a remedy or the carrying out of a procedure inadvisable, usually because of risk.

contralateral contralateral (kon-tra-lat´er-al)

Relating to the opposite side, as when pain is felt or paralysis occurs on the side opposite to that of the lesion.heterolateral; [L. contra, opposite, + latus, side]
c. partner the corresponding structure on the opposite side.

contrast contrast (kon´trast)

1. A comparison in which differences are demonstrated or enhanced. 2. In radiology, the difference between the image densities of two areas is the c. between them; this is a function of the number of x-ray photons transmitted or the strength of the signals emitted by the two regions and the response of the recording medium. [L. contra, against, + sto, pp. status, to stand]
simultaneous c. the enhancement of the visual sensation of white when a white object is viewed adjacent to a black object; the black object also appears blacker as a result of the contiguity of white. Adjacent complementary colors also appear brighter; e.g., green appears a brighter green and red a brighter red if these two colors are viewed side by side.
successive c. the visual effect caused by viewing a brightly colored object and then a gray surface; the latter appears tinged with the complementary color of the object. Viewing a surface colored in the complementary color of the object rather than in gray enhances the color intensity of the surface.

contrastimulant contrastimulant (kon-tra-stim´yu-lant)

1. Annulling the effect of a stimulant. 2. An agent whose action opposes that of a stimulant.

contrecoup contrecoup (kawn-tr-ku´)

Denoting the manner of a contrafissura, as in the skull, at a point opposite that at which the blow was received. See also contrecoup injury of brain. [Fr. counter-blow]

contrectation contrectation (kon-trek-ta´shun)

1. Sexual foreplay prior to coition. 2. The impulse to caress or embrace one of the opposite sex. [L. con- trecto, pp. -trectatus, to handle]

cont. rem. cont. rem.

Abbreviation for L. continuenter remedia, continue the medicines.

control control (kon-trol´)

1. (v.) To regulate, restrain, correct, restore to normal. 2. (n. or adj.) Ongoing operations or programs aimed at reducing or eliminating a disease. 3. (n.) Person(s) in a comparison group that differs in disease experience or allocation to a regimen from the subjects of a study. 4. (v). In statistics, to adjust or take into account extraneous influences. [Mediev. L. contrarotulum, a counterroll for checking accounts, fr. L. rotula, dim. of rota, a wheel]
autogenous c. regulation by the action of a gene product on the gene that codes for that product.
aversive c. control of the behavior of another individual by use of psychologically noxious means; e.g., attempting to force better study habits by withholding a child's allowance, or withholding sexual contact unless the partner complies with a request.
biological c. c. of living organisms, including vectors and reservoirs of disease, by using their natural enemies (predators, parasites, competitors).
birth c. 1. restriction of the number of offspring by means of contraceptive measures; 2. projects, programs, or methods to control reproduction, by either improving or diminishing fertility.
idiodynamic c. nervous impulses from the medulla that preserve the normal trophic condition of the muscles.
negative c. regulation of an enzyme activity by an inhibitor of that enzyme or regulation of a protein by repression of transcription.
own c.'s a method of experimental c. in which the same subjects are used in both experimental and c. conditions.
positive c. regulation of an enzyme activity by an activator of that enzyme. Also, regulation via induction of a specific protein's biosynthesis or activation of a protein's processing.
quality c. the c. of laboratory analytical error by monitoring analytical performance with control sera and maintaining error within established limits around the mean control values, most commonly ±2 SD.
reflex c. nerve impulses transmitted to the muscles to maintain normal reflex action.
social c. the influence on the behavior of a person exerted by other persons or by society as a whole; e.g., through appropriate social norms, ostracism, or the criminal law.
stimulus c. the use of conditioning techniques to bring the target behavior of an individual under environmental c. See classical conditioning.
synergic c. impulses transmitted from the cerebellum regulating the muscular activity of the synergic units of the body.
time-varied gain c. (TGC) time-gain compensation
tonic c. nerve impulses that maintain a normal tonus or level of activity in muscle or other effector organs.
vestibulo-equilibratory c. nerve impulses transmitted from the semicircular canals, saccule, and utricle that serve to maintain the equilibrium of the body.

Control of Communicable Diseases in Man Control of Communicable Diseases in Man

The internationally recognized authoritative manual now in the 15th (1990) edition, published by the American Public Health Association.

contusion contusion (kon-tu´shun)

Any mechanical injury (usually caused by a blow) resulting in hemorrhage beneath unbroken skin. See also bruise. [L. contusio, a bruising]
brain c. a bruising, usually of the surface, of the brain with extravasation of blood but without rupture of the pia-arachnoid; healing results in a superficial depressed sclerotic area, possibly with incorporated meninges. See also brain cicatrix.
scalp c. intracutaneous or subcutaneous extravasation of blood without gross disruption of skin.

conular conular (kon´yu-lar)

Cone-shaped.

Conus Conus (ko´nus)

A genus of shellfish that inhabits the shores of some South Pacific islands. Several species, C. geographus, C. textilis, C. aulicus, C. tulipa, and C. marmoreus are poisonous, their sting or spine causing acute pain, edema, numbness, spreading paralysis, and sometimes coma and death.

conus conus , pl. coni (ko´nus, -nI)

1. [NA] cone 2. Posterior staphyloma in myopic choroidopathy. [L. fr. G. konos, cone]
c. arterio´sus [NA] the left or anterosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle of the heart, which begins at the supraventricular crest and terminates in the pulmonary trunk.arterial cone, pulmonary cone, pulmonary c;
congenital c. Fuchs' coloboma
distraction c. a c. in which the optic nerve passes through the scleral canal in a markedly oblique direction.
c. elas´ticus [NA] 1. thicker lower portion of the elastic membrane of the larynx, extending between the cricoid cartilage and the vocal ligaments, the latter actually being a thickening of the free, superior margin of the c. elasticus;cricovocal membrane, elastic cone; 2. cricothyroid ligament
co´ni epididym´idis [NA] * official alternate term for lobules of epididymis, under lobule, lobules of epididymis, under lobule
c. medulla´ris [NA] medullary cone
myopic c. myopic crescent
pulmonary c. c. arteriosus
supertraction c. a reddish yellow c. or ring at the nasal margin of the optic disk, produced by displacement of the retinal pigment epithelium and lamina vitrea of the choroid; occurs in high myopia.
co´ni vasculo´si lobules of epididymis, under lobule

convalescence convalescence (kon-va-les´ens)

A period between the end of a disease and the patient's restoration to complete health. [L. con-valesco, to grow strong, fr. valeo, to be strong]

convalescent convalescent (kon-va-les´ent)

1. Getting well or one who is getting well. 2. Denoting the period of convalescence.

convallaria convallaria (kon-va-lar´e-a)

The flower, rhizome, and roots of Convallaria majalis (family Liliaceae), lily of the valley; they contain glycosides with digitalis-like action (e.g., convallatoxin). [L. convallis, an enclosed valley]

convection convection (kon-vek´shun)

Conveyance of heat in liquids or gases by movement of the heated particles, as when the layer of water at the bottom of a heated pot rises or the warm air of a room ascends to the ceiling. [L. con-veho, pp. -vectus, to carry or bring together]

convergence convergence (kon-ver´jens)

1. The tending of two or more objects toward a common point. 2. The direction of the visual lines to a near point. [L. con-vergere, to incline together]
accommodative c. the meter angle of c. expressed in diopters; equal to the product of the meter angles of c. times the interpupillary distance measured in centimeters.
amplitude of c. the distance between the near point and far point of c.range of c;
angle of c. the angle that the visual axis makes with the median line when a near object is viewed.
far point of c. the point to which the visual lines are directed when c. is at rest.
near point of c. the point to which the visual lines are directed when c. is at its maximum.
negative c. the slight divergence of the visual axes when c. is at rest, as when observing the far point or during sleep.
positive c. inward deviation of the visual axes even when c. is at rest, as in cases of convergent squint.
range of c. amplitude of c
unit of c. See meter angle.

convergent convergent (kon-ver´jent)

Tending toward a common point.

conversion conversion (kon-ver´zhun)

1. transmutation 2. An unconscious defense mechanism by which the anxiety which stems from an unconscious conflict is converted and expressed symbolically as a physical symptom; transformation of an emotion into a physical manifestation, as in c. hysteria. See conversion hysteria. 3. In virology, the acquisition by bacteria of a new property associated with presence of a prophage. See also lysogeny. [L. con-verto, pp. -versus, to turn around, to change]

convertase convertase (kon´ver-tas)

Proteases of complement that convert one component into another. See component of complement.

convertin convertin (kon-ver´tin)

Active form of factor VII designated VIIa.

convex convex (kon´veks, kon-veks´)

Applied to a surface that is evenly curved outward, the segment of a sphere. [L. convexus, vaulted, arched, convex, fr. con-veho, to bring together]
high c. the segment of a sphere of short radius.
low c. the segment of a sphere of long radius.

convexity convexity (kon-veks´i-te)

1. The state of being convex. 2. A convex structure.
cortical c. superolateral surface of cerebrum

convexobasia convexobasia (kon-vek-so-ba´se-a)

Forward bending of the occipital bone. [L. convexus, outwardly curved, + basis, foundation]

convexoconcave convexoconcave (kon-vek´so-kon´kav)

Convex on one surface and concave on the opposite surface.

convexoconvex convexoconvex (kon-vek´so-kon´veks)

biconvex

convolute convolute (kon´vo-lut)

Rolled together with one part over the other; in the shape of a roll or scroll.convoluted; [L. con-volvo, pp. -volutus, to roll together]

convoluted convoluted (kon´vo-lu-ted)

convolute

convolution convolution (kon-vo-lu´shun)

1. A coiling or rolling of an organ. 2. Specifically, a gyrus of the cerebral or cerebellar cortex. [L. convolutio]
angular c. angular gyrus
anterior central c. precentral gyrus
ascending frontal c. precentral gyrus
ascending parietal c. postcentral gyrus
callosal c. cingulate gyrus
cingulate c. cingulate gyrus
first temporal c. superior temporal gyrus
hippocampal c. parahippocampal gyrus
inferior frontal c. inferior frontal gyrus
inferior temporal c. inferior temporal gyrus
middle frontal c. middle frontal gyrus
middle temporal c. middle temporal gyrus
posterior central c. postcentral gyrus
second temporal c. middle temporal gyrus
superior frontal c. superior frontal gyrus
superior temporal c. superior temporal gyrus
supramarginal c. supramarginal gyrus
third temporal c. inferior temporal gyrus
transitional c. transitional gyrus
transverse temporal c.'s transverse temporal gyri, under gyrus
Zuckerkandl's c. subcallosal gyrus

convulsant convulsant (kon-vul´sant)

A substance that produces convulsions. See also eclamptogenic, epileptogenic.

convulsion convulsion (kon-vul´shun)

1. A violent spasm or series of jerkings of the face, trunk, or extremities. 2. seizure (2) [L. convulsio, fr. con-vello, pp. -vulsus, to tear up]
benign neonatal c.'s a familial, self-limited epilepsy, beginning at two or three days of age and resolving spontaneously by six months of age; autosomal dominant inheritance.
clonic c. a c. in which the contractions are intermittent, the muscles alternately contracting and relaxing.
complex febrile c. a febrile c. that is prolonged (greater than 15 minutes' duration) or is associated with focal neurological deficits.
coordinate c. a clonic c. in which the movements are seemingly purposeful, being exaggerations of those that may occur naturally.
ether c. a c. occasionally associated with divinyl and diethyl ether anesthesia.
febrile c. a brief seizure, lasting less than 15 minutes, seen in a neurologically normal infant or young child, associated with fever.febrile seizure;
hysterical c. , hysteroid c. See hysteria.
immediate posttraumatic c. a c. beginning very soon after injury.
infantile c. any c. occurring in infancy (0 to 2 years of age).
mimic c. facial tic
puerperal c.'s puerperal eclampsia
salaam c.'s infantile spasm
tetanic c. tonic c
tonic c. a c. in which muscle contraction is sustained.tetanic c;

convulsive convulsive (kon-vul´siv)

Relating to convulsions; marked by or producing convulsions.

Cooke Cooke

A. Bennett, U.S. physician, *1869. See C.'s speculum.

Cooley Cooley

Thomas B., U.S. pediatrician, 1871-1945. See C.'s anemia.

Coolidge Coolidge

William D., U.S. physicist, 1873-1974. See C. tube.

Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 [C.I. 42660]

A general protein stain used in electrophoresis because of its unusual sensitivity. [originally, a proprietary name of Imperial Chemical; Coomassie (Kumasi), Ghana]

Coombs Coombs

Carey F., English physician, 1879-1932. See C. murmur.

Coombs Coombs

Robin R.A., English veterinarian and immunologist, *1921. See Gell and C. reactions, under reaction; C.'s serum, test; direct C. test; indirect C. test.

Cooper Cooper

Sir Astley Paston, English anatomist and surgeon, 1768-1841. See C.'s fascia, hernia, herniotome, ligaments, under ligament; suspensory ligaments of C., under ligament.

cooperativity cooperativity

A property of certain proteins (often enzymes) in which the bind curves or saturation curves or, in the case of enzyme, a plot of initial rates as a function of initial substrate concentration, are nonhyperbolic; suggests that the binding of a ligand has a different affinity at different ligand concentrations. Both allosterism and hysteresis are models that will display c. Cf. allosterism, hysteresis.
negative c. c. in which successive ligand molecules appear to bind with decreasing affinity.
positive c. c. in which successive ligand molecules appear to bind with increasing affinity.

Cooperia Cooperia (ku-pe´re-a)

A genus of small, slender nematodes (family Trichostrongylidae) inhabiting the small intestine, rarely the abomasum, of ruminants; when fresh they are a bright pink color; they produce serious effects only when present in large numbers. In partly immune animals, these worms become enclosed in nodules in the wall of the intestine; they are less pathogenic in sheep and goats than the trichostrongyles Haemonchus, Ostertagia, and Trichostrongylus.
C. biso´nis species that occurs in cattle, sheep, bison, and pronghorn antelopes.
C. curti´cei species that occurs in sheep, goats, and wild deer in Europe, although cosmopolitan in distribution.
C. fiel´dingi C. punctata
C. oncoph´ora species that occurs in cattle and domestic and wild sheep, but rarely in the horse; although worldwide in distribution, it is most common in the northern U.S. and Canada.Strongylus radiatus, Strongylus ventricosus;
C. pectina´ta species that occurs in cattle, sheep, water buffalo, dromedary camels, and various wild ruminants; it is common in the southern U.S.
C. puncta´ta species that occurs mainly in cattle, less commonly in sheep, water buffalo, and several wild ruminants; although worldwide in distribution, it is especially widespread in North America and common in Hawaii.C. fieldingi;
C. spatula´ta a species that occurs in cattle and sheep in the southern U.S., Kenya, Australia, and Malaysia.

Coopernail Coopernail

George P., U.S. surgeon, *1876. See C.'s sign.

coordinate coordinate

1. (ko-or´di-nit) Any of the scales or magnitudes that serve to define the position of a point. 2. (ko-or´di-nat) To perform the act of coordination. [see coordination]

coordination coordination (ko-or´di-na´shun)

The harmonious working together, especially of several muscles or muscle groups in the execution of complicated movements. [L. co-, together, + ordino, pp. -atus, to arrange, fr. ordo (ordin-), arrangement, order]

co-ossification co-ossification (ko-os´i-fi-ka´shun)

State of being joined by bone formation.

co-ossify co-ossify (ko-os´i-fI)

To unite into one bone. [L. co-, together, + os, bone, + facio, to make]

copaiba copaiba (ko-pI´ba)

The oleoresin of Copaifera officinalis and other species of Copaifera (family Leguminosae), a South American plant; c. oil is used as an expectorant, diuretic, and stimulant.balsam of copaiba; [Sp.]

coparaffinate coparaffinate (ko-par´af-i-nat)

A mixture of water-insoluble isoparaffinic acids partially neutralized with isooctyl hydroxybenzyldialkyl amines; used as an antifungal agent for external application.

COPD COPD

Abbreviation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Cope Cope

Sir Vincent Z., English surgeon, 1881-1974. See C.'s clamp.

cope cope (kop)

1. The upper half of a flask in the casting art; hence applicable to the upper or cavity side of a denture flask. 2. An act that enables one to adjust to the environmental circumstances.

copepod copepod (ko´pe-pod)

Any member of the order Copepoda.

Copepoda Copepoda (ko-pep´o-da)

An order of abundant, free-living, freshwater and marine crustaceans of basic importance in the aquatic food chain in both the marine and freshwater environments; some species are commonly called water fleas. Some are ectoparasites of both cold-blooded and warm-blooded aquatic vertebrates; the parasitic copepods of fish and whales are often highly modified for deep penetration of the skin or for adherence by suckers and hooks (e.g., the fish lice, Argulus). Certain copepods (Cyclops, Diaptomus) are important as intermediate hosts of the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum and of the nematode Dracunculus medinensis. [G. kope, an oar, + pous (pod-), a foot]

coping coping (kop´ing)

1. A thin metal covering or cap. 2. An adaptive or otherwise successful method of dealing with individual or environmental situations that involve psychologic or physiologic stress or threat.
transfer c. in dentistry, a metallic, acrylic resin or other covering or cap used to position a die in an impression.

copolymer copolymer (ko´pol-i-mer)

A polymer in which two or more monomers or base units are combined.

copper (Cu) copper (Cu) (kop´er)

A metallic element, atomic no. 29, atomic wt. 63.546; several of its salts are used in medicine. A bioelement found in a number of proteins. [L. cuprum, orig. Cyprium, Cyprus, where it was mined]
c. arsenite cupric arsenite
c. bichloride cupric chloride
c. chloride cupric chloride
c. citrate cupric citrate
c. dichloride cupric chloride
c. sulfate , c. sulphate cupric sulfate

copper-64 (64Cu) copper-64 (⁶⁴Cu)

Beta and positron emitter with a half-life of 12.82 hr. Used in the study of Wilson's disease and in brain scans for tumors.

copper-67 (67Cu) copper-67 (⁶⁷Cu)

Beta and gamma emitter with a half-life of 2.580 days.

copperas copperas (kop´er-as)

The impure commercial variety of ferrous sulfate.

copperhead copperhead (kop´er-hed)

A poisonous snake of the genus Denisonia in Australia and Agkistrodon in the U.S.

copper pennies copper pennies

sclerotic bodies, under body

Coppet Coppet

Louis de, French physicist, 1841-1911. See C.'s law.

coprecipitation coprecipitation (ko´pre-sip-i-ta´shun)

Precipitation of unbound antigen along with an antigen-antibody complex; may occur particularly when a soluble complex is precipitated by a second antibody specific for the Fc fragment of the immunoglobulin of the complex.

copremesis copremesis (kop-rem´e-sis)

fecal vomiting [G. kopros, dung, + emesis]

copro- copro-

Filth, dung, usually used in referring to feces. See also scato-, sterco-. [G. kopros, dung]

coproantibodies coproantibodies (kop´ro-an´ti-bod-ez)

Antibodies found in the intestine and in feces; they probably are formed by plasma cells in the intestinal mucosa and consist chiefly of the IgA class.

coprolagnia coprolagnia (kop-ro-lag´ne-a)

A form of sexual perversion in which the thought or sight of excrement causes pleasurable sensation. [copro- + G. lagneia, lust]

coprolalia coprolalia (kop-ro-la´le-a)

Involuntary utterances of vulgar or obscene words; seen in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome.coprophrasia; [copro- + G. lalia, talk]

coprolith coprolith (kop´ro-lith)

A hard mass consisting of inspissated feces.fecalith, stercolith; [copro- + G. lithos, stone]

coprology coprology (kop-rol´o-je)

scatology (1) [copro- + G. logos, study]

coproma coproma (kop-ro´ma)

An accumulation of inspissated feces in the colon or rectum giving the appearance of an abdominal tumor.fecal tumor, fecaloma, scatoma, stercoroma; [copro- + G. -oma, tumor]

coprophagia coprophagia

The eating of excrement.coprophagy, rhypophagy, scatophagy;

coprophagous coprophagous (ko-prof´a-gus)

Feeding on excrement.

coprophagy coprophagy (ko-prof´a-je)

coprophagia [copro- + G. phago, to eat]

coprophil coprophil , coprophilic (kop´ro-fil, -fil´ik)

1. Denoting microorganisms occurring in fecal matter. 2. Relating to coprophilia. [see coprophilia]

coprophile coprophile (kop´ro-fIl)

An organism that ingests fecal material from others organisms.

coprophilia coprophilia (kop-ro-fil´e-a)

1. Attraction of microorganisms to fecal matter. 2. In psychiatry, a morbid attraction to, and interest in (with a sexual element), fecal matter. [copro- + G. philos, fond]

coprophobia coprophobia (kop-ro-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of defecation and feces. [copro- + G. phobos, fear]

coprophrasia coprophrasia (kop-ro-fra´ze-a)

coprolalia

coproplanesia coproplanesia (kop-ro-plan-e´ze-a)

Rarely used term for passage of feces through a fistula or artificial anus. [copro- + G. planesis, a wandering]

coproporphyria coproporphyria (kop´ro-por-fir´e-a)

Presence of coproporphyrins in the urine, as in variegate porphyria.
hereditary c. an inherited (autosomal dominant) disorder of a deficiency of coproporphyrinogen oxidase, resulting in overproduction of porphyrin precursors leading to neurological disturbances and photosensitivity.

coproporphyrin coproporphyrin (kop-ro-por´fi-rin)

One of two porphyrin compounds found normally in feces as a decomposition product of bilirubin (hence, from hemoglobin); certain c.'s are elevated in certain porphyrias. See also porphyrinogens.

coproporphyrinogen coproporphyrinogen (kop´ro-por-fi-rin´o-jen)

See porphyrinogens.
c. oxidase an enzyme that catalyzes a step in porphyrin biosynthesis, reacting coproporphyrinogen-III and O₂ to form protoporphyrinogen-IX and 2CO₂. A deficiency of this enzyme will result in hereditary coproporphyria.

coprostane coprostane (kop-ros´tan)

The parent hydrocarbon of coprosterol.

3beta-coprostanol 3beta-coprostanol (kop-ros´tan-ol)

coprosterol

epi-coprostanol epi-coprostanol

5beta-Cholestan-3a-ol. For structure of cholestane, see steroids.epi-coprosterol;

coprostanone coprostanone (kop-ros´tan-on)

5beta-Cholestan-3-one, an oxidation product of coprosterol.

coprostasis coprostasis (kop-ro-sta´sis)

Rarely used term for fecal impaction. [copro- + G. stasis, a standing]

coprostenol coprostenol (kop-ros´ten-ol)

allocholesterol

coprosterin coprosterin (kop-ros´ter-in)

coprosterol

coprosterol coprosterol (kop-ros´ter-ol)

5beta-cholastan-3beta-ol;the main sterol of the feces produced by the reduction of cholesterol by intestinal bacteria. For structure of coprostane and cholestane, see steroids.3beta-coprostanol, coprosterin, stercorin;

epi-coprosterol epi-coprosterol

epi-coprostanol

coprostigmastane coprostigmastane (kop-ro-stig-mas´tan)

The 5beta isomer of stigmastane.

coprozoa coprozoa (kop-ro-zo´a)

Protozoa that can be cultivated in fecal matter, although not necessarily living in feces within the intestine. [copro- + G. zoon, animal]

coprozoic coprozoic (kop-ro-zo´ik)

Relating to coprozoa.

coptosis coptosis (kop-to´sis)

A state of perpetual fatigue. [G. kopto, to tire, + osis, condition]

copula copula (kop´yu-la)

1. In anatomy, a narrow part connecting two structures, e.g., the body of the hyoid bone. 2. A swelling that is formed during the early development of the tongue by the medial portion of the second branchial arch; it is overgrown by the hypobranchial eminence and is not present in the adult tongue. 3. Obsolete term for zygote. [L. a bond, tie]
His' c. hypobranchial eminence
c. lin´guae hypobranchial eminence

copulation copulation (kop-yu-la´shun)

1. coitus 2. In protozoology, conjugation between two cells that do not fuse but separate after mutual fertilization; observed in the ciliophora, as in Paramecium. [L. copulatio, a joining]

CoQ CoQ

Abbreviation for coenzyme Q.

coquille coquille (ko-kel´)

A spherical curved lens of uniform thickness. [Fr.]

cor cor , gen. cordis (kor, kor´dis) [NA]

heart [L.]
c. adipo´sum fatty heart (2)
c. bilocula´re a heart in which the interatrial and interventricular septa are absent or incomplete.
c. bovi´num (kor bo´vI-num) ox heart
c. mo´bile a heart that moves unduly on change of bodily position.movable heart;
c. pen´dulum an extreme form of c. mobile in which the heart appears to be suspended by the great vessels.pendulous heart;
c. pulmona´le chronic c. is characterized by hypertrophy of the right ventricle resulting from disease of the lungs, except for lung changes in diseases that primarily affect the left side of the heart and excluding congenital heart disease; acute c. p. is characterized by dilation and failure of the right side of the heart due to pulmonary embolism. In both types, characteristic electrocardiogram changes occur, and in later stages there is usually right-sided cardiac failure.
c. triatria´tum a heart with three atrial chambers, the left atrium being subdivided by a transverse septum with a single small opening which separates the openings of the pulmonary veins from the mitral valve.accessory atrium;
c. trilocula´re three-chambered heart due to absence of the interatrial or the interventricular septum.
c. trilocula´re biatria´tum absence of the interventricular septum.
c. trilocula´re biventricula´re absence of the interatrial septum.

coracidium coracidium (ko-ra-sid´e-um)

The ciliated first-stage aquatic embryo of pseudophyllid and other cestodes with aquatic cycles; within the ciliated embryophore is a hooked larva, the hexacanth, that develops in the intermediate host, usually an aquatic crustacean, into the next larval stage, the procercoid.

coracoacromial coracoacromial (kor´a-ko-a-kro´me-al)

Relating to the coracoid and acromial processes.acromiocoracoid;

coracobrachialis coracobrachialis (kor´a-ko-bra-ke-a´lis)

Relating to the coracoid process of the scapula and the arm. See also coracobrachialis muscle, coracobrachial bursa.

coracoclavicular coracoclavicular (kor´a-ko-kla-vik´yu-lar)

Relating to the coracoid process and the clavicle.scapuloclavicular (2);

coracohumeral coracohumeral (kor´a-ko-hyu´mer-al)

Relating to the coracoid process and the humerus.

coracoid coracoid (kor´a-koyd)

Shaped like a crow's beak; denoting a process of the scapula. [G. korakodes, like a crow's beak, fr. korax, raven, + eidos, appearance]

corallin corallin (kor´a-lin)

aurin
yellow c. a sodium salt of aurin.

cord cord (kord)

1. In anatomy, any long ropelike structure. A small, cordlike structure composed of several to many longitudinally oriented fibers, vessels, ducts, or combinations thereof. See also chorda. 2. In histopathology, a line of tumor cells only one cell in width.funiculus [NA] , funicle; [L. chorda, a string]
Bergmann's c.'s medullary striae of fourth ventricle, under stria
Billroth's c.'s splenic c.'s
condyle c. condylar axis
dental c. an aggregation of epithelial cells forming the rudimentary enamel organ.
false vocal c. vestibular fold
Ferrein's c.'s See vocal fold.
gangliated c. sympathetic trunk
genital c. one of a pair of mesenchymal ridges bulging into the caudal part of the celom of a young embryo and containing the mesonephric and paramesonephric duct.
germinal c.'s the gonadal c.'s of the embryonic ovary or testis.sex c.'s;
gonadal c.'s columns of germinal and follicle cells penetrating centripetally into the embryonic ovarian or testicular cortex.
gubernacular c. the content of the gubernacular canal, usually composed of remnants of dental lamina and connective tissue.
hepatic c.'s liver laminae as seen in sections.
lateral c. of brachial plexus in the brachial plexus, the bundle of nerve fibers formed by the anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks which is located lateral to the axillary artery. This cord gives off the lateral pectoral nerve and terminates by dividing into the musculocutaneous nerve and the lateral root of the median nerve.fasciculus lateralis plexus brachialis [NA];
lymph c.'s medullary c.'s (1)
medial c. of brachial plexus in the brachial plexus, the bundle of nerve fibers formed by the anterior division of the inferior trunk which lies medial to the axillary artery; it gives off the medial pectoral nerve, the medial brachial cutaneous, and medial antebrachial cutaneous, nerves and end by dividing into the medial root of the median nerves and the ulnar nerve.fasciculus medialis plexus brachialis [NA];
medullary c.'s 1. c.'s of dense lymphoid tissue between the sinuses in the medulla of a lymph node;lymph c.'s; 2. rete c.'s
nephrogenic c. a longitudinal dorsolateral tract of mesoderm derived from intermediate mesoderm; the primordium for both mesonephric and metanephric tubules.
oblique c. oblique ligament of elbow joint
omphalomesenteric c. vitelline c
posterior c. of brachial plexus in the brachial plexus, the bundle of nerve fibers formed by the posterior divisions of the upper, middle and lower trunks which lies posterior to the axillary artery; it gives rise to the upper and lower subscapular and thoracodorsal nerves, terminates by dividing into the axillary, and radial nerves.fasciculus posterior plexus brachialis [NA];
psalterial c. stria vascularis of cochlea
red pulp c.'s splenic c.'s
rete c.'s primordial cell c.'s (medullary c.'s and sex c.'s) in the embryonic gonads that connect with some of the mesonephric tubules and from which the rete testis of the male and the rete ovarii of the female develop.medullary c.'s (2);
sex c.'s germinal c.'s
spermatic c. the cord formed by the ductus deferens and its associated structures extending from the deep inguinal ring through the inguinal canal into the scrotum. See also coverings of spermatic cord, under covering.funiculus spermaticus [NA] , chorda spermatica, testicular c., torsion testis;
spinal c. the elongated cylindrical portion of the cerebrospinal axis, or central nervous system, which is contained in the spinal or vertebral canal.medulla spinalis [NA] , chorda spinalis, spinal marrow;
splenic c.'s the tissue occurring between the venous sinuses in the spleen.Billroth's c.'s, red pulp c.'s;
tendinous c.'s chordae tendineae, under chorda
testicular c. spermatic c
testis c.'s the germinal c.'s of the embryonic testis.
true vocal c. vocal fold
c. of tympanum chorda tympani
umbilical c. the definitive connecting stalk between the embryo or fetus and the placenta; at birth it is primarily composed of Wharton's jelly in which the umbilical vessels are embedded.funiculus umbilicalis [NA] , chorda umbilicalis, funis (1);
vitelline c. a persistent yolk stalk in the form of a solid cord of tissue connecting ileum to umbilicus.omphalomesenteric c;
vocal c. vocal fold
Weitbrecht's c. oblique ligament of elbow joint
Wilde's c.'s transverse markings on the corpus callosum.
Willis' c.'s several fibrous c.'s crossing the superior sagittal sinus.chordae willisii;

cord- cord-

See chord-.

cordate cordate (kor´dat)

Heart-shaped.

cordectomy cordectomy (kor-dek´to-me)

Excision of a part or whole of a cord. [G. chorde, cord, + ektome, excision]

cordial cordial (kor´jul)

A sweet aromatic liquor. [Mediev. L. cordialis, fr. cor (cord-), heart]

cordianine cordianine (kor-dI´a-nen)

allantoin

cordiform cordiform (kor´di-form)

Heart-shaped. [L. cor (cord-), heart, + forma, shape]

cordis cordis (kor´dis)

Of the heart. [gen. of L. cor, heart]
diastasis c. (dI-as´ta-sis) any period of mechanical inactivity of the heart and particularly of the ventricles, usually appearing normally during slow heart rates when the ventricles complete their filling early and appear to be inactive.

cordocentesis cordocentesis (cor-do-cen-te´sis)

Transabdominal blood sampling of the fetal umbilical cord, performed under ultrasound guidance.funipuncture; [cord + G. kentesis, puncture]

cordon sanitaire cordon sanitaire (kor-don´ san-i-tayr´)

The barrier erected around a focus of infection. [Fr., sanitary barrier]

cordopexy cordopexy (kor´do-pek-se)

1. Operative fixation of any displaced anatomical cord. 2. Lateral fixation of one or both vocal cords to correct glottic stenosis. [G. chorde, cord, + pexis, fixation]

cordotomy cordotomy (kor-dot´o-me)

1. Any operation on the spinal cord. 2. Division of tracts of the spinal cord, which may be performed percutaneously (stereotactic c.) or after laminectomy (open c.) by various techniques such as incision or radio frequency coagulation. 3. Incision through the membranous vocal fold to widen the posterior glottis in bilateral vocal paralysis.chordotomy; [G. chorde, cord, + tome, a cutting]
anterolateral c. division of the anterolateral quadrant of the spinal cord to section the spinothalamic tract.anterolateral tractotomy, spinal tractotomy, spinothalamic c;
open c. See cordotomy (2).
posterior column c. division of the posterior column of the spinal cord.
spinothalamic c. anterolateral c
stereotactic c. See cordotomy (2).

Cordylobia Cordylobia (kor-di-lo´be-a)

A genus of calliphorid fleshflies. [G. kordyle, a cudgel, swelling, or tumor]
C. anthropoph´aga tumbu fly of Africa south of the Sahara; a species that causes a boil-like furuncular myiasis; many animals besides man are attacked, especially domestic dogs, though rats are probably the chief reservoir of human infection.

cordylobiasis cordylobiasis (kor´di-lo-bI´a-sis)

Infection of man and animals with larvae of flies of the genus Cordylobia.African furuncular myiasis, tumbu dermal myiasis;

core core (kor)

1. The central mass of necrotic tissue in a boil. 2. A metal casting, usually with a post in the canal of a tooth root, designed to retain an artificial crown. 3. A sectional record, usually of plaster of Paris or one of its derivatives, of the relationships of parts, such as teeth, metallic restorations, or copings. [L. cor, heart]
atomic c. the nucleus plus the nonvalence electrons.
central transactional c. the reticular activating system of the brain.

core- core- , coreo- , coro-

The pupil (of the eye). [G. kore, pupil]

corectopia corectopia (kor-ek-to´pe-a)

Eccentric location of the pupil so that it is not in the center of the iris. [G. kore, pupil, + ektopos, out of place]

corelysis corelysis (ko-re-lI´sis)

A rarely used term for freeing of adhesions between lens capsule and the iris. [G. kore, pupil, + lysis, a loosening]

coremium coremium (ko-re´me-um)

A sheaf-like tuft of conidiophores. [G. korema, filth, refuse]

coreo- coreo-

See core-.

coreoplasty coreoplasty (kor´e-o-plas-te)

The procedure to correct a misshapen, miotic, or occluded pupil. [G. kore, pupil, + plasso, to form]

corepexy corepexy

A suturing of the iris to modify the shape or size of the pupil.
purse-string c. a "pajama-string suture" threaded along the pupillary margin and tied down to make a large pupil small.

corepraxy corepraxy (kor-e-prak´se)

A procedure designed to widen a small pupil. [G. kore, pupil, + praxis, action]
laser c. the iris stroma is heated with a laser and the resultant contracture of iris tissue widens the pupil.
mechanical c. a procedure that lodges the pupillary margin in the groove of a device which, when widened, stretches the pupillary edge to make the pupil larger.

corepressor corepressor (ko-re-pres´or)

A molecule, usually a product of a specific metabolic pathway, that combines with and activates a repressor produced by a regulator gene. The repressor then attaches to an operator gene site and inhibits activity of the structural genes. This homeostatic mechanism regulates enzyme production in repressible enzyme systems.

Corey Corey

R.B., U.S. chemist, 1897-1971. See Pauling-C. helix.

Cori Cori

Carl F., Czech-U.S. biochemist and Nobel laureate, 1896-1984. See C. cycle, ester.

Cori Cori

Gerty Theresa, Czech-U.S. biochemist and Nobel laureate, 1896-1957. See C.'s disease.

coria coria (ko´re-a)

Plural of corium.

coriander coriander (ko-re-an´der)

The dried ripe fruit of Coriandrum sativum (family Umbelliferae); a mild stimulant aromatic and a flavoring agent.

corium corium , pl. coria (ko´re-um, -re-a) [NA]

dermis [L. skin, hide, leather]
c. coro´nae coronary band
c. lim´bi periople
c. pari´etis the wall of the pododerm.
c. so´leae the sole of the pododerm.
c. un´gulae pododerm

corn corn (korn)

1. clavus (1) 2. A small inflammatory focus under the sole of the hoof of the horse; forefeet are most often affected, usually between the bar and the wall; sometimes seen in other hoofed animals. [L. cornu, horn, hoof]
asbestos c. a granulomatous or hyperkeratotic lesion of the skin at the site of deposit of asbestos particles.asbestos wart;
hard c. the usual form of c. over a toe joint.heloma durum;
seed c. a papilloma or wart on the sole of the foot.
soft c. a c. formed by pressure between two toes, the surface being macerated and yellowish in color.heloma molle;

cornea cornea (kor´ne-a) [NA]

The transparent tissue constituting the anterior sixth of the outer wall of the eye, with a 7.7 mm radius of curvature as contrasted with the 13.5 mm of the sclera; it consists of stratified squamous epithelium continuous with that of the conjunctiva, a substantia propria, substantially regularly arranged collagen imbedded in mucopolysaccharide, and an inner layer of endothelium. It is the chief refractory structure of the eye. [L. fem. of corneus, horny]
conical c. keratoconus
c. farina´ta bilateral speckling of the posterior part of the corneal stroma.floury c;
floury c. c. farinata
c. uri´ca bilateral deposition of crystalline deposits of urea and sodium urate within corneal stroma.
c. verticilla´ta congenital whorl-like opacities in the c.Fleischer's vortex;

corneal corneal (kor´ne-al)

Relating to the cornea.

corneoblepharon corneoblepharon (kor´ne-o-blef´a-ron)

Adhesion of the eyelid margin to the cornea. [cornea + G. blepharon, eyelid]

corneocyte corneocyte (kor´ne-o-sIt)

The dead keratin-filled squamous cell of the stratum corneum.horny cell (1) , keratinized cell; [cornea, L. fem. of corneus, horny, + G. kytos, cell]

corneosclera corneosclera (kor´ne-o-skler´a)

The combined cornea and sclera when considered as forming the external coat of the eyeball.

corneoscleral corneoscleral (kor´ne-o-skler´al)

Pertaining to the cornea and sclera.

corneous corneous (kor´ne-us)

horny [L. corneus, fr. cornu, horn]

Corner Corner

Edred M., English surgeon, 1873-1950. See C.'s tampon.

Corner Corner

George W., U.S. anatomist, 1889-1981. See C.-Allen test, unit.

corneum corneum (kor´ne-um)

See stratum corneum epidermidis, stratum corneum unguis. [L., ntr. of corneus, horny, fr. cornu, horn]

corniculate corniculate (kor-nik´yu-lat)

1. Resembling a horn. 2. Having horns or horn-shaped appendages. [L. corniculatus, horned]

corniculum corniculum (kor-nik´yu-lum)

A cornu of small size. [L. dim. of cornu, horn]
c. laryn´gis corniculate cartilage

cornification cornification (kor-ni-fi-ka´shun)

keratinization [L. cornu, horn, + facio, to make]

cornified cornified (kor´ni-fId)

keratinized

corn oil corn oil

The refined fixed oil expressed from the embryo of Zea mays (family Gramineae); a solvent.maise oil;

cornsilk cornsilk (korn´silk)

zea

corn smut corn smut (korn´smut)

Ustilago maydis

cornu cornu , gen. cornus , pl. cornua (kor´nu, -nus, -nu-a)

1. [NA] horn 2. Any structure composed of horny substance. 3. One of the coronal extensions of the dental pulp underlying a cusp or lobe. 4. The major subdivisions of the lateral ventricle in the cerebral hemisphere (the frontal horn, occipital horn, and temporal horn). See also lateral ventricle. [L. horn]
c. ammo´nis Ammon's horn
c. ante´rius [NA] anterior horn
coccygeal cornua two processes that project upward from the dorsum of the base of the coccyx to articulate with the sacral c.cornua coccygealia [NA] , coccygeal horn;
cornua coccygea´lia [NA] coccygeal cornua
c. cuta´neum cutaneous horn
cornua of falciform margin of saphenous opening See inferior horn of falciform margin of saphenous opening, superior horn of falciform margin of saphenous opening.
cornua of hyoid bone See greater horn of hyoid bone, lesser horn of hyoid bone.
c. infe´rius [NA] inferior horn
c. infe´rius cartila´ginis thyroi´deae [NA] inferior horn of thyroid cartilage
c. infe´rius margina´lis falcifor´mis hia´tus saphe´ni [NA] inferior horn of falciform margin of saphenous opening
c. infe´rius ventric´uli latera´lis [NA] inferior horn of lateral ventricle
c. latera´le [NA] lateral horn
cornua of lateral ventricle See anterior horn (1) , inferior horn of lateral ventricle, c. posterius ventriculi lateralis.
c. ma´jus os´sis hyoi´dei [NA] greater horn of hyoid bone
c. mi´nus os´sis hyoi´dei [NA] lesser horn of hyoid bone
c. posterius posterior horn
c. poste´rius ventric´uli latera´lis [NA] posterior horn
sacral cornua the most caudal parts of the intermediate sacral crest. On each side they form the lateral margin of the sacral hiatus and articulate with the coccygeal cornua.cornua sacralia [NA] , sacral horns;
cornua sacra´lia [NA] sacral cornua
cornua of spinal cord posterior horn See anterior horn (2) , lateral horn.
styloid c. lesser horn of hyoid bone
c. supe´rius cartila´ginis thyroi´deae [NA] superior horn of thyroid cartilage
c. supe´rius margin´alis falcifor´mis [NA] superior horn of falciform margin of saphenous opening
cornua of thyroid cartilage See inferior horn of thyroid cartilage, superior horn of thyroid cartilage.
c. u´teri [NA] the portion of the uterus to which the intramural section of the uterine tube enters on either the right or left.uterine horn, horn of uterus;

cornua cornua (kor´nu-a)

Plural of cornu.

cornual cornual (kor´nu-al)

Relating to a cornu.

coro- coro-

See core-.

corona corona , pl. coronae (ko-ro´na, -ne) [NA]

crown [L. garland, crown, fr. G. korone]
c. cap´itis the topmost part of the head.crown of head;
c. cilia´ris [NA] the circular figure on the inner surface of the ciliary body, formed by the processes and folds (plicae) taken together.ciliary crown, ciliary wreath;
c. clin´ica [NA] clinical crown
c. den´tis [NA] crown of tooth
c. glan´dis [NA] c. of glans penis
c. of glans penis the prominent posterior border of the glans penis.c. glandis [NA];
c. radia´ta 1. [NA], a fan-shaped fiber mass on the white matter of the cerebral cortex, composed of the widely radiating fibers of the internal capsule; 2. a single layer of columnar cells derived from the cumulus oophorus, which anchor on the pellucid zone of the oocyte in a secondary follicle.radiate crown;
c. seborrhe´ica a red band at the hair line along the upper border of the forehead and temples occasionally observed in seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp.
c. vene´ris papular syphilitic lesions (secondary eruption) along the anterior margin of the scalp or on the back of the neck. See also crown of Venus.
Zinn's c. vascular circle of optic nerve

coronad coronad (kor´o-nad)

In a direction toward any corona.

coronal coronal (kor´o-nal)

Relating to a corona or the coronal plane.coronalis [NA];

coronale coronale (kor-o-na´le)

1. frontal bone 2. One of the two most widely separated points on the coronal suture at the poles of the greatest frontal diameter. [L. neuter of coronalis, pertaining to a corona, crown]

coronalis coronalis (kor-o-na´lis) [NA]

coronal, coronal

coronaria coronaria (kor-o-na´re-a)

A coronary artery, of the heart.

coronarism coronarism (kor´o-nar-izm)

1. coronary insufficiency 2. angina pectoris [coronary (artery) + -ism]

coronaritis coronaritis (kor´o-na-rI´tis)

Inflammation of coronary artery or arteries.

coronary coronary (kor´o-nar-e)

1. Relating to or resembling a crown. 2. Encircling;denoting various anatomical structures, e.g., nerves, blood vessels, ligaments. 3. Specifically, denoting the c. blood vessels of the heart and, colloquially, c. thrombosis. [L. coronarius; fr. corona, a crown]
cafe c. sudden collapse while eating that results from food impaction closing the glottis; often erroneously thought to stem from coronary artery disease.

Coronaviridae Coronaviridae (ko-ro´na-vir´i-de)

A family of single-stranded RNA-containing viruses of medium size, and made up of 4 antigenic groups; some of which cause upper respiratory tract infections in man similar to the "common cold"; others cause animal infections (infectious avian bronchitis, swine encephalitis, mouse hepatitis, neonatal calf diarrhea, and others). The viruses resemble myxoviruses except for the petal-shaped projections which give an impression of the solar corona. Virions are 80 to 130 nm in diameter, enveloped, and ether-sensitive. Nucleocapsids are thought to be of helical symmetry; they develop in cytoplasm and are enveloped by budding into cytoplasmic vesicles. Coronavirus is the only recognized genus. [L. corona, garland, crown]

Coronavirus Coronavirus (ko-ro´na-vI´rus)

A genus in the family Coronaviridae that is associated with upper respiratory tract infections and possibly gastroenteritis in man.

coronavirus coronavirus (ko-ro´na-vI´rus)

Any virus of the family Coronaviridae.

coroner coroner (kor´on-er)

An official whose duty it is to investigate sudden, suspicious, or violent death to determine the cause; in some communities, the office has been replaced by that of medical examiner. [L. corona, a crown]

coronet coronet (kor´o-net)

The line of junction between the skin and the hoof or claw. [Fr. coronette; L. corona, crown]

coronion coronion (ko-ro´ne-on)

The tip of the coronoid process of the mandible; a craniometric point.koronion; [G. korone, crow]

coronitis coronitis (kor-o-nI´tis)

Inflammation of the coronary band of the horse's hoof, resulting in imperfect horn formation.

coronoid coronoid (kor´o-noyd)

Shaped like a crow's beak; denoting certain processes and other parts of bones. [G. korone, a crow, + eidos, resembling]

coronoidectomy coronoidectomy (kor´o-noy-dek´to-me)

Surgical removal of the coronoid process of the mandible. [coronoid + G. ektome, excision]

corpora corpora (kor´por-a)

Plural of corpus.

corporeal corporeal (kor-po´re-al)

Pertaining to the body, or to a corpus.

corporin corporin (kor´po-rin)

Obsolete term for corpus luteum hormone.

corpse corpse (korps)

cadaver [L. corpus, body]

corps ronds corps ronds (kor-ron´)

Dyskeratotic round cells occurring in the epidermis, with a central round basophilic mass surrounded by a clear halo; characteristically found in keratosis follicularis. [Fr. round bodies]

corpulence corpulence , corpulency (kor´pyu-lens, -len-se)

obesity [L. corpulentia, magnification of corpus, body]

corpulent corpulent (kor´pyu-lent)

obese

corpus corpus , gen. corporis , pl. corpora (kor´pus, -por-is, -por-a) [NA]

1. body 2. Any body or mass. 3. The main part of an organ or other anatomical structure, as distinguished from the head or tail. See also body, shaft, soma. [L. body]
c. adipo´sum [NA] fat-pad
c. adipo´sum buc´cae [NA] buccal fat-pad
c. adipo´sum fos´sae ischiorecta´lis [NA] ischiorectal fat-pad
c. adipo´sum infrapatella´re [NA] infrapatellar fat-pad
c. adipo´sum or´bitae [NA] orbital fat-pad
c. al´bicans [NA] a retrogressed c. luteum characterized by increasing cicatrization and shrinkage of the cicatricial core with an amorphous, convoluted, completely hyalinized lutein zone surrounding the central plug of scar tissue.albicans (2) , atretic c. luteum, c. candicans;
cor´pora alla´ta a pair of juvenile hormone-producing endocrine glands located near the brain in insects; action of the juvenile hormone is interrelated with that of brain hormone and ecdysone; a high concentration of the hormone at the time of molting will cause production of an additional larval instar; removal at an early larval stage causes precocious pupation, resulting in the formation of a midget adult; implantation at late larval stages can cause development of an oversized adult.
c. amygdaloi´deum [NA] amygdaloid body
c. amyla´ceum , pl. cor´pora amyla´cea one of a number of small ovoid or rounded, sometimes laminated, bodies resembling a grain of starch and found in nervous tissue, in the prostate, and in pulmonary alveoli; of little pathological significance, and apparently derived from degenerated cells or proteinaceous secretions.amniotic corpuscle, amylaceous corpuscle, amyloid corpuscle, colloid corpuscle;
c. aor´ticum para-aortic bodies, under body
c. aran´tii nodule of semilunar valve
cor´pora arena´cea small calcareous concretions in the stroma of the pineal and other central nervous system tissues.acervulus, brain sand, psammoma bodies (2);
atretic c. luteum c. albicans
c. atret´icum atretic ovarian follicle
cor´pora bigem´ina bigeminal bodies, under body
c. callo´sum [NA] the great commissural plate of nerve fibers interconnecting the cortical hemispheres (with the exception of most of the temporal lobes which are interconnected by the anterior commissure). Lying at the floor of the longitudinal fissure, and covered on each side by the cingulate gyrus, it is arched from behind forward and is thick at each extremity (splenium and genu) but thinner in its long central portion (truncus); it curves back underneath itself at the genu to form the rostrum of the c. callosum.commissure of cerebral hemispheres;
c. can´dicans c. albicans
c. caverno´sum clitor´idis [NA] one of the two parallel columns of erectile tissue forming the body of the clitoris; they diverge at the root to form the crura of the clitoris.cavernous body of clitoris;
c. caverno´sum con´chae cavernous plexus of conchae
c. caverno´sum pe´nis [NA] one of two parallel columns of erectile tissue forming the dorsal part of the body of the penis; they are separated posteriorly, forming the crura of the penis.cavernous body of penis;
c. caverno´sum ure´thrae c. spongiosum penis
c. cilia´re [NA] ciliary body
c. clavic´ulae [NA] body of clavicle
c. clitor´idis [NA] body of clitoris
c. coccy´geum [NA] coccygeal body
c. cos´tae [NA] body of rib
c. denta´tum dentate nucleus of cerebellum
c. epididym´idis [NA] body of epididymis
c. fem´oris shaft of femur
c. fibro´sum the small fibrous cicatricial mass in the ovary formed following the atresia of an ovarian follicle; similar to a corpus albicans but smaller.
c. fib´ulae [NA] shaft of fibula
c. fimbria´tum 1. fimbria hippocampi 2. the outer, ovarian extremity of the oviduct.
c. for´nicis [NA] body of fornix
c. gas´tricum [ventric´uli] [NA] body of stomach
c. genicula´tum exter´num lateral geniculate body
c. genicula´tum inter´num medial geniculate body
c. genicula´tum latera´le [NA] lateral geniculate body
c. genicula´tum media´le [NA] medial geniculate body
c. glan´dulae sudorif´erae [NA] body of sweat gland
c. hemorrhag´icum a hematoma with a lining formed by the thinned-out bright yellow lutein zone; gradual resorption of the blood elements leaves a cavity filled with a clear fluid, i.e., a c. luteum cyst.corpus luteum hematoma;
c. high´mori , c. highmoria´num mediastinum testis
c. hu´meri [NA] shaft of humerus
c. incu´dis [NA] body of incus
c. lin´guae [NA] body of tongue
c. lu´teum [NA] the yellow endocrine body, 1 to 1.5 cm in diameter, formed in the ovary at the site of a ruptured ovarian follicle immediately after ovulation; there is an early stage of proliferation and vascularization before full maturity; later, there is a festooned and bright yellowish lutein zone traversed by trabeculae of theca interna containing numerous blood vessels; the c. luteum secretes estrogen, as did the follicle, and also secretes progesterone. If pregnancy does not occur, it is called a c. luteum spurium , which undergoes progressive retrogression to a c. albicans. If pregnancy does occur, it is called a c. luteum verum , which increases in size, persisting to the fifth or sixth month of pregnancy before retrogression.yellow body;
c. luy´si subthalamic nucleus
c. mamilla´re [NA] mamillary body
c. mam´mae [NA] body of mammary gland
c. mandib´ulae [NA] body of mandible
c. maxil´lae [NA] body of maxilla
c. medulla´re cerebel´li [NA] the interior white substance of the cerebellum.
c. nu´clei cauda´ti [NA] body of caudate nucleus
c. oliva´re oliva
c. os´sis fem´oris [NA] shaft of femur
c. os´sis hyoi´dei [NA] body of hyoid bone
c. os´sis il´ii [NA] body of ilium
c. os´sis isch´ii [NA] body of ischium
c. os´sis metacarpa´lis [NA] the shaft of one of the metacarpal bones.
c. os´sis pu´bis [NA] body of pubis
c. os´sis sphenoida´lis [NA] body of sphenoid bone
c. pampinifor´me epoöphoron
c. pancrea´tis [NA] body of pancreas
c. papilla´re stratum papillare corii
cor´pora para-aor´tica [NA] para-aortic bodies, under body
c. paratermina´le subcallosal gyrus
c. pe´nis [NA] body of penis
c. phalan´gis [NA] body of phalanx
c. pine´ale [NA] pineal body
c. pon´tobulba´re pontobulbar body
cor´pora quadrigem´ina quadrigeminal bodies, under body See inferior colliculus, superior colliculus.
c. quadrigem´inum ante´rius superior colliculus
c. quadrigem´inum poste´rius inferior colliculus
c. ra´dii [NA] shaft of radius
c. restifor´me restiform body
c. spongio´sum pe´nis [NA] the median column of erectile tissue located between and ventral to the two corpora cavernosa penis; posteriorly it expands into the bulbus penis and anteriorly it terminates as the enlarged glans penis; it is traversed by the urethra.c. cavernosum urethrae, spongy body of penis;
c. spongio´sum ure´thrae mulie´bris the submucous coat of the female urethra, containing a venous network that insinuates itself between the muscular layers, giving to them an erectile nature.
c. ster´ni [NA] body of sternum
c. stria´tum [NA] striate body
c. ta´li [NA] body of talus
c. tib´iae [NA] shaft of tibia
c. trapezoid´eum [NA] trapezoid body
c. triti´ceum triticeal cartilage
c. ul´nae [NA] body of ulna
c. un´guis [NA] body of nail
c. u´teri [NA] body of uterus
c. ver´tebrae [NA] body of vertebra
c. vesi´cae bilia´ris [NA] body of gallbladder
c. vesi´cae fell´eae [NA] body of gallbladder
c. vesi´cae urina´riae [NA] body of urinary bladder
c. vit´reum [NA] vitreous body See also vitreous.

corpuscle corpuscle (kor´pus-l)

1. A small mass or body. 2. A blood cell.corpusculum [NA]; [L. corpusculum, dim. of corpus, body]
amniotic c. corpus amylaceum
amylaceous c. , amyloid c. corpus amylaceum
articular c.'s encapsulated nerve terminations within joint capsules.corpuscula articularia [NA];
axis c. , axile c. the central portion of a tactile c.
basal c. basal body
Bizzozero's c. platelet
blood c. blood cell
bone c. osteocyte
bridge c. desmosome
bulboid c.'s Krause's end bulbs, under bulb
cement c. a cementocyte contained within a lacuna or crypt of the cementum of a tooth; an entrapped cementoblast.
chyle c. a cell of the same appearance as a leukocyte, present in chyle.
colloid c. corpus amylaceum
colostrum c. one of numerous bodies present in the colostrum, supposed to be modified leukocytes containing fat droplets.Donné's c., galactoblast;
concentrated human red blood c. c. prepared from one or more preparations of whole human blood which are not more than 14 days old and each of which has already been directly matched with the blood of the intended recipient.
corneal c.'s connective tissue cells found between the laminae of fibrous tissue in the cornea.Toynbee's c.'s, Virchow's cells (2) , Virchow's c.'s;
Dogiel's c. an encapsulated sensory nerve ending.
Donné's c. colostrum c
dust c.'s hemoconia
Eichhorst's c.'s the globular forms sometimes occurring in the poikilocytosis of pernicious anemia.
exudation c. a cell present in an exudate that assists in the organization of new tissue.exudation cell, inflammatory c., plastic c;
genital c.'s special encapsulated nerve endings found in the skin of the genitalia and nipple.corpuscula genitalia [NA];
ghost c. achromocyte
Gluge's c.'s large pus cells containing fat droplets.
Golgi c. See Golgi-Mazzoni c.
Golgi-Mazzoni c. an encapsulated sensory nerve ending similar to a pacinian c. but simpler in structure.
Grandry's c.'s general sensory endings in the beak, mouth, and tongue of birds; similar to Merkel's c.'s.
Hassall's concentric c.'s thymic c
Herbst's c.'s tactile c.'s, resembling pacinian c.'s, but much smaller; found in birds.
inflammatory c. exudation c
Key-Retzius c.'s tactile c.'s, resembling pacinian c.'s, found in the beak of certain aquatic birds.
lamellated c.'s small oval bodies in the skin of the fingers, in the mesentery, tendons, and elsewhere, formed of concentric layers of connective tissue with a soft core in which the axon of a nerve fiber runs, splitting up into a number of fibrils that terminate in bulbous enlargements; they are sensitive to pressure.corpuscula lamellosa [NA] , pacinian c.'s, Vater's c.'s, Vater-Pacini c.'s;
lymph c. , lymphatic c. , lymphoid c. a mononuclear type of leukocyte formed in lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissue, and also in the blood.
malpighian c.'s 1. renal c 2. splenic lymph follicles, under follicle
Mazzoni c. a tactile c. apparently identical with Krause's end bulb. See also Golgi-Mazzoni c.
Meissner's c. tactile c
Merkel's c. tactile meniscus
Mexican hat c. See target cell anemia.
milk c. one of the fat droplets in milk.
molluscum c. molluscum body
Negri c.'s Negri bodies, under body
Norris' c.'s decolorized red blood cells that are invisible or almost invisible in the blood plasma, unless they are appropriately stained.
oval c. tactile c
pacchionian c.'s arachnoid granulations, under granulation
pacinian c.'s lamellated c.'s
pessary c. an elongated red blood cell with hemoglobin concentrated in the peripheral portion.
phantom c. achromocyte
plastic c. exudation c
Purkinje's c.'s Purkinje's cells, under cell
pus c. one of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes that comprise the chief portion of the formed elements in pus.pus cell, pyocyte;
Rainey's c.'s rounded, ovoidal, or sickle-shaped spores or bradyzoites, 12 to 16 by 4 to 9 mum, found within the elongated cysts (Miescher's tubes) of the protozoan Sarcocystis.
red c. erythrocyte
renal c. the tuft of glomerular capillaries and the capsula glomeruli that encloses it.corpusculum renis [NA] , malpighian c.'s (1);
reticulated c. reticulocyte
Ruffini's c.'s sensory end-structures in the subcutaneous connective tissues of the fingers, consisting of an ovoid capsule within which the sensory fiber ends with numerous collateral knobs.
salivary c. one of the leukocytes present in saliva.
Schwalbe's c. taste bud
shadow c. achromocyte
splenic c.'s splenic lymph follicles, under follicle
tactile c. one of numerous oval bodies found in the papillae of the skin, especially those of the fingers and toes; they consist of a connective tissue capsule in which the axon fibrils terminate around and between a pile of wedge-shaped epithelioid cells.corpusculum tactus [NA] , Meissner's c., oval c., touch c;
taste c. taste bud
terminal nerve c.'s generic term denoting specialized encapsulated nerve endings such as the articular, bulboid, genital, lamellated, and tactile c.'s, and the tactile meniscus.corpuscula nervosa terminalia [NA];
third c. platelet
thymic c. small spherical bodies of keratinized and usually squamous epithelial cells arranged in a concentric pattern around clusters of degenerating lymphocytes, eosinophils, and macrophages; found in the medulla of the lobules of the thymus.Hassall's bodies, Hassall's concentric c.'s, Virchow-Hassall bodies;
touch c. tactile c
Toynbee's c.'s corneal c.'s
Traube's c. achromocyte
Tröltsch's c.'s minute spaces, resembling c.'s, between the radial fibers of the drum membrane of the ear.
Valentin's c.'s small bodies, probably amyloid, found occasionally in nerve tissue.
Vater's c.'s lamellated c.'s
Vater-Pacini c.'s lamellated c.'s
Virchow's c.'s corneal c.'s
white c. any type of leukocyte.
Zimmermann's c. platelet

corpuscula corpuscula (kor-pus´kyu-la)

Plural of corpusculum.

corpuscular corpuscular (kor-pus´kyu-lar)

Relating to a corpuscle.

corpusculum corpusculum , pl. corpuscula (kor-pus´kyu-lum, -kyu-la) [NA]

corpuscle
corpus´cula articula´ria [NA] articular corpuscles, under corpuscle
corpus´cula bulboi´dea [NA] Krause's end bulbs, under bulb
corpus´cula genita´lia [NA] genital corpuscles, under corpuscle
corpus´cula lamello´sa [NA] lamellated corpuscles, under corpuscle
corpus´cula nervo´sa termina´lia [NA] terminal nerve corpuscles, under corpuscle
c. re´nis , pl. corpus´cula re´nis [NA] renal corpuscle
c. tac´tus , pl. corpus´cula tac´tus [NA] tactile corpuscle

correction correction (ko-rek´shun)

The act of reducing a fault; the elimination of an unfavorable quality.
occlusal c. 1. the c. of malocclusion, by whatever means is employed; 2. elimination of disharmony of occlusal contacts.
spontaneous c. of placenta previa the upward "migration" of the placenta away from the internal os by the differential growth rates of upper and lower uterine segments.

corrective corrective (ko-rek´tiv)

1. Counteracting, modifying, or changing what is injurious. 2. A drug that modifies or corrects an undesirable or injurious effect of another drug.corrigent; [L. cor-rigo (conr-), pp. -rectus, to set right, fr. rego, to keep straight]

correlation correlation (kor-e-la´shun)

1. The mutual or reciprocal relation of two or more items or parts. 2. The act of bringing into such a relation. 3. The degree to which variables change together.
product-moment c. a statistical procedure which yields the correlation coefficient referred to as r (-1.00 to +1.00) and involves the actual values, rather than the ranks (rank order) of the measurements.
rank-difference c. the relationship between paired series of measurements, each ranked according to magnitude, which yields a coefficient known as rho; the value of rho varies from zero (no relationship) to +1.00 (perfect relationship).

Correra's line Correra's line

See under line.

correspondence correspondence (kor-e-spon´dens)

In optics, those points on each retina that have the same visual direction.
abnormal c. anomalous c
anomalous c. abnormal c., a condition, frequent in strabismus, in which corresponding retinal points do not have the same visual direction; the fovea of one eye corresponds to an extrafoveal area of the fellow eye.abnormal c;
dysharmonious c. a type of anomalous retinal c. in which the angle of the visual direction of the two retinas is different than the objective angle of the strabismus.
harmonious c. a type of anomalous retinal c. in which the angle of the visual direction of the two retinas is equal to the objective angle of strabismus.

Corrigan Corrigan

Sir Dominic J., Irish pathologist and clinician, 1802-1880. See C.'s disease, pulse, sign.

corrigent corrigent (kor´i-jent)

corrective

corrin corrin (kor´in)

The cyclic system of four pyrrole rings forming corrinoids, which are the central structure of the vitamins B₁₂ and related compounds, differing from porphin (porphyrin) in that two of the pyrrole rings are directly linked (C-19 to C-1). [fr. core (of vitamin B₁₂ molecule)]

corrinoid corrinoid (kor´rin-oid)

A compound containing a corrin ring.

corrode corrode (ko-rod´)

To cause, or to be affected by, corrosion.

corrosion corrosion (ko-ro´shun)

1. Gradual deterioration or consummation of a substance by another, especially by biochemical or chemical reaction. Cf. erosion. 2. The product of corroding, such as rust. [L. cor-rodo (conr-), pp. -rosus, to gnaw]

corrosive corrosive (ko-ro´siv)

1. Causing corrosion. 2. An agent that produces corrosion; e.g., a strong acid or alkali.

corrugator corrugator (kor´u-ga-ter, -tor)

A muscle that draws together the skin, causing it to wrinkle. [L. cor-rugo (conr-), pp. -atus, to wrinkle, fr. ruga, a wrinkle]

cortex cortex , gen. corticis , pl. cortices (kor´teks, -ti-sis, -ti-sez) [NA]

The outer portion of an organ, such as the kidney, as distinguished from the inner, or medullary, portion. [L. bark]
adrenal c. suprarenal c
agranular c. See cerebral c.
association c. generic term denoting the large expanses of the cerebral c. that are not sensory or motor in the customary sense, but are involved in advanced stages of sensory information processing, multisensory integration, or sensorimotor integration. See also cerebral c.association areas;
auditory c. the region of the cerebral c. that receives the auditory radiation from the medial geniculate body, a thalamic cell group receiving auditory input from the cochlear nuclei in the rhombencephalon; it corresponds approximately to Brodmann's areas 41 and 42 and is tonotopically organized.auditory area;
cerebellar c. the thin gray surface layer of the cerebellum, consisting of an outer molecular layer or stratum moleculare, a single layer of Purkinje cells (the ganglionic layer), and an inner granular layer or stratum granulosum.c. cerebelli [NA];
c. cerebel´li [NA] cerebellar c
cerebral c. the gray cellular mantle (1 to 4 mm thick) covering the entire surface of the cerebral hemisphere of mammals; characterized by a laminar organization of cellular and fibrous components such that its nerve cells are stacked in defined layers varying in number from one, as in the archicortex of the hippocampus, to five or six in the larger neocortex; the outermost (molecular or plexiform) layer contains very few cell bodies and is composed largely of the distal ramifications of the long apical dendrites issued perpendicularly to the surface by pyramidal and fusiform cells in deeper layers. From the surface inward, the layers as classified in K. Brodmann's parcellation are: 1) molecular or plexiform layer; 2) outer granular layer; 3) pyramidal cell layer; 4) inner granular layer; 5) inner pyramidal layer (ganglionic layer); and 6) multiform cell layer, many of which are fusiform. This multilaminate organization is typical of the neocortex (homotypic c.; isocortex in O. Vogt's terminology), which in humans covers the largest part by far of the cerebral hemisphere. The more primordial heterotypic c. or allocortex (Vogt) has fewer cell layers. A form of c. intermediate between isocortex and allocortex, called juxtallocortex (Vogt) covers the ventral part of the cingulate gyrus and the entorhinal area of the parahippocampal gyrus.
On the basis of local differences in the arrangement of nerve cells (cytoarchitecture), Brodmann outlined 47 areas in the cerebral c. which, in functional terms, can be classified into three categories: motor c. (areas 4 and 6), characterized by a poorly developed inner granular layer (agranular c.) and prominent pyramidal cell layers; sensory c., characterized by a prominent inner granular layer (granular c. or koniocortex) and comprising the somatic sensory c. (areas 1 to 3), the auditory c. (areas 41 and 42), and the visual c. (areas 17 to 19); and association c., the vast remaining expanses of the cerebral c.c. cerebri [NA];
c. cer´ebri [NA] cerebral c
deep c. paracortex
dysgranular c. the region of the cerebral c. that is transitional between the agranular c. of the precentral gyrus and the granular frontal cortex (Brodmann's area 8).
fetal adrenal c. an extensive area of the adrenal gland present in primates during fetal life and for a short period after birth; located between the definitive cortex and the medulla, it contains large steroid-secreting cells arranged in a reticular pattern; involution of this zone in humans is largely completed by three months after birth.androgenic zone (2) , fetal reticularis (1) , fetal zone, provisional c;
frontal c. c. of the frontal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere; 1. originally, the entire cortical expanse anterior to the central sulcus, including the agranular motor and premotor c. (Brodmann's areas 4 and 6), the dysgranular c. (area 8), and the granular frontal (prefrontal) c. anterior to the latter; 2. now more often refers to the granular frontal (prefrontal) c.frontal area;
c. glan´dulae suprarena´lis [NA] suprarenal c
granular c. See cerebral c.
c. of hair shaft the principal structural component of the hair shaft, composed of closely packed fusiform keratinized cells and invested by the cuticula pili.
heterotypic c. allocortex
homotypic c. isocortex
insular c. insula (1)
laminated c. neocortex and allocortex.
c. of lens the softer, more superficial part of the lens of the eye that encloses the central part or nucleus; its refractive power is less than that of the nucleus.c. lentis [NA];
c. len´tis [NA] c. of lens
c. of lymph node the outer portion of the lymph node underneath its capsule, consisting of fibrous trabeculae separating densely packed masses of lymphocytes arranged in nodules and separated from the trabeculae and capsule by lymph sinuses.c. nodi lymphatici [NA];
motor c. the region of the cerebral c. most nearly immediately influencing movements of the face, neck and trunk, and arm and leg; it corresponds approximately to Brodmann's areas 4 and 6 of the precentral gyrus; its effects upon the motor neurons innervating the skeletal musculature are mediated by the pyramidal tract and are particularly essential for the human capacity to perform finely graded movements of arm and leg.excitable area, motor area, Rolando's area;
c. no´di lymphat´ici [NA] c. of lymph node
olfactory c. piriform c
orbitofrontal c. the cerebral c. covering the basal surface of the frontal lobes.fronto-orbital area;
c. ova´rii [NA] c. of ovary
c. of ovary the layer of the ovarian stroma lying immediately beneath the tunica albuginea, composed of connective tissue cells and fibers, among which are scattered primary and secondary (antral) follicles in various stages of development; the c. varies in thickness according to the age of the individual, becoming thinner with advancing years.c. ovarii [NA];
parastriate c. See visual c.
peristriate c. See visual c.
piriform c. the olfactory c., corresponding to the rostral half of the uncus; receiving its major afferents from the olfactory bulb, it is classified as allocortex. See also cerebral c.olfactory c., piriform area;
prefrontal c. See frontal c.
premotor c. a somewhat ill-defined term usually referring to the agranular cortex of Brodmann's area 6.premotor area;
primary visual c. See visual c.
provisional c. fetal adrenal c
renal c. the part of the kidney consisting of renal lobules in the outer zone beneath the capsule and also the lobules of the renal columns that are extensions inward between the pyramids; contains the renal corpuscles and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.c. renis [NA];
c. re´nis [NA] renal c
secondary sensory c. a cortical region occupying the parietal operculum (upper lip of the lateral sulcus) closely posterior to the foot of the postcentral gyrus; like the primary somatic-sensory c. of the postcentral gyrus, this region receives sensory impulses originating in face, trunk, and limbs; projections to the s.s.c. are from the ventral basal complex (ventral posteromedial and posterolateral thalamic nuclei) and from the primary somesthetic cortex.
secondary visual c. See visual c.
sensory c. formerly denoting specifically the somatic sensory c., but now used to refer collectively to the somatic sensory, auditory, visual, and olfactory regions of the cerebral c.
somatic sensory c. , somatosensory c. the region of the cerebral c. receiving the somatic sensory radiation from the ventrobasal nucleus of the thalamus; it represents the primary cortical processing mechanism for sensory information originating at the body surfaces (touch) and in deeper tissues such as muscle, tendons, and joint capsules (position sense); it corresponds approximately to Brodmann's areas 1, 2, 3 on the postcentral gyrus.somesthetic area;
striate c. See visual c.
supplementary motor c. a region from which, by electrical stimulation, the musculature of all bodily parts can be activated, as it also can by stimulation of the motor c. of the precentral gyrus; the region corresponds approximately to the expansion of Brodmann's area 6 over the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere; this area has largely a bilateral representation and is concerned primarily with tonic and postural motor activities.
suprarenal c. the outer part of the adrenal gland, consisting of three zones from without inward: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis; this part of the adrenal c. yields steroid hormones such as corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone, and estrone.c. glandulae suprarenalis [NA] , adrenal c;
temporal c. temporal lobe
tertiary c. paracortex
c. of thymus the outer part of a lobule of the thymus; it surrounds the medulla and is composed of masses of closely packed lymphocytes.
visual c. the region of the cerebral c. occupying the entire surface of the occipital lobe, and composed of Brodmann's areas 17 to 19. Area 17 (which is also called striate c. or area because the line of Gennari is grossly visible on its surface) is the primary visual c., receiving the visual radiation from the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus. The surrounding areas 18 (parastriate c. or area) and 19 (peristriate c. or area) are probably involved in subsequent steps of visual information processing; area 18 is referred to as the secondary visual c.visual area;

cortexolone cortexolone (kor-teks´o-lon)

17a,21-dihydroxy-pregn-4-ene-4,20-dione;a mineralocorticoid hormone from the adrenal cortex.

cortexone cortexone (kor-teks´on)

deoxycorticosterone

Corti Corti

Marquis Alfonso, Italian anatomist, 1822-1888. See C.'s arch, canal, cells, under cell, ganglion, membrane, organ, pillars, under pillar, rods, under rod, auditory teeth, under tooth, tunnel; pillar cells of C., under cell.

cortical cortical (kor´ti-kal)

Relating to a cortex.

corticalization corticalization (kor´ti-kal-i-za´shun)

In phylogenesis, the migration of function from subcortical centers to the cortex.encephalization, telencephalization;

corticalosteotomy corticalosteotomy (kor´ti-kal-os-te-ot´o-me)

An osteotomy through the cortex at the base of the dentoalveolar segment, which serves to weaken the resistance of the bone to the application of orthodontic forces.

corticectomy corticectomy (kor-ti-sek´to-me)

Removal of a specific portion of the cerebral cortex. [cortic- + G. ektome, excision]

cortices cortices (kor´ti-sez)

Plural of cortex.

corticifugal corticifugal (kor-ti-sif´yu-gal)

Passing in a direction away from the outer surface; denoting especially nerve fibers conveying impulses away from the cerebral cortex.corticoefferent, corticofugal; [L. cortex, rind, bark, + fugio, to flee]

corticipetal corticipetal (kor-ti-sip´e-tal)

Passing in a direction toward the outer surface; denoting nerve fibers conveying impulses toward the cerebral cortex.corticoafferent; [L. cortex, rind, bark, + peto, to seek]

corticoafferent corticoafferent (kor´ti-ko-af´er-ent)

corticipetal

corticobulbar corticobulbar (kor´ti-ko-bul´bar)

Corticofugal fibers projecting to the rhombencephalon that terminate 1) directly on some motor cranial nerve nuclei, 2) in the reticular formation, and 3) on sensory relay nuclei, such as the cuneate nucleus and gracile nucleus and the spinal trigeminal nucleus.

corticocerebellum corticocerebellum (kor´ti-ko-ser-e-bel´um)

neocerebellum

corticoefferent corticoefferent (kor´ti-ko-ef´er-ent)

corticifugal

corticofugal corticofugal (kor´ti-ko-fyu´gal)

corticifugal

corticoid corticoid (kor´ti-koyd)

1. Having an action similar to that of a hormone of the adrenal cortex. 2. Any substance exhibiting this action. 3. corticosteroid

corticoliberin corticoliberin (kor´ti-ko-lib´er-in)

corticotropin releasing hormonecorticotropin releasing factor (1); [corticosteroid + L. libero, to free, + -in]

corticomedial corticomedial (kor´ti-ko-me´de-al)

Cortical and medial; specifically used to refer to one of the two major cytological divisions of the amygdaloid complex. See corpus amygdaloideum.

corticosteroid corticosteroid (kor´ti-ko-ster´oyd)

A steroid produced by the adrenal cortex (i.e., adrenal corticoid); a corticoid containing a steroid.adrenocorticoid, corticoid (3) , cortin;

corticosterone corticosterone (kor-ti-kos´ter-on)

11beta,21-Dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione;a corticosteroid that induces some deposition of glycogen in the liver, sodium conservation, and potassium excretion; the principal glucocortoid in the rat.

corticothalamic corticothalamic (kor´ti-ko-thal´a-mik)

Pertaining to cortex and thalamus; the term is applied to fibers projecting from the cerebral cortex to the thalamus.

corticotroph corticotroph (kor´ti-ko-trof)

A cell of the adenohypophysis that produces adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

corticotropin corticotropin (kor´ti-ko-tro´pin)

1. adrenocorticotropic hormone 2. beta-corticotropin [G. trope, a turning]
c.-zinc hydroxide purified c. absorbed on zinc hydroxide; same uses as c. but with a prolonged duration of action.

beta-corticotropin beta-corticotropin

Acid- or pepsin-degraded beta-corticotropin.corticotropin (2);

Corticoviridae Corticoviridae (kor´ti-ko-vir´i-de)

Provisional name for a family of nonenveloped, ether-sensitive bacterial viruses of medium size, with a lipid-containing capsid and genome of cyclic, double-stranded DNA (MW 5 x 10⁶), which accounts for about 12% of virion weight.

cortin cortin (kor´tin)

corticosteroid

cortisol cortisol (kor´ti-sol)

hydrocortisone
c. acetate hydrocortisone acetate

cortisone cortisone (kor´ti-son)

17a,21-Dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,11,20-trione; 17a-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone;a glucocorticoid not normally secreted in significant quantities by the human adrenal cortex. Endogenously, it is probably a metabolite of hydrocortisone but exhibits no biological activity until converted to hydrocortisone (cortisol); it acts upon carbohydrate metabolism and influences the nutrition and growth of connective (collagenous) tissues.Wintersteiner compound F; [former acronym for corticosterone]

a-cortol a-cortol (kor´tol)

5beta-Pregnane-3a,11beta,17,20a,21-pentaol; the 5beta enantiomer of a-allocortol;a reduction product of cortisone, present in the urine, differing from cortisone in that the three keto groups are reduced to hydroxyls.

beta-cortol beta-cortol

a-Cortol with a 20beta-OH group; the 5beta enantiomer of beta-allocortol, found in urine.

a-cortolone a-cortolone (kor´to-lon)

3a,17a,20a,21-Tetrahydroxy-5beta-pregnane-11-one;the 5beta enantiomer of a-allocortolone; a reduction product of cortisone, present in the urine, differing from cortisone in that two of the keto groups (at positions 3 and 20) are reduced to hydroxyls.

beta-cortolone beta-cortolone

a-Cortolone with a 20beta-OH group; the 5beta enantiomer of beta-allocortolone, found in urine.

corundum corundum (ko-run´dum)

Native crystalline aluminum oxide. [Hind. kurand]

coruscation coruscation (kor-us-ka´shun)

Rarely used psychiatric term for a subjective sensation of a flash of light before the eyes. [L. corusco, to flash]

Corvisart des Marets Corvisart des Marets

Baron Jean N., French clinician, 1755-1821. See Corvisart's facies.

corylophyline corylophyline (kor-il-o-fI´len)

glucose oxidase

corymbiform corymbiform (ko-rim´bi-form)

Denoting the flower-like clustering configuration of skin lesions in granulomatous diseases (e.g., syphilis, tuberculosis). [L. corymbus, cluster, garland]

corynebacteria corynebacteria (ko-rI´ne-bak-ter´e-a)

Plural of corynebacterium.

corynebacteriophage corynebacteriophage (ko-rI´ne-bak-ter´e-o-faj)

Any one of the bacteriophages specific for corynebacteria.
beta c. a DNA-containing bacteriophage that induces toxigenicity in strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae that are lysogenic for its prophage.beta phage;

Corynebacterium Corynebacterium (ko-rI´ne-bak-ter´e-um)

A genus of nonmotile (except for some plant pathogens), aerobic to anaerobic bacteria (family Corynebacteriaceae) containing irregularly staining, Gram-positive, straight to slightly curved, often club-shaped rods which, as a result of snapping division, show a picket fence arrangement. These organisms are widely distributed in nature. The best known species are parasites and pathogens of humans and domestic animals. The type species is C. diphtheriae. [G. coryne, a club, + bacterium, a small rod]
C. ac´nes former name for Propionibacterium acnes.
C. bo´vis a nonpathogenic species of bacteria found in freshly drawn cow's milk.
C. diphthe´riae a species that causes diphtheria and produces a powerful exotoxin causing degeneration of various tissues, notably myocardium, in man and experimental animals and catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor II; virulent strains of this organism are lysogenic; it is commonly found in membranes in the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and nose in cases of diphtheria; it is also found in apparently healthy pharynx and nose in carriers, and is occasionally found in the conjunctiva and in superficial wounds; it occasionally infects the nasal passages and wounds of horses; it is the type species of the genus C.Klebs-Loeffler bacillus, Loeffler's bacillus;
C. enzy´micum a species found in human lungs, blood, and joints; pathogenic for laboratory animals.
C. e´qui Rhodococcus equi
C. haemoly´ticum former name for Arcanobacterium haemolyticum.
C. hofman´nii former name for C. pseudodiphtheriticum.
C. kut´scheri a species pathogenic to mice.
C. minutis´simum a species that causes erythrasma in humans.
C. murisep´ticum a species which causes septicemia in mice.
C. o´vis former name for C. pseudotuberculosis.
C. par´vum former name for Propionibacterium acnes.
C. pho´cae a species found in an erysipelas occurring in the transition between the corium and the blubber of seals.
C. pseudodiphtherit´icum a nonpathogenic species found in normal throats.Hofmann's bacillus;
C. pseudotuberculo´sis a species found in necrotic areas in sheep kidney, in caseous lymphadenitis in sheep, and in ulcerative lesions in horses, cattle, and other warm-blooded animals.Preisz-Nocard bacillus;
C. pyog´enes a species which is probably the most frequently occurring pyogenic organism in cattle, swine, and sheep but which is not pathogenic for man; it produces a toxin and a heat-labile hemolysin and is frequently found alone, or with other bacteria, in a great variety of suppurative processes.Actinomyces pyogenes;
C. rena´le a species of bacteria which occurs in purulent infections of the urinary tract in cattle, sheep, horses, and dogs; is pathogenic to laboratory animals; causes ulcerative posthitis in sheep and goats.
C. stria´tum a species found in nasal mucus and in the throat; also found in udders of cows with mastitis; pathogenic to laboratory animals.
C. xero´sis a species found in normal and diseased conjunctiva; there is no evidence that this organism is pathogenic.

corynebacterium corynebacterium , pl. corynebacteria (ko-rI´ne-bak-ter´e-um, -a)

A vernacular term used to refer to any member of the genus Corynebacterium.

coryza coryza (ko-rI´za)

acute rhinitis [G.]
allergic c. a rhinitis in an allergic individual due to the presence of an agent to which he is hypersensitive.
infectious c. an acute respiratory disease of chickens caused by the bacterium Haemophilus paragallinarum and characterized by nasal discharge, sneezing, and swelling of the face under the eyes; also occurs in pheasants, guinea fowl, and turkeys.

Coryzavirus Coryzavirus (ko-rI´za-vI´rus)

Former name for Rhinovirus.

cosmesis cosmesis (koz-me´sis)

A concern in therapeutics, especially in surgical operations, for the appearance of the patient; i.e., a resort to an operation which will improve the appearance. [G. kosmesis, an adorning, fr. kosmeo, to order, arrange, adorn, fr. kosmos, order]

cosmetic cosmetic (koz-met´ik)

1. Relating to cosmesis. 2. Relating to the use of cosmetics.

cosmetics cosmetics (koz-met´iks)

Composite term for a variety of camouflages applied to the skin, lips, hair, and nails for purposes of beautifying in accordance with cultural dictates.

cosmid cosmid (koz´mid)

A recombinantly engineered plasmid, a circular DNA containing in order: a plasmid origin of replication and a drug-resistance marker, the cos (cohesive end) site from bacteriophage lambda, and a fragment of eukaryotic DNA to be cloned; c.'s are constructed to permit cloning of fragments of up to about 40,000 base pairs in length, with one or more unique restriction sites being necessary to facilitate cloning.

cosmopolitan cosmopolitan (koz-mo-pol´i-tan)

In the biological sciences, a term denoting worldwide distribution. [G. kosmos, universe, + polis, city-state]

costa costa , gen and pl. costae (kos´ta, -te)

1. [NA] Rib 2. A rodlike internal supporting organelle that runs along the base of the undulating membrane of certain flagellate parasites such as Trichomonas.basal rod; [L.]
c. cervica´lis [NA] cervical rib
cos´tae fluctuan´tes floating ribs, under rib
cos´tae fluitan´tes [NA] floating ribs, under rib
cos´tae spu´riae [NA] false ribs, under rib
cos´tae ve´rae [NA] true ribs, under rib

costal costal (kos´tal)

Relating to a rib.

costalgia costalgia (kos-tal´je-a)

pleurodynia [L. costa, rib, + G. algos, pain]

costectomy costectomy (kos-tek´to-me)

Excision of a rib. [L. costa, rib, + G. ektome, excision]

Costen Costen

James B., U.S. otolaryngologist, 1895-1962. See C.'s syndrome.

costicartilage costicartilage (kos-ti-kar´ti-lij)

costal cartilage

costiform costiform (kos´ti-form)

Rib-shaped. [L. costa, rib, + forma, form]

costive costive (kos´tiv)

Pertaining to or causing constipation. [contraction from L. constipo, to press together]

costiveness costiveness (kos´tiv-ness)

constipation

costo- costo-

The ribs. [L. costa, rib]

costocentral costocentral (kos-to-sen´tral)

costovertebral

costochondral costochondral (kos-to-kon´dral)

Relating to the costal cartilages.chondrocostal;

costochondritis costochondritis (kos´to-kon-drI´tis)

Inflammation of one or more costal cartilages, characterized by local tenderness and pain of the anterior chest wall that may radiate, but without the local swelling typical of Tietze's syndrome.costal chondritis; [costo- + G. chondros, cartilage, + -itis, inflammation]

costoclavicular costoclavicular (kos-to-kla-vik´yu-lar)

Relating to the ribs and the clavicle.

costocoracoid costocoracoid (kos-to-kor´a-koyd)

Relating to the ribs and the coracoid process of the scapula.

costogenic costogenic (kos-to-jen´ik)

Arising from a rib.

costoinferior costoinferior (kos-to-in-fer´e-or)

Relating to the lower ribs.

costoscapular costoscapular (kos-to-skap´yu-lar)

Relating to the ribs and the scapula.

costoscapularis costoscapularis (kos-to-skap-yu-la´ris)

serratus anterior muscle

costosternal costosternal (kos-to-ster´nal)

Pertaining to the ribs and the sternum.

costosternoplasty costosternoplasty (kos-to-ster´no-plas-te)

Operation to correct a malformation of the anterior chest wall. [costo- + G. sternon, chest, + plastos, formed]

costosuperior costosuperior (kos-to-su-per´e-or)

Relating to the upper ribs.

costotome costotome (kos´to-tom)

An instrument, knife or shears, designed for cutting through a rib.

costotomy costotomy (kos-tot´o-me)

Division of a rib. [costo- + G. tome, a cutting]

costotransverse costotransverse (kos-to-trans-vers´)

Relating to the ribs and the transverse processes of the vertebrae articulating with them.transversocostal;

costotransversectomy costotransversectomy (kos´to-tranz-ver-sek´to-me)

Excision of a proximal portion of a rib and the articulating transverse process.

costovertebral costovertebral (kos-to-ver´te-bral)

Relating to the ribs and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae with which they articulate.costocentral, vertebrocostal (1);

costoxiphoid costoxiphoid (kos-to-zI´foyd)

Relating to the ribs and the xiphoid cartilage of the sternum.

cosubstrate cosubstrate (ko-sub´strat)

The second or other substrate of a multisubstrate enzyme; often, specifically refers to the coenzyme.

cosyntropin cosyntropin (ko-sin-tro´pin)

a^ACTH; ²⁴- or beta^1-24-corticotropin; tetracosactrin;a synthetic corticotrophic agent, comprising the first 24 amino acid residues of human ACTH, which sequence is found in several other species and which retains the full biologic activity of the complete ACTH; the remaining 15 residues differ among species and confer specific immunologic properties.tetracosactide, tetracosactin;

Cotard Cotard

Jules, French neurologist, 1840-1887. See C.'s syndrome.

cotarnine cotarnine (ko-tar´nen)

An alkaloidal principle, C₁₂H₁₅NO₄, derived from narcotine by oxidation; an astringent. [anagram of narcotine]

COTe COTe

Abbreviation of cathodal opening tetanus.

cotinine cotinine (ko´ti-nen)

1-Methyl-5-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrrolidinone;one of the major detoxication products of nicotine; eliminated rapidly and completely by the kidneys. [anagram of nicotine]

cotranslational cotranslational (ko´tranz-la´shun-al)

Any process involving the maturation or delivery of a protein that occurs during the process of translation.

cotransport cotransport (ko-trans´port)

The transport of one substance across a membrane, coupled with the simultaneous transport of another substance across the same membrane in the same direction.

Cotte Cotte

Gaston, French surgeon, 1879-1951. See C.'s operation.

Cotton Cotton

Frank A., U.S. chemist, *1930. See C. effect.

cotton cotton (kot´un)

The white, fluffy, fibrous covering of the seeds of a plant of the genus Gossypium (family Malvaceae); used extensively in surgical dressings. [Ar. qútun]
absorbent c. c. from which all fatty matter has been extracted, so that it readily takes up fluids.
purified c. absorbent c. in which the hairs of the seed of varieties of Gossypium and other allied species are freed from adhering impurities, deprived of fatty matter, bleached, and sterilized; used for tampons, etc.
soluble gun c. pyroxylin
styptic c. absorbent c. wet with a dilute solution of ferric chloride, and then dried; applied locally as a hemostatic.

cottonpox cottonpox (kot´un-poks)

Obsolete name for variola minor.

cottonseed oil cottonseed oil (kot´un-sed)

The refined fixed oil obtained from the seed of cultivated plants of various varieties of Gossypium hirsutum or of other species of Gossypium (family Malvaceae); a solvent.

Cotunnius Cotunnius , Cotugno

Domenico, Italian anatomist, 1736-1822. See C.'s aqueduct, canal; C. disease; C.'s liquid, space; aqueductus cotunnii; liquor cotunnii.

cotyle cotyle (kot´i-le)

1. Any cup-shaped structure. 2. acetabulum [G. kotyle, anything hollow, the cup or socket of a joint]

cotyledon cotyledon (kot-i-le´don)

1. See maternal c., fetal c. 2. In plants, a seed leaf, the first leaf to grow from a seed. 3. A placental unit. See maternal c. [G. kotyledon, any cup-shaped hollow]
fetal c. a unit of the fetal placenta supplied by the vessels of a stem villus; several such c.'s may occur between two placental septa; traditionally called embryologists' c.
maternal c. a unit of the placenta made up of trophoblastic cells, fibrous tissue, and abundant blood vessels, which is visible grossly on the maternal surface as an irregularly shaped lobe circumscribed by a deep cleft and made up of a stem villus with numerous branching free villi and anchoring villi; placental vessels in the chorionic plate supply the stem villus and its branches, allowing gas and metabolite exchange across the trophoblastic layer with maternal blood in the intervillous space; traditionally called clinicians' c.

Cotylogonimus Cotylogonimus (kot-i-lo-gon´i-mus)

A group of heterophyid flukes, now properly included in the genus Heterophyes. [G. kotyle, cup, + gonimos, productive]

cotyloid cotyloid (kot´i-loyd)

1. Cup-shaped; cuplike. 2. Relating to the cotyloid cavity or acetabulum. [G. kotyle, a small cup, + eidos, appearance]

couching couching (kowch´ing)

An obsolete operation for cataract, consisting of displacement of the lens into the vitreous cavity out of the line of vision. [Fr. coucher, to lay down, to put to bed]

cough cough (kawf)

1. A sudden explosive forcing of air through the glottis, occurring immediately on opening the previously closed glottis, and excited by mechanical or chemical irritation of the trachea or bronchi, or by pressure from adjacent structures. 2. To force air through the glottis by a series of expiratory efforts. [echoic]
aneurysmal c. c. due to impingement of an aortic aneurysm on the recurrent laryngeal nerve or other nearby structures.
brassy c. loud metallic barking c. caused by subglottic edema.
kennel c. an imprecise term which has been used for a number of diseases in dogs which are characterized by bronchitis and caused by a variety of infectious agents.
privet c. an allergic c., occurring in China during May and June, supposed to be caused by inhalation of the pollen of a species of privet (Lingustrum); it is analogous to the laurel fever seen in New England.
reflex c. a c. excited reflexly by irritation in some distant part, as the ear or the stomach.
weaver's c. obsolete term for c., dyspnea, and sense of constriction of the chest, caused in persons working with mildewed yarns.
whooping c. pertussis

coulomb (C, Q) coulomb (C, Q) (ku-lom´)

The unit of electrical charge, equal to 3 x 10⁹ electrostatic units; the quantity of electricity delivered by a current of 1 ampere in 1 second; equal to 1/96,485 faraday. [C. A. de Coulomb, Fr. physicist, 1736-1806]

coumaranone coumaranone (ku-mar´a-non)

3(2H)-Benzofuranone;the basis of many plant products; e.g., aurone.

coumaric anhydride coumaric anhydride (ku-ma´rik)

coumarin

coumarin coumarin (ku´ma-rin)

ortho-oxycinnamic anhydride; 2H-1-benzopyran-2-one;a fragrant neutral principle obtained from the Tonka bean, Dypterix odorata, and made synthetically from salicylic aldehyde; it is used to disguise unpleasant odors.coumaric anhydride, cumarin; [coumarou, native name of Tonka bean]

coumetarol coumetarol (ku-met´a-rol)

3,3´-(2-methoxyethylidene)bis(4-hydroxycoumarin);an oral anticoagulant.cumetharol, cumethoxaethane;

Councilman Councilman

William T., U.S. pathologist, 1854-1933. See C. body; C.'s lesion.

Councilmania Councilmania (kown-sil-man´e-a)

Obsolete generic term for a group of amebas now recognized as Entamoeba. [W. Councilman]

counseling counseling (kown´sel-ing)

A professional relationship and activity in which one person endeavors to help another to understand and to solve his or her adjustment problems; the giving of advice, opinion, and instruction to direct the judgment or conduct of another. See psychotherapy. [L. consilium, deliberation]
genetic c. the process whereby an expert in hereditary disorders provides information about risk and clinical burden of a disorder or disorders to patients or relatives in families with genetic disorders as an aid to making informed and responsible decisions about marriage, children, early diagnosis, and handling disability.
marital c. the process whereby a trained counselor assists married couples to resolve problems that arise and trouble them in their relationship; husband and wife are seen by the same counselor in separate and joint c. sessions focusing on immediate family problems.
pastoral c. the use of psychotherapeutic methods by members of the clergy, members of a religious community, and/or lay therapists for parishioners seeking help with personal problems.

count count (kownt)

1. A reckoning, enumeration, or accounting. 2. To enumerate or score.
Addis c. a quantitative enumeration of the red blood c., white blood c., and casts in a 12-hr urine specimen; used to follow the progress of known renal disease.
Arneth c. the percentage distribution of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, based on the number of lobes in the nuclei (from 1 to 5). See also Arneth index.
blood c. See blood count.
epidermal ridge c. an index of the frequency of sweat pores on the fingertips by enumeration along a set of arbitrarily defined lines; a classic example of a galtonian trait determined almost exclusively by genetic factors.
filament-nonfilament c. a differential c. of the number of neutrophils showing nuclear division and those showing no such division.
total cell c. number of cells in a given area or volume.
viable cell c. number of cells in a given area or volume that are thriving.

counter counter (kown´ter)

A device that counts.
automated differential leukocyte c. an instrument using digital imaging or cytochemical techniques to differentiate leukocytes.
electronic cell c. an automatic blood cell c. in which cells passing through an aperture alter resistance and are counted as voltage pulses, or in which cells passing through a flow cell deflect light; some types of c. are capable of multiple simultaneous measurements on each blood sample; e.g., leukocyte count, red cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red cell indices.
Geiger-Müller c. an instrument for measuring radioactivity by counting the emission of radioactive particles; it consists of a metallic cylinder, negatively charged, in a tube containing a fine, positively charged wire at its center; radiations produce ionization of the gas molecules between the cylinder and the wire and result in an electrical discharge independent of the energy of the impinging particle or ray.
proportional c. a Geiger-Müller c. operating in the voltage range and under conditions in which pulse height is proportional to the energy of the particles or rays being counted, thus making discrimination between particles or rays of different energies possible.
scintillation c. an instrument used for the detection of radioactivity; the radiation is absorbed by a scintillator (a crystal or a compound, such as POPOP, in solution) which results in minute flashes of light that are detected by a photocathode. The resultant electron emission is amplified by a photomultiplier and an amplifier.scintillometer, spinthariscope;
well c. a scintillation crystal shaped with a central hole to receive a small sample, plus associated detector and electronics.
whole-body c. shielding and instrumentation, usually involving more than one detector, designed to evaluate the total-body burden of various gamma-emitting nuclides.

counter- counter-

Opposite, opposed, against. See also contra-. [L. contra, against]

counterbalancing counterbalancing (kown-ter-bal´an-sing)

A procedure in behavorial research for distributing unwanted but unavoidable influences equally among the different experimental conditions or subjects.

counterconditioning counterconditioning (kown´ter-kon-dish´un-ing)

Any of a group of specific behavior therapy techniques in which a second conditioned response (e.g., approaching or even touching a snake) is introduced for the express purpose of counteracting or nullifying a previously conditioned or learned response (fear and avoidance of snakes).

countercurrent countercurrent (kown´ter-ker´ent)

1. Flowing in an opposite direction. 2. A current flowing in a direction opposite to another current.

countercurrent exchanger countercurrent exchanger

A system in which heat or chemicals passively diffuse across a membrane separating two c.e. streams so that at each end the fluid leaving along one side of the membrane nearly resembles, in temperature or composition, the fluid entering the other; e.g., the venae comites in the arms serve as a c.e. exchanger, the arterial blood serving to rewarm the cooler venous blood.

countercurrent multiplier countercurrent multiplier

A system in which energy is used to transport material across a membrane separating two c.m. tubes connected at one end to form a hairpin shape; by this means a concentration can be achieved in the fluid in the hairpin bend, relative to the inflow and outflow fluids, that is much greater than the transport mechanism could produce between the two sides of the membrane at any point; e.g., the nephronic loops in the renal medulla act as c.m.'s.

counterdie counterdie (kown´ter-dI)

The reverse image of a die, usually made of a softer and lower fusing metal than the die.

counterextension counterextension (kown´ter-eks-ten´shun)

countertraction

counterimmunoelectrophoresis counterimmunoelectrophoresis (kown´ter-im´yu-no-e-lek´tro-fo-re´sis)

A modification of immunoelectrophoresis in which antigen (e.g., serum containing hepatitis B virus) is placed in wells cut in the sheet of agar gel toward the cathode, and antiserum is placed in wells toward the anode; antigen and antibody, moving in opposite directions, form precipitates in the area between the cells where they meet in concentrations of optimal proportions.

counterincision counterincision (kown´ter-in-sizh´un)

A second incision adjacent to a primary incision.

counterinvestment counterinvestment (kown´ter-in-vest´ment)

anticathexis

counterirritant counterirritant (kown-ter-ir´i-tant)

1. An agent that causes irritation or a mild inflammation of the skin in order to relieve symptoms of a deep-seated inflammatory process. 2. Relating to or producing counterirritation.

counterirritation counterirritation (kown´ter-ir-i-ta´shun)

Irritation or mild inflammation (redness, vesication, or pustulation) of the skin excited for the purpose of relieving symptoms of an inflammation of the deeper structures.revulsion (1);

counteropening counteropening (kown´ter-o-pen-ing)

A second opening made at the dependent part of an abscess or other cavity containing fluid, which is not draining satisfactorily through an opening previously made.contra-aperture, counterpuncture;

counterphobic counterphobic (kown-ter-fo´bik)

1. Denoting a state of actual preference, on the part of a phobic person, for the very situation of which he is afraid. 2. Opposed to the phobic impulse, as in c. mastery of a feared action by repeated engagement in the action.

counterpulsation counterpulsation (kown´ter-pul-sa´shun)

A means of assisting the failing heart by automatically removing arterial blood just before and during ventricular ejection and returning it to the circulation during diastole; a balloon catheter is inserted into the aorta and activated by an automatic mechanism triggered by the ECG.
intra-aortic balloon c. rhythmic inflation and deflation of a catheter-borne balloon placed in the aorta distal to the aortic valve to facilitate ejection during systole and to limit regurgitation during diastole by the appropriate application of pressures. Usually an emergency treatment for cardiogenic shock or for intractable angina.

counterpuncture counterpuncture (kown´ter-punk-chur)

counteropening

countershock countershock (kown´ter-shok)

An electric shock applied to the heart to terminate a disturbance of its rhythm.

counterstain counterstain (kown´ter-stan)

A second stain of different color, having affinity for tissues, cells, or parts of cells other than those taking the primary stain, used to render more distinct the parts taking the first stain.

countertraction countertraction (kown-ter-trak´shun)

The resistance, or back-pull, made to traction or pulling on a limb; e.g., in the case of traction made on the leg, c. may be effected by raising the foot of the bed so that the weight of the body pulls against the weight attached to the limb.counterextension;

countertransference countertransference (kown´ter-trans-fer´ens)

In psychoanalysis, the analyst's transference (often unconscious) toward the patient of his emotional needs and feelings, with personal involvement to the detriment of the desired objective analyst-patient relationship.

countertransport countertransport (kown-ter-tranz´port)

The transport of one substance across a membrane, coupled with the simultaneous transport of another substance across the same membrane in the opposite direction.

coup de sabre coup de sabre (ku-de-sahb´)

Linear scleroderma found over the scalp with scarring alopecia, face, or forehead. [Fr. stroke of a sword]

couple couple (ku´pl)

To copulate; to perform coitus; said especially of the lower animals.

coupling coupling (kup´ling)

1. Usually the result of the repeated pairing of a normal sinus beat with a ventricular extrasystole. 2. See coupling phase. 3. A condition in which one or more products of a reaction are the subsequent reactants (or substrates) of a second reaction.
constant c. fixed c
fixed c. where several premature beats are seen, the interval between each of them and the preceding normal beat is constant.constant c;
variable c. where several extrasystoles are seen, the interval between each of them and the preceding sinus beat varies.

Courvoisier Courvoisier

Ludwig G., French surgeon, 1843-1918. See C.'s law, sign, gallbladder.

couvade couvade (ku-vahd´)

A primitive custom in certain cultures in which a man develops labor pains while his wife is in labor and then submits to the same postpartum purification rites and taboos. [Fr. couver, to hatch]

Couvelaire Couvelaire

Alexandre, French obstetrician, 1873-1948. See C. uterus.

couvercle couvercle (ku-ver´kl)

Rarely used term for an external coagulum, especially a blood clot formed extravascularly. [Fr. cover, lid]

covalent covalent (ko-val´ent)

Denoting an interatomic bond characterized by the sharing of 2, 4, or 6 electrons.

coverage coverage

A measure of the extent to which the services rendered cover the potential need for these services in a community; applied specifically to such services as immunization in developing countries.

covering covering (kov´er-ing)

A surrounding layer; something that covers or encloses, forming an outer layer. See also tunica.
c.'s of spermatic cord c.'s of the spermatic cord, including external and internal spermatic fasciae, and cremasteric muscle and fascia.tunicae funiculi spermatici [NA];

coverslip coverslip (kuv´er-slip)

cover glass

cow cow (kow)

1. A generator for short-lived isotopes based upon successively eluting or otherwise separating ("milking") a short-lived radioactive daughter from a longer-lived parent; e.g., ^99mTc from ⁹⁹Mo, ^113mIn from ¹¹³Sn. 2. The mature female of domestic cattle (genus Bos); also the mature female of certain other animals such as buffalo, elephant, and whale.
downer c. a recumbent c. that has failed to respond to treatment for its disease.

Cowden Cowden

Surname of the family from which the condition subsequently known as Cowden's disease was first reported.

Cowdria ruminantium Cowdria ruminantium (kow´dre-a ru-mi-nan´te-um)

The rickettsial species causing heartwater in cattle, sheep, and goats in Sub-Saharan Africa and several islands in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans and in the Caribbean, transmitted by ticks of the genus Amblyomma. [E.V. Cowdry]

cowdriosis cowdriosis (kow-dre-o´sis)

heartwater

Cowdry Cowdry

Edmund Vincent, U.S. cytologist, 1888-1975. See C.'s type A inclusion bodies, under body, type B inclusion bodies, under body.

cowl cowl

See caul.

Cowling's rule Cowling's rule

See under rule.

Cowper Cowper

William, English anatomist, 1666-1709. See cowperitis; C.'s cyst, gland, ligament.

cowperian cowperian (kow-per´e-an)

Relating to or described by Cowper.

cowperitis cowperitis (kow-per-I´tis)

Inflammation of Cowper's gland.

cowpox cowpox (kow´poks)

A disease of milk cows, usually confined to the udder and teats, caused by the cowpox virus, a member of the family Poxviridae, but clinically indistinguishable from bovine vaccinia mammillitis caused by the vaccinia virus.

coxa coxa , gen and pl. coxae (kok´sa, -se)

1. hip bone 2. hip joint [L]
c. adduc´ta c. vara
false c. va´ra approximation of the head of the femur to the shaft, due not to deformity of the neck of the femur, but to curvature of the shaft.
c. mag´na enlargement and often deformation of femoral head; usually refers to a sequela of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease or osteoarthritis.
c. pla´na Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease
c. val´ga alteration of the angle made by the axis of the femoral neck to the axis of the femoral shaft, so that the angle exceeds 135°; the femoral neck is in more of a straight-line relationship to the shaft of the femur.
c. va´ra alteration of the angle made by the axis of the femoral neck to the axis of the femoral shaft so that the angle is less than 135°; the femoral neck becomes more horizontal.c. adducta;
c. va´ra lux´ans c. vara with dislocation of the femoral head.

coxalgia coxalgia (koks-al´je-a)

coxodynia [L. coxa, hip, + G. algos, pain]

Coxiella Coxiella (kok-se-el´a)

A genus of filterable bacteria (order Rickettsiales) containing small, pleomorphic, rod-shaped or coccoid, Gram-negative cells which occur intracellularly in the cytoplasm of infected cells and possibly extracellularly in infected ticks. These organisms have not been cultivated in cell-free media; they are parasitic on man and other animals. The type species is C. burnetii. [H. R. Cox, U.S. bacteriologist, *1907]
C. burnet´ii a species that causes Q fever in man; it is more resistant than other rickettsiae and may be passed via aerosols as well as living vectors. Acute pneumonia and chronic endocarditis are also associated with this species. The type species of the genus Coxiella.

coxitis coxitis (koks-I´tis)

Inflammation of the hip.

coxodynia coxodynia (koks-o-din´e-a)

Pain in the hip joint.coxalgia; [L. coxa, hip, + G. odyne, pain]

coxofemoral coxofemoral (kok-so-fem´o-ral)

Relating to the hip bone and the femur.

coxotomy coxotomy (koks-ot´o-me)

Obsolete term for incision into the hip joint. [L. coxa, hip, + G. tome, cutting]

coxotuberculosis coxotuberculosis (koks´o-tu-ber-kyu-lo´sis)

Tuberculous hip-joint disease.

Coxsackievirus Coxsackievirus (kok-sax´e-vI´rus)

A group of picornaviruses, included in the genus Enterovirus, of spherical shape and about 28 nm in diameter, causing myositis, paralysis, and death in young mice, and responsible for a variety of diseases in man, although inapparent infections are common. They are divided antigenically into two groups, A and B, each of which includes a number of serological types, e.g., Enterovirus coxsackie A1 to 24 and Enterovirus coxsackie B1 to 6. Type A viruses cause human herpangina and hand-foot-and-mouth disease; type B viruses cause epidemic pleurodynia; both type viruses may cause aseptic meningitis, myocarditis and pericarditis, and acute onset juvenile diabetes. [Coxsackie, N.Y., where first isolated]

cozymase cozymase (ko-zI´mas)

Former name for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

c.p. c.p.

Abbreviation for chemically pure.

CPAP CPAP

Abbreviation for continuous positive airway pressure.

CPEO CPEO

Acronym for chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia.

C-peptide C-peptide

The 30 amino-acid chain that connects the A and B chains of insulin in proinsulin; removed in the conversion of proinsulin to insulin.C chain;

CPK CPK

Abbreviation for creatine phosphokinase.

CPM CPM

Abbreviation for continuous passive motion.

cpm cpm

Abbreviation for counts per minute.

CPPB CPPB

Abbreviation for continuous positive pressure breathing.

CPPD CPPD

Abbreviation for calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease.

CPPV CPPV

Abbreviation for continuous positive pressure ventilation.

CPR CPR

Abbreviation for cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

cps cps

Abbreviation for cycles per second.

CR CR

Abbreviation for conditioned reflex; crown-rump length.

Cr Cr

1. Symbol for chromium. 2. Abbreviation for creatinine.

crab crab (krab)

1. A crustacean, many varieties of which are edible. 2. An insect, the crab louse, Pthirus pubis.

Crabtree Crabtree

Herbert G., 20th century English physician and biochemist. See C. effect.

crack crack

See crack cocaine. [slang]

crackle crackle (krak´l)

Short, sharp, or rough sounds heard with a stethoscope over the chest. Most often heard in pleurisy with fibrinous exudate. [echoic]

cradle cradle (kra´dl)

A frame used to keep bedclothes from coming in contact with an injured patient. [M.E. cradel]

Crafoord Crafoord

Clarence, Swedish surgeon, *1899. See C. clamp.

Craigia Craigia (kra´ge-a)

Obsolete generic term for a group of amebas now recognized as Entamoeba. [C. Craig]

Cramer Cramer

Friedrich, German surgeon, 1847-1903. See C. wire splint.

cramp cramp (kramp)

1. A painful muscle spasm caused by prolonged tetanic contraction. 2. A localized muscle spasm related to occupational use, qualified according to the occupation of the sufferer; e.g., seamstress's c., writer's c. [M.E. crampe, fr. O. Fr., fr. Germanic]
accessory c. torticollis
heat c.'s muscle spasms induced by severe exertion in intense heat, accompanied by considerable pain; sometimes related to salt deficiency, hyperventilation, or overindulgence in alcohol.myalgia thermica;
intermittent c. 1. tetany 2. benign tetanus
miner's c.'s c.'s caused by excessive salt loss through perspiration.stoker's c.'s;
musician's c. an occupational dystonia, affecting those who play on musical instruments, and named usually according to the instrument played upon.
pianist's c. , piano-player's c. an occupational dystonia affecting the muscles of the fingers and forearms in piano players.
Scotch c. recurrent tetany
seamstress's c. an occupational dystonia occurring in the fingers of women who sew.sewing spasm;
shaving c. an occupational dystonia affecting the hands and fingers of barbers.keirospasm, xyrospasm;
stoker's c.'s miner's c.'s
tailor's c. an occupational dystonia affecting the forearms and hands of tailors.tailor's spasm;
typist's c. an occupational dystonia affecting chiefly the long flexor muscles of the hands of typists.
violinist's c. a occupational dystonia affecting the digits of the fingering hand, or sometimes the bowing arm, in violin players.
waiter's c. an occupational dystonia characterized by spasm of the muscles of the back and dominant arm in persons who wait tables.
watchmaker's c. an occupational dystonia characterized by spasm of the orbicularis palpebrarum muscle from holding the lens to the eye and spasm of the muscles of the hand from performing the delicate movements of watch repairing.
writer's c. an occupation dystonia affecting chiefly the muscles of the thumb and two adjoining fingers of the writing hand, induced by excessive use of a writing instrument.dysgraphia (2) , graphospasm, mogigraphia, scrivener's palsy;

Crampton Crampton

Sir Philip, Irish surgeon, 1777-1858. See C.'s line, muscle.

Crampton Crampton

Charles Ward, U.S. physician, *1877. See C. test.

Crandall's syndrome Crandall's syndrome

See under syndrome.

crani- crani-

See cranio-.

crania crania (kra´ne-a)

Plural of cranium.

craniad craniad (kra´ne-ad)

Situated nearer the head in relation to a specific reference point; opposite of caudad. See also superior.

cranial cranial (kra´ne-al)

1. Relating to the cranium or head.cranialis [NA] , cephalic; See also cephalad. 2. superior (2)

cranialis cranialis (kra-ne-a´lis) [NA]

cranial (1)

craniamphitomy craniamphitomy (kra-ne-am-fit´o-me)

A decompression operation in which the entire circumference of the calvarium is divided. [G. kranion, skull, + amphi, around, + tome, cutting]

Craniata Craniata (kra-ne-a´ta)

Vertebrata [Mediev. L. cranium, fr. G. kranion, skull]

craniectomy craniectomy (kra´ne-ek´to-me)

Excision of a portion of the skull, without replacement of the bone, e.g., subtemporal or suboccipital. [G. kranion, skull, + ektome, excision]
linear c. production of an artificial cranial suture.

cranio- cranio- , crani-

The cranium. Cf. cerebro-. [G. kranion, skull]

cranio-aural cranio-aural (kra´ne-o-aw´ral)

Relating to the skull and the ear.

craniocele craniocele (kra´ne-o-sel)

encephalocele [cranio- + G. kele, hernia]

craniocerebral craniocerebral (kra´ne-o-ser´e-bral)

Relating to the skull and the brain.

cranioclasia cranioclasia , cranioclasis (kra-ne-o-kla´se-a, kra-ne-ok´la-sis)

Formerly used operation for crushing of the fetal skull in cases of dystocia. [cranio- + G. klasis, a breaking]

cranioclast cranioclast (kra´ne-o-klast)

Instrument like a strong forceps formerly used for crushing and extracting the fetal head after perforation. [cranio- + G. klao, to break in pieces]

craniocleidodysostosis craniocleidodysostosis (kra´ne-o-klI´do-dis-os-to´sis)

cleidocranial dysostosis [cranio- + G. kleis, clavicle, + dysostosis]

craniodidymus craniodidymus (kra´ne-o-did´i-mus)

Conjoined twins with fused bodies but with two heads. See conjoined twins, under twin. [cranio- + G. didymos, twin]

craniofacial craniofacial (kra´ne-o-fa´shal)

Relating to both the face and the cranium.

craniofenestria craniofenestria (kra´ne-o-fe-nes´tre-a)

craniolacunia [cranio- + L. fenestra, window]

craniognomy craniognomy (kra-ne-og´no-me)

phrenology [cranio- + G. gnome, judgment]

craniograph craniograph (kra´ne-o-graf)

An instrument for making drawings to scale of the diameters and general configuration of the skull.

craniography craniography (kra-ne-og´ra-fe)

The art of representing, by drawings made from measurements, the configuration of the skull and the relations of its angles and craniometric points. [cranio- + G. grapho, to write]

craniolacunia craniolacunia (kra´ne-o-la-ku´ne-a)

Incomplete formation of the bones of the vault of the fetal skull so that there are nonossified areas in the calvaria.craniofenestria; [cranio- + L. lacuna, cleft]

craniology craniology (kra-ne-ol´o-je)

The science concerned with variations in size, shape, and proportion of the cranium, especially with the variations characterizing the different races of humans. [cranio- + G. logos, study]
Gall's c. phrenology

craniomalacia craniomalacia (kra´ne-o-ma-la´she-a)

Softening of the bones of the skull. [cranio- + G. malakia, softness]
circumscribed c. craniotabes

craniomeningocele craniomeningocele (kra´ne-o-me-ning´go-sel)

Protrusion of the meninges through a defect in the skull. [cranio- + G. meninx, membrane, + kele, hernia]

craniometer craniometer (kra-ne-om´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the diameters of the skull.

craniometric craniometric (kra-ne-o-met´rik)

Relating to craniometry.

craniometry craniometry (kra-ne-om´e-tre)

Measurement of the dry skull after removal of the soft parts, and study of its topography. [cranio- + G. metron, measure]

craniopagus craniopagus (kra-ne-op´a-gus)

Conjoined twins with fused skulls. See conjoined twins, under twin. See also janiceps, syncephalus. [cranio- + G. pagos, something fixed]
c. occipita´lis conjoined twins united at the occipital region of the skull.iniopagus;
c. parasit´icus a variety of c. in which one fetus is rudimentary in form and parasitic on the other. See also epicomus.

craniopathy craniopathy (kra-ne-op´a-the)

Any pathological condition of the cranial bones. [cranio- + G. pathos, suffering]
metabolic c. Morgagni's syndrome

craniopharyngeal craniopharyngeal (kra´ne-o-fa-rin´je-al)

Relating to the skull and to the pharynx.

craniopharyngioma craniopharyngioma (kra´ne-o-fa-rin-je-o´ma)

A suprasellar neoplasm, usually cystic, that develops from the nests of epithelium derived from Rathke's pouch; the histologic pattern, similar to that observed in adamantinomas, consists of nesting of squamous epithelium bordered by radially arranged cells; frequently accompanied by calcium deposition.Erdheim tumor, pituitary adamantinoma, pituitary ameloblastoma, Rathke's pouch tumor, suprasellar cyst; [cranio- + pharyngio- + -oma]
ameloblastomatous c. a form of c. resembling an ameloblastoma.
cystic papillomatous c. a form of c. characterized by large cysts within which are fungating, irregular outgrowths of stratified squamous epithelium.

craniophore craniophore (kra´ne-o-for)

An apparatus for holding a skull while its angles and diameters are measured. [cranio- + G. phoros, bearing]

cranioplasty cranioplasty (kra´ne-o-plas-te)

Plastic surgery of the skull; a surgical correction of a skull defect. [cranio- + G. plastos, formed]

craniopuncture craniopuncture (kra´ne-o-punk´chur)

Puncture of the brain for exploratory purposes.

craniorrhachidian craniorrhachidian (kra´ne-o-ra-kid´e-an)

craniospinal [cranio- + G. rhachis, spine]

craniorrhachischisis craniorrhachischisis (kra´ne-o-ra-kis´ki-sis)

Severe congenital malformation in which there is incomplete closure of the skull and spinal column. [cranio- + G. rhachis, spine, + schisis, a cleaving]

craniosacral craniosacral (kra´ne-o-sa´kral)

Denoting the cranial and sacral origins of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

cranioschisis cranioschisis (kra-ne-os´ki-sis)

Congenital malformation in which there is incomplete closure of the skull. Usually accompanied by grossly defective development of the brain. [cranio- + G. schisis, a cleavage]

craniosclerosis craniosclerosis (kra´ne-o-skler-o´sis)

Thickening of the skull. [cranio- + G. skleros, hard, + -osis, condition]

cranioscopy cranioscopy (kra-ne-os´ko-pe)

Examination of the skull in the living subject for craniometric or diagnostic purposes. [cranio- + G. skopeo, to view]

craniospinal craniospinal (kra´ne-o-spI´nal)

Relating to the cranium and spinal column.craniorrhachidian;

craniostenosis craniostenosis (kra´ne-o-sten-o´sis)

Premature closure of cranial sutures resulting in malformation of the skull. [cranio- + G. stenosis, a narrowing]

craniostosis craniostosis (kra´ne-os-to´sis)

craniosynostosis [cranio- + G. osteon, a bone, + -osis, condition]

craniosynostosis craniosynostosis (kra´ne-o-sin´os-to´sis)

Premature ossification of the skull and obliteration of the sutures. The particular sutures involved determine the resultant shape of the malformed head.craniostosis;

craniotabes craniotabes (kra´ne-o-ta´bez)

A disease marked by the presence of areas of thinning and softening in the bones of the skull and widening of the sutures and fontanelles. Usually of syphilitic or rachitic origin.circumscribed craniomalacia; [cranio- + L. tabes, a wasting]

craniotome craniotome (kra´ne-o-tom)

Instrument formerly used for perforation and crushing of the fetal skull.

craniotomy craniotomy (kra-ne-ot´o-me)

1. Opening into the skull, either by attached or detached c. or by trephination. 2. Formerly used operation for perforation of the head of the fetus, removal of the contents, and compression of the empty skull, when delivery by natural means is impossible. [cranio- + G. tome, incision]
attached c. c. with a segment of the calvaria and attached soft tissues turned as a flap to expose the cranial cavity.attached cranial section, osteoplastic c;
detached c. c. with section of cranium separated from its soft tissue attachments.detached cranial section;
osteoplastic c. attached c

craniotonoscopy craniotonoscopy (kra´ne-o-to-nos´ko-pe)

Auscultatory percussion of the cranium. [cranio- + G. tonos, tone, + skopeo, to examine]

craniotrypesis craniotrypesis (kra´ne-o-tri-pe´sis)

Trephining of the skull. [cranio- + G. trypesis, a boring]

craniotympanic craniotympanic (kra´ne-o-tim-pan´ik)

Relating to the skull and the middle ear.

cranium cranium , pl. crania (kra´ne-um, -a) [NA]

skull [Mediev. L. fr. G. kranion]
c. bif´idum , bifid c. encephalocele
c. cerebra´le , cerebral c. neurocranium
c. viscera´le , visceral c. viscerocranium

crapulent crapulent , crapulous (krap´yu-lent, -lus)

Rarely used term for drunken; due to alcoholic intoxication. [L. crapula, drunkenness]

crash cart crash cart

A movable collection of emergency equipment and supplies meant to be readily available for resuscitative effort. It includes medication as well as the equipment for defibrillation, intubation, intravenous medication, and passage of central lines.

crassamentum crassamentum (kras-a-men´tum)

1. Old term for blood clot. 2. Old term for coagulum. [L. thickness, fr. crassus, thick]

crater crater (kra´ter)

The most depressed, usually central portion of an ulcer.

crateriform crateriform (kra-ter´i-form)

Hollowed like a bowl or a saucer. [L. crater, bowl, + forma, shape]

craterization craterization (kra-ter-I-za´shun)

saucerization

craw-craw craw-craw (kraw´kraw)

A term applied in west Africa to a pruritic papular skin eruption, which may lead to ulceration; some cases are caused by Onchocerca.kra-kra;

Crawford Crawford

Brian H., British physicist, *1906. See Stiles-C. effect.

crazing crazing (kra´zing)

In dentistry, the appearance of minute cracks on the surface of plastic restorations such as filling materials, denture teeth, or denture bases.

CRD CRD

Abbreviation for chronic respiratory disease.

cream cream (krem)

1. The upper fatty layer which forms in milk on standing or which is separated from it by centrifugalization; it contains about the same amount of sugar and protein as milk, but from 12 to 40% more fat. 2. Any whitish viscid fluid resembling c. 3. A semisolid emulsion of either the oil-in-water or the water-in-oil type, ordinarily intended for topical use. [L. cremor, thick juice, broth]
cleansing c. a form of cold c. used to remove grime and cosmetics from the skin.
cold c. a water-in-oil emulsion of various oils, waxes, and water; the standard formula, rose water ointment, contains expressed almond oil, rose water, spermaceti, white paraffin wax, and sodium borate; used as a cleansing or lubricating c.
greaseless c. vanishing c
leukocyte c. buffy coat
lubricating c. a form of cold c. used as a massage c. or night c.; it contains lanolin or its derivatives.
vanishing c. an oil-in-water emulsion containing potassium, ammonium, or sodium stearate with water and holding in emulsified form more or less free stearic acid; it also contains a hygroscopic ingredient such as glycerol, and a small amount of a fatty ingredient; it leaves a protective, invisible film of stearic acid on the skin.greaseless c;

crease crease (kres)

A line or linear depression as produced by a fold. See also fold, groove, line.
digital c. one of the grooves on the palmar surface of a finger, at the level of an interphalangeal joint.digital flexion c., digital furrow;
digital flexion c. digital c
ear lobe c. a diagonal c. found on one or both earlobes with a possible connection to coronary heart disease in males.
flexion c. a permanent c. in the skin on the flexor aspect of a movable joint.
palmar c. any of the several flexion c.'s normally found on the palm of the hand, occurring proximal to, but as a consequence of flexion at, the metacarpophalangeal joints.
simian c. a single transverse palmar c. formed by fusion of the distal and proximal palmar c.'s, so called because of its similarity to the transverse flexion crease seen in some monkeys; a common but not pathognomonic feature of Down's syndrome.
Sydney c. a variation of the proximal transverse palmar flexion c. that reaches the ulnar side of the palm; associated with acute lymphocytic anemia in early childhood, rubella embryopathy, and Down's syndrome.Sydney line;

creatinase creatinase (kre´a-tI-nas)

An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of creatine to sarcosine and urea.

creatine creatine (kre´a-ten, -tin)

H₂N-C(NH)-N(CH₃)-CH₂-COOH; N-(Aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine;occurs in urine, sometimes as such, but generally as creatinine, and in muscle, generally as phosphocreatine. Elevated in urine in individuals with muscular dystrophy.
c. kinase (CK) an enzyme catalyzing the reversible transfer of phosphate from phosphocreatine to ADP, forming creatine and ATP; of importance in muscle contraction. Certain isozymes are elevated in plasma following myocardial infarctions.c. phosphokinase;
c. phosphate phosphocreatine
c. phosphokinase (CPK) c. kinase

creatinemia creatinemia (kre´a-ti-ne´me-a)

The presence of abnormal concentrations of creatine in peripheral blood. [creatine + G. haima, blood]

creatininase creatininase (kre-at´i-nin-as)

An amidohydrolase catalyzing the conversion of creatine to creatinine.

creatinine (Cr) creatinine (Cr) (kre-at´i-nen, -nin)

A component of urine and the final product of creatine catabolism; formed by the nonenzymatic dephosphorylative cyclization of phosphocreatine to form the internal anhydride of creatine.

creatinuria creatinuria (kre´a-ti-nu´re-a)

The urinary excretion of increased amounts of creatine. [creatine + G. ouron, urine]

Credé Credé

Karl S.F., German obstetrician and gynecologist, 1819-1892. See C.'s methods, under method.

creep creep (krep)

Any time-dependent strain developing in a material or an object in response to the application of a force or stress.

cremaster cremaster (kre-mas´ter)

See cremasteric fascia, cremaster muscle. [G. kremaster, a suspender, in pl. the muscles by which the testicles are retracted, fr. kremannymi, to hang]

cremasteric cremasteric (kre-mas-ter´ik)

Relating to the cremaster.

cremnocele cremnocele (krem´no-sel)

A protrusion of intestine into the labium majus. [G. kremnos, overhanging cliff, labium pudendi, + kele, hernia]

cremnophobia cremnophobia (krem-no-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of precipices or steep places. [G. kremnos, precipice, + phobos, fear]

crena crena , pl. crenae (kre´na, kre´ne)

A V-shaped cut or the space created by such a cut; one of the notches into which the opposing projections fit in the cranial sutures. [L. a notch]
c. a´ni [NA] natal cleft
c. clu´nium natal cleft
c. cor´dis 1. anterior interventricular groove 2. posterior interventricular groove

crenate crenate , crenated (kre´nat, -na-ted)

Indented; denoting the outline of a shriveled red blood cell, as observed in a hypertonic solution. [L. crena, a notch]

crenation crenation (kre-na´shun)

The process of becoming, or state of being, crenated.

crenocyte crenocyte (kre´no-sIt)

A red blood cell with serrated, notched edges. [L. crena, a notch, + G. kytos, a hollow (cell)]

crenocytosis crenocytosis (kre´no-sI-to´sis)

The presence of crenocytes in the blood. [crenocyte + G. -osis, condition]

Crenosoma vulpis Crenosoma vulpis (kre´no-so-ma vul´pis)

A metastrongyle lungworm species of the fox, wolf, dog, raccoon, and other small carnivores in Europe, Asia, and North America; it occurs in the bronchi, causing bronchitis. [G. krene, a (mineral) spring, + soma, body; L. vulpes, fox]

creophagy creophagy , creophagism (kre-of´a-je, kre-of´a-jizm)

Carnivorousness;flesh-eating. [G. kreas, flesh, + phago, to eat]

creosol creosol (kre´o-sol)

2-Methoxy-p-cresol;a slightly yellowish aromatic liquid distilled from guaiac or from beechwood tar; a constituent of creosote. Cf. cresol.

creosote creosote (kre´o-sot)

A mixture of phenols (chiefly methyl guaiacol, guaiacol, and creosol) obtained during the distillation of wood-tar, preferably that derived from beechwood; used as a disinfectant and wood preservative. [G. kreas, flesh, + soter, preserver]

crepitant crepitant (krep´i-tant)

1. Relating to or characterized by crepitation. 2. Denoting a fine bubbling noise (rale) produced by air entering fluid in lung tissue; heard in pneumonia and in certain other conditions. 3. The sensation imparted to the palpating finger by gas or air in the subcutaneous tissues.

crepitation crepitation (krep-i-ta´shun)

1. Crackling; the quality of a fine bubbling sound (rale) that resembles noise heard on rubbing hair between the fingers. 2. The sensation felt on placing the hand over the seat of a fracture when the broken ends of the bone are moved, or over tissue, in which gas gangrene is present.bony crepitus; 3. Noise or vibration produced by rubbing bone or irregular cartilage surfaces together as by movement of patella against femoral condyles in arthritis and other conditions.crepitus (1); [see crepitus]

crepitus crepitus (krep´i-tus)

1. crepitation 2. A noisy discharge of gas from the intestine. [L. fr. crepo, to rattle]
articular c. the grating of a joint.
bony c. crepitation (2)

crepuscular crepuscular (kre-pus´kyu-lar)

Pertaining to a twilight state of consciousness. [L. crepusculum, twilight]

crescent crescent (kres´ent)

1. Any figure of the shape of the moon in its first quarter. 2. The figure made by the gray columns or cornua on cross-section of the spinal cord. 3. malarial c [L. cresco, pp. cretus, to grow]
articular c. articular meniscus
Giannuzzi's c.'s serous demilunes, under demilune
glomerular c. proliferated epithelial cells partly encircling a renal glomerulus; it occurs in glomerulonephritis.
Heidenhain's c.'s serous demilunes, under demilune
malarial c. the male or female gametocyte(s) of Plasmodium falciparum, whose presence in human red blood cells is diagnostic of falciparum malaria.crescent (3) , sickle form;
myopic c. a white or grayish white crescentic area in the fundus of the eye located on the temporal side of the optic disk; caused by atrophy of the choroid, permitting the sclera to become visible.myopic conus;
sublingual c. the crescent-shaped area on the floor of the mouth formed by the lingual wall of the mandible and the adjacent part of the floor of the mouth.

crescentic crescentic (kres-sen´tik)

Shaped like a crescent.

crescograph crescograph (kres´ko-graf)

A device for recording the degree and rate of growth. [L. cresco, to grow, + G. grapho, to draw or write]

cresol cresol (kre´sol)

HO-C₆H₄-CH₃; hydroxytoluene; methylphenol;a mixture of the three isomeric cresols, o-, m-, and p-cresol, obtained from coal tar. Its properties are similar to those of phenol, but it is less poisonous; used as an antiseptic and disinfectant.tricresol;

m-cresol m-cresol

A local antiseptic with a higher germicidal power than phenol and less toxicity to tissues; used in disinfectants and fumigants; its acetate derivative is used as a topical antiseptic and fungicide.metacresol;

cresolase cresolase (kre´so-las)

monophenol monooxygenase (1)

cresol red cresol red

An acid-base indicator with a pK value of 8.3; yellow at pH values below 7.4, red above 9.0.

CREST CREST

Acronym for calcinosis, Reynaud's phenomenon, esophageal motility disorders, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. A ridge, crest, or elevated line projecting from a level or evenly rounded surface. See CREST syndrome.

crest crest (krest)

1. A ridge, especially a bony ridge. See also crista. 2. The ridge of the neck of a male animal, especially of a stallion or bull. 3. Feathers on the top of a bird's head, or fin rays on the top of a fish's head.crista [NA]; [L. crista]
acoustic c. ampullary c
acousticofacial c. the part of the neural c. from which the ganglia of the seventh and eighth cranial nerves develop.
alveolar c. 1. the portion of the alveolar bone extending beyond the periphery of the socket, lying interproximally; 2. the top of the residual alveolar bone.
c. of alveolar ridge the top of the alveolar ridge or residual ridge; the highest continuous surface of the ridge, but not necessarily the center of the ridge.
ampullary c. an elevation on the inner surface of the ampulla of each semicircular duct; filaments of the vestibular nerve pass through the c. to reach hair cells on its surface; the hair cells are capped by the cupula, a gelatinous protein-polysaccharide mass.crista ampullaris [NA] , acoustic c., transverse septum (1);
anterior lacrimal c. a vertical ridge on the lateral surface of the frontal process of the maxilla that forms part of the medial rim of the orbit.crista lacrimalis anterior [NA];
arched c. arcuate c. of arytenoid cartilage
arcuate c. arcuate c. of arytenoid cartilage
arcuate c. of arytenoid cartilage the ridge on the anterior surface of the arytenoid cartilage that separates the triangular from the oblong fovea.crista arcuata cartilaginis arytenoideae [NA] , arched c., arcuate c;
articular c.'s intermediate sacral c.'s
basilar c. of cochlear duct an inward projection of the spiral ligament of the cochlea to which is attached the basilar membrane forming the floor of the cochlear duct.crista basilaris ductus cochlearis [NA];
buccinator c. a ridge passing from the base of the coronoid process of the mandible to the region of the last molar tooth; it gives attachment to the mandibular part of the buccinator muscle.crista buccinatoria;
c. of cochlear opening c. of fenestrae cochleae
conchal c. bony ridge which articulates with, or provides attachment for, the inferior nasal concha. See conchal c. of maxilla, conchal c. of palatine bone.crista conchalis [NA] , turbinated c;
conchal c. of maxilla ridge of the nasal surface of the body of the maxilla that articulates with the inferior nasal concha.crista conchalis maxillae;
conchal c. of palatine bone the ridge on the nasal surface of the perpendicular part of the palatine bone to which the inferior nasal concha attaches.crista conchalis ossis palatini;
deltoid c. deltoid tuberosity
dental c. the maxillary ridge on the aleveolar processes of the maxillary bones in the fetus.crista dentalis;
ethmoidal c. bony ridge which articulates with, or provides attachment for, any part of the ethmoid bone, especially the middle nasal concha. See ethmoidal c. of maxilla, ethmoidal c. of palatine bone.crista ethmoidalis [NA];
ethmoidal c. of maxilla a ridge on the upper part of the nasal surface of the frontal process of the maxilla that gives attachment to the anterior portion of the middle nasal concha.crista ethmoidalis maxillae;
ethmoidal c. of palatine bone a ridge on the medial surface of the perpendicular part of the palatine bone to which the middle nasal concha attaches posteriorly.crista ethmoidalis ossis palatini;
external occipital c. a ridge extending from the external occipital protuberance to the border of the foramen magnum.crista occipitalis externa [NA] , linea nuchae mediana;
falciform c. transverse c. of internal acoustic meatus
c. of fenestrae cochleae the edge of the opening of the cochlear window to which the secondary tympanic membrane is attached.crista fenestrae cochleae [NA] , c. of cochlear opening;
frontal c. a ridge arising at the termination of the sagittal sulcus on the cerebral surface of the frontal bone and ending at the foramen caecum.crista frontalis [NA];
ganglionic c. neural c
gingival c. gingival margin
gluteal c. gluteal tuberosity
c. of greater tubercle the ridge below the greater tubercle of the humerus into which the pectoralis major muscle inserts.crista tuberculi majoris [NA] , bicipital ridges, pectoral ridge;
c. of head of rib the ridge that separates the superior and inferior articular surfaces of the head of a rib.crista capitis costae [NA];
iliac c. the long, curved upper border of the wing of the ilium.crista iliaca [NA];
incisor c. the front part of the nasal c. of the palatine process of the maxilla.
infratemporal c. a rough ridge marking the angle of union of the temporal and infratemporal surfaces of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.crista infratemporalis [NA] , pterygoid ridge of sphenoid bone;
inguinal c. an elevation in the body wall of the embryo at the internal opening of the inguinal canal; part of the gubernaculum testis develops within it.
intermediate sacral c.'s c.'s formed by the fusion of articular processes of all the sacral vertebrae.articular c.'s, cristae sacrales intermediae;
internal occipital c. a ridge running from the internal occipital protuberance to the posterior margin of the foramen magnum, giving attachment to the falx cerebelli.crista occipitalis interna [NA];
interosseous c. interosseous border
intertrochanteric c. the rounded ridge that connects the greater and lesser trochanters of the femur posteriorly and marks the junction of the neck and shaft of the bone.crista intertrochanterica [NA] , trochanteric c;
lateral epicondylar c. lateral supracondylar ridge
lateral sacral c.'s c.'s which are rough ridges lying lateral to the sacral foramina; they represent the fused transverse processes of sacral vertebrae.cristae sacrales laterales;
lateral supracondylar c. lateral supracondylar ridge
c. of lesser tubercle the ridge below the lesser tubercle of the humerus into which the teres major muscle inserts.crista tuberculi minoris [NA] , bicipital ridges;
marginal c. the rounded borders which form the mesial and distal margins of the occlusal surface of a tooth.crista marginalis [NA] , marginal ridge;
medial epicondylar c. medial supracondylar ridge
medial c. of fibula a ridge of bone, on the posterior surface of the fibula, separating the attachment of the posterior tibial muscle from that of the flexor hallucis longus and soleus muscles.crista medialis fibulae [NA];
medial supracondylar c. medial supracondylar ridge
median sacral c. an unpaired c. formed by the fused spinous processes of the upper four sacral vertebrae.crista sacralis mediana;
c.'s of nail bed the numerous longitudinal ridges of the nail bed distal to the lunula.cristae matricis unguis [NA];
nasal c. the midline ridge in the floor of the nasal cavity, formed by the union of the paired maxillae and palatine bones; the vomer attaches to the crest.crista nasalis [NA] , semicrista incisiva;
c. of neck of rib the sharp upper margin of the neck of a rib.crista colli costae [NA];
neural c. a band of neuroectodermal cells along either side of the line of closure of the embryonic neural groove; with the formation of the neural tube, these bands come to lie dorsolateral to the developing spinal cord and lateral to the brainstem, where they separate into clusters of cells that develop into, for example, dorsal-root ganglion cells, autonomic ganglion cells, the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, Schwann cells, sensory ganglia of cranial nerves, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 10, part of the meninges, or integumentary pigment cells.ganglion ridge, ganglionic c;
obturator c. a ridge that extends from the pubic tubercle to the acetabular notch, giving attachment to the pubofemoral ligament of the hip joint.crista obturatoria [NA];
c. of palatine bone , palatine c. a transverse ridge near the posterior border of the bony palate, located on the inferior surface of the horizontal plate of the palatine bone.crista palatina [NA];
c. of petrous part of temporal bone superior border of petrous part of temporal bone
posterior lacrimal c. a vertical ridge on the orbital surface of the lacrimal bone which, together with the anterior lacrimal crest, bounds the fossa for the lacrimal sac.crista lacrimalis posterior [NA];
pubic c. the rough anterior border of the body of the pubis, continuous laterally with the pubic tubercle.crista pubica [NA];
sacral c. one of three rough irregular ridges on the posterior surface of the sacrum; median sacral c.; lateral sacral c.'s.crista sacralis [NA];
sagittal c. a prominent ridge along the sagittal suture of the skull, present in some animals as a result of temporal muscle development.
c. of scapular spine the posterior subcutaneous border of the spine of the scapula that expands in its medial part into a smooth triangular area.
sphenoid c. a vertical ridge in the midline of the anterior surface of the sphenoid bone that articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.crista sphenoidalis [NA];
spiral c. spiral ligament of cochlea
supinator c. , c. of supinator muscle the proximal part of the interosseous border of the ulna from which a portion of the supinator muscle takes origin.crista musculi supinatoris [NA];
supramastoid c. the ridge that forms the posterior root of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.crista supramastoidea [NA];
supraventricular c. the internal muscular ridge that separates the conus arteriosus from the remaining part of the cavity of the right ventricle of the heart.crista supraventricularis [NA];
terminal c. crista terminalis
tibial c. anterior border of tibia
transverse c. 1. transverse c. of internal acoustic meatus 2. crista transversalis
transverse c. of internal acoustic meatus a horizontal ridge that divides the fundus of the internal acoustic meatus into a superior and an inferior area. In the former are the introitus of the facial canal and openings for the branches of the vestibular nerve to the utricle and to the ampullae of the anterior and lateral semicircular canals. In the latter are openings for the cochlear nerve, and for branches of the vestibular nerve to the saccule and to the ampulla of the posterior semicircular canal.crista transversa [NA] , falciform c., transverse c. (1);
triangular c. crista triangularis
trigeminal c. that part of the cranial neural c. from which the ganglion of the fifth cranial nerve develops.
trochanteric c. intertrochanteric c
turbinated c. conchal c
urethral c. longitudinal mucosal fold in the dorsal wall of the urethra. See urethral c. of female, urethral c. of male.crista urethralis [NA];
urethral c. of female a conspicuous longitudinal fold of mucosa on the posterior wall of the urethra.crista urethralis femininae;
urethral c. of male a longitudinal fold on the posterior wall of the urethra extending from the uvula of the bladder through the prostatic urethra; prominent in its midportion is the seminal colliculus.crista phallica, crista urethralis masculinae;
vestibular c. , c. of vestibule an oblique ridge on the inner wall of the vestibule of the labyrinth, bounding the spherical recess above and posteriorly.crista vestibuli [NA];

cresta cresta (kres´ta)

A small membranous organelle characteristic of certain flagellate protozoa, located near the pelta and seen in the living organism as an independently moving structure. [L. crispus, trembling]

cresylate cresylate (kres´i-lat)

A salt of cresylic acid, or cresol.

cresyl blue cresyl blue , cresyl blue brilliant (kres´il) [C.I. 51010]

C₁₇H₂₀N₃OCl; Aminodimethylaminoethyldiphenazonium chloride;a basic oxazin dye used for staining the reticulum in young erythrocytes (reticulocytes); also used in vital staining and as a selective stain for gastric surface epithelial mucin and other acid mucopolysaccharides.

cresyl echt cresyl echt , cresyl fast violet

A metachromatic basic oxazin dye, C₁₉H₁₈N₃O-Cl, closely related to cresyl violet acetate and used for the same purposes.

cresyl violet acetate cresyl violet acetate

A metachromatic basic oxazin dye, C₁₈H₁₅N₃O₃, used as a stain for nuclei and Nissl substance; related to German derived dye known as cresyl echt violet or cresyl fast violet.

creta creta (kre´ta)

calcium carbonate [L. orig. adj. fr. Creta, Crete, i.e. Cretan earth, chalk]

cretin cretin (kre´tin)

An individual exhibiting cretinism. [Fr. crétin]

cretinism cretinism (kre´tin-izm)

Obsolete term for congenital hypothyroidism. See infantile hypothyroidism.

cretinistic cretinistic (kre´tin-is-tik)

cretinous

cretinoid cretinoid (kre´tin-oyd)

Resembling a cretin; presenting symptoms similar to those of cretinism.

cretinous cretinous (kre´tin-us)

Relating to cretinism or a cretin; affected with cretinism.cretinistic;

Creutzfeldt Creutzfeldt

Hans Gerhard, German neuropsychiatrist, 1885-1964. See C.-Jakob disease; Jakob-C. disease.

crevice crevice (krev´is)

A crack or small fissure, especially in a solid substance. [Fr. crevasse]
gingival c. gingival sulcus

crevicular crevicular (kre-vik´yu-lar)

1. Relating to any crevice. 2. In dentistry, relating especially to the gingival crevice or sulcus.

CRF CRF

Abbreviation for corticotropin releasing factor.

CRH CRH

Abbreviation for corticotropin releasing hormone.

cribber cribber (kri´ber)

A horse suffering from crib-biting.

crib-biting crib-biting (krib-bIt´ing)

A behavior disorder of horses in which the animal grasps the edge of a convenient fixture and presses down, raising the floor of its mouth, forcing the soft palate open, and sometimes swallowing air. See aerophagia.

cribra cribra (krI´bra, krib´ra)

Plural of cribrum.

cribrate cribrate (krib´rat)

cribriform

cribration cribration (kri-bra´shun)

1. Sifting; passing through a sieve. 2. The condition of being cribrate or numerously pitted or punctured.

cribriform cribriform (krib´ri-form)

Sievelike; containing many perforations.cribrate, polyporous; [L. cribrum, a sieve, + forma, form]

cribrum cribrum , pl. cribra (krI´brum, krib´rum; -bra, -ra)

cribriform plate of ethmoid bone [L. a sieve]

Cricetinae Cricetinae (krI-se´ti-ne)

A subfamily of rodents (family Muridae) that includes the hamsters and the native American rats.

Cricetulus Cricetulus (kri-se´tyu-lus)

One of four genera of hamsters; C. griseus, the striped hamster native to Europe and Asia, is a reservoir for visceral leishmaniasis.

Cricetus Cricetus (kri-se´tus)

One of four genera of hamsters; C. cricetus is used extensively as a research animal.

Crichton-Browne Crichton-Browne

Sir James, English physician, 1840-1938. See Crichton-Browne's sign.

Crick Crick

Francis H.C., British biochemist and Nobel laureate, *1916. See Watson-C. helix.

cricoarytenoid cricoarytenoid (krI´ko-ar-i-te´noyd)

Relating to the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages.

cricoarytenoideus cricoarytenoideus (krI´ko-ar-i-te-noy´de-us)

See lateral cricoarytenoid muscle, posterior cricoarytenoid muscle.

cricoid cricoid (krI´koyd)

Ring-shaped;denoting the cricoid cartilage. [L. cricoideus, fr. G. krikos, a ring, + eidos, form]

cricoidynia cricoidynia (krI´koy-din´e-a)

Pain in the cricoid. [cricoid + G. odyne, pain]

cricopharyngeal cricopharyngeal (krI´ko-fa-rin´je-al)

Relating to the cricoid cartilage and the pharynx; a part of the inferior constrictor muscle of the pharynx. See inferior constrictor muscle of pharynx.

cricothyroid cricothyroid (krI-ko-thI´royd)

Relating to the cricoid and thyroid cartilages.

cricothyroideus cricothyroideus (krI´ko-thI-roy´de-us)

See cricothyroid muscle.

cricothyroidotomy cricothyroidotomy (krI´ko-thI-roy-dot´o-me)

cricothyrotomy

cricothyrotomy cricothyrotomy (krI´ko-thI-rot´o-me)

Incision through the skin and cricothyroid membrane for relief of respiratory obstruction; used prior to or in place of tracheotomy in certain emergency respiratory obstructions.coniotomy, cricothyroidotomy, inferior laryngotomy, intercricothyrotomy; [cricoid + thyroid + G. tome, incision]

cricotomy cricotomy (krI-kot´o-me)

Division of the cricoid cartilage, as in cricoid split, to enlarge the subglottic airway. [cricoid + G. tome, incision]

Crigler Crigler

John F., U.S. physician, *1919. See C.-Najjar disease, syndrome.

Crile Crile

George W., U.S. surgeon, 1864-1943. See C.'s clamp.

criminology criminology (krim-i-nol´o-je)

The branch of science concerned with the physical and mental characteristics and behavior of criminals. [L. crimen, crime, + G. logos, study]

crinin crinin (krin´in)

Old term for a substance that will stimulate the production of secretions by specific glands. [G. krino, to secrete, + -in]

crinis crinis , pl. crines (krI´nis, -nez)

pilus (1) [L.]

crinogenic crinogenic (krin-o-jen´ik)

Causing secretion; stimulating a gland to increased function. [G. krino, to separate, + -gen, to produce]

crinophagy crinophagy (krin-of´a-je)

Disposal of excess secretory granules by lysosomes.

crippled crippled (krip´ld)

Denoting a person who, owing to a physical defect or injury, is partially or completely disabled. [A.S. creopan, to creep]

crisis crisis , pl. crises (krI´sis, -sez)

1. A sudden change, usually for the better, in the course of an acute disease, in contrast to the gradual improvement by lysis. 2. A paroxysmal pain in an organ or circumscribed region of the body occurring in the course of tabetic neurosyphilis.tabetic c; 3. A convulsive attack. [G. krisis, a separation, crisis]
addisonian c. acute adrenocortical insufficiency
adolescent c. the emotional turmoil often accompanying adolescence.
adrenal c. acute adrenocortical insufficiency
anaphylactoid c. 1. anaphylactoid shock 2. pseudoanaphylaxis
blast c. a sudden alteration in the status of a patient with leukemia in which the peripheral blood cells are almost exclusively blast cells of the type characteristic of leukemia; usually accompanied by a decrease in numbers of other formed elements of the blood, fever, and rapid clinical deterioration.
blood c. 1. the appearance of a large number of nucleated red blood cells in the peripheral blood, accompanied by reticulocytosis and occurring in "exhausted" bone marrow in pernicious anemia and in hemolytic icterus; 2. a suddenly appearing leukocytosis, indicating a change for the better in the course of a grave blood disease.
Dietl's c. intermittent pain, sometimes with nausea and emesis, caused by intermittent proximal obstruction of ureter. Originally believed due to a mobile kidney that caused ureter to kink with positional changes.incarceration symptom;
febrile c. the stage in a febrile disease when spontaneous defervescence occurs.
gastric c. an attack, usually lasting several days, with severe pain in the abdomen or around the waist, accompanied by nausea and vomiting and occasionally diarrhea; occurs in tabetic neurosyphilis.
glaucomatocyclitic c. a form of monocular secondary open-angle glaucoma due to recurrent mild cyclitis.
identity c. a disorientation concerning one's sense of self, values, and role in society, often of acute onset and related to a particular and significant event in one's life.
laryngeal c. an attack of paralysis of the abductor, or spasm of the adductor, muscles of the larynx with dyspnea and noisy respiration, occurring in tabetic neurosyphilis.
midlife c. a point in a sequence of events during the middle years of life at which certain trends of prior and subsequent events in one's life are pondered, generally involving an aggregate of personal, career, or sexual dissatisfactions.
myasthenic c. severe, life-threatening exacerbation of the manifestations of myasthenia gravis requiring intensive treatment.
myelocytic c. a temporary but conspicuous and sudden increase in cells of the myelocytic series in the circulating blood.
ocular c. sudden and severe pain in the eyes.
oculogyric crises incapacitating attacks of upward eye rolling seen in encephalitis lethargica and with phenothiazine drugs.
salt-depletion c. severe illness resulting from loss of sodium chloride, usually in urine (i.e., salt-losing nephritis), in sweat following severe exercise in hot weather, or in intestinal secretions, as in cholera. Can occur as result of Addison's disease or Addisonian crisis; characterized by hypovolemia, hypotension.
sickle cell c. See sickle cell anemia.
tabetic c. crisis (2)
therapeutic c. a turning point leading to positive or negative change in psychiatric treatment.
thyrotoxic c. , thyroid c. the exacerbation of symptoms that occurs in severe thyrotoxicosis; can follow shock or injury or thyroidectomy; marked by rapid pulse (140 to 170 per minute), nausea, diarrhea, fever, loss of weight, extreme nervousness, and a sudden rise in the metabolic rate; coma and death may occur; occasionally the entire clinical picture is that of profound prostration, weakness, and collapse, without the phase of muscular overactivity and tachycardia.thyroid storm;
visceral crises attacks of severe, spreading epigastric pain that occur in patients with tabetic neurosyphilis.

crispation crispation (kris-pa´shun)

1. A "creepy" sensation due to slight, fibrillary muscular contractions. 2. Retraction of a divided artery or of muscular fibers or other tissues when cut across. [L. crispo, pp. -atus, to curl]

crista crista , pl. cristae (kris´ta, -te) [NA]

crest [L. crest]
c. ampulla´ris [NA] ampullary crest
c. arcua´ta cartila´ginis arytenoi´deae [NA] arcuate crest of arytenoid cartilage
c. basila´ris duc´tus cochlea´ris [NA] basilar crest of cochlear duct
c. buccinator´ia buccinator crest
c. cap´itis cos´tae [NA] crest of head of rib
c. col´li cos´tae [NA] crest of neck of rib
c. concha´lis [NA] conchal crest
c. concha´lis max´illae conchal crest of maxilla
c. concha´lis os´sis palati´ni conchal crest of palatine bone
cris´tae cu´tis [NA] epidermal ridges, under ridge
c. denta´lis dental crest
c. div´idens the lower free edge of the septum secundum, forming the upper margin of the fetal foramen ovale; the limbus of the foramen ovale.
c. ethmoida´lis [NA] ethmoidal crest
c. ethmoida´lis max´illae ethmoidal crest of maxilla
c. ethmoida´lis os´sis palati´ni ethmoidal crest of palatine bone
c. fenes´trae coch´leae [NA] crest of fenestrae cochleae
c. fronta´lis [NA] frontal crest
c. gal´li [NA] the triangular midline process of the ethmoid bone extending superiorly from the cribriform plate; it gives anterior attachment to the falx cerebri.
c. glu´tea gluteal tuberosity
c. hel´icis crus of helix
c. ili´aca [NA] iliac crest
c. infratempora´lis [NA] infratemporal crest
c. intertrochanter´ica [NA] intertrochanteric crest
c. lacrima´lis ante´rior [NA] anterior lacrimal crest
c. lacrima´lis poste´rior [NA] posterior lacrimal crest
c. margina´lis [NA] marginal crest
cris´tae ma´tricis un´guis [NA] crests of nail bed, under crest
c. media´lis fi´bulae [NA] medial crest of fibula
cristae of mitochondria , cris´tae mitochondria´les shelflike infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.
c. mus´culi supinato´ris [NA] supinator crest
c. nasa´lis [NA] nasal crest
c. obturato´ria [NA] obturator crest
c. occipita´lis exter´na [NA] external occipital crest
c. occipita´lis inter´na [NA] internal occipital crest
c. palati´na [NA] crest of palatine bone
c. phal´lica urethral crest of male
c. pu´bica [NA] pubic crest
c. quar´ta a ridge that projects into the posterior end of the lateral semicircular duct of the labyrinth.
cris´tae sacra´les interme´diae intermediate sacral crests, under crest
cris´tae sacra´les latera´les lateral sacral crests, under crest
c. sacra´lis [NA] sacral crest
c. sacra´lis median´a median sacral crest
c. sphenoida´lis [NA] sphenoid crest
c. spira´lis [NA] spiral ligament of cochlea
c. supracondyla´ris latera´lis [NA] lateral supracondylar ridge
c. supracondyla´ris media´lis [NA] medial supracondylar ridge
c. supramastoi´dea [NA] supramastoid crest
c. supraventricula´ris [NA] supraventricular crest
c. termina´lis [NA] a vertical crest on the interior wall of the right atrium that lies to the right of the sinus of the vena cava and separates this from the remainder of the right atrium.tenia terminalis, terminal crest;
c. transver´sa [NA] transverse crest of internal acoustic meatus
c. transversa´lis [NA] a crest or ridge on the occlusal surface of a tooth formed by the union of two triangular crests.transverse crest (2) , transverse ridge;
c. triangula´ris [NA] a crest or ridge which extends from the apex of a cusp of a premolar or molar tooth toward the central part of the occlusal surface.triangular crest, triangular ridge;
c. tuber´culi majo´ris [NA] crest of greater tubercle
c. tuber´culi mino´ris [NA] crest of lesser tubercle
c. urethra´lis [NA] urethral crest
c. urethra´lis femini´nae urethral crest of female
c. urethra´lis masculi´nae urethral crest of male
c. vestib´uli [NA] vestibular crest

criterion criterion , pl. criteria (krI-ter´e-on, -e-a)

1. A standard or rule for judging; usually plural (criteria) denoting a set of standards or rules. 2. In psychology, a standard such as school grades against which test scores on intelligence tests or other measured behaviors are validated. 3. A list of manifestations of a disease or disorder, a certain number of which must be present to warrant diagnosis in a given patient. [G. kriterion, a standard]
Spiegelberg's criteria (for diagnosis of ovarian pregnancy) 1) the oviduct on the affected side must be intact; 2) the amnionic sac must occupy the position of the ovary; 3) the amnionic sac must be connected to the uterus by the ovarian ligament; and 4) ovarian tissue must be present in the wall of the amnionic sac.

Crithidia Crithidia (kri-thid´e-a)

A genus of asexual, monogenetic, insect-parasitizing flagellates in the family Trypanosomatidae. [Mod. L., fr. G. krithidion, dim. of krithe, barley]

crithidia crithidia (kri-thid´e-a)

Former term for epimastigote. [Mod. L. fr. G. krithidion, dim. of krithe, barley]

critical critical (krit-I-kal)

1. Denoting or of the nature of a crisis. 2. Denoting a morbid condition in which death is possible. 3. In sufficient quantity as to constitute a turning point.

CRL CRL

Abbreviation for crown-rump length.

CRM CRM

Abbreviation for cross-reacting material.

C.R.N.A. C.R.N.A.

Abbreviation for certified registered nurse anesthetist.

cRNA cRNA

Abbreviation for complementary ribonucleic acid.

CRO CRO

Abbreviation for cathode ray oscilloscope.

crocidismus crocidismus (krok-i-dis´mus)

floccillation [G. kroke, tuft of wool]

Crocq Crocq

Jean, Belgian physician, 1868-1925. See C.'s disease.

crocus crocus (kro´kus)

The dried stigmas of Crocus sativus (C. of ficinalis) (family Iridaceae), formerly used occasionally in flatulent dyspepsia; also formerly used as an antispasmodic in asthma and dysmenorrhea and as a coloring and flavoring agent.saffron; [L. fr. G. krokos, the crocus, saffron (made from its stigmas)]

Crohn Crohn

Burrill, B., U.S. gastroenterologist, 1884-1983. See C.'s disease.

cromolyn sodium cromolyn sodium (kro´mo-lin)

disodium 5,5´-[(2-hydroxytrimethylene)dioxy]bis[4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-2-carboxylate];used for the prevention of asthmatic attack.sodium cromoglycate;

Cronkhite Cronkhite

Leonard W., Jr., U.S. physician, *1919. See C.-Canada syndrome.

Crooke Crooke

Arthur, English pathologist, *1905. See C.'s granules, under granule, hyaline change, hyaline degeneration.

Crookes Crookes

Sir William, British physicist and chemist, 1832-1919; winner of the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1907. See C.'s glass; C.-Hittorf tube.

Crosby Crosby

William Holmes, Jr., U.S. physician, *1914. See C. capsule.

cross cross (kros)

1. Any figure in the shape of a c. formed by two intersecting lines.crux 2. crux of heart 3. A method of hybridization or the hybrid so produced. [F. croix, L. crux]
back c. the mating between an animal that is homozygous at a locus of interest and an animal that is heterozygous, commonly from the same ancestral stock.
double back c. a mating that is a back c. at each of two loci of interest; of special value and importance in linkage analysis.
hair c.'s cruces pilorum, under crux
Ranvier's c.'s black or brown figures in the shape of a c., marking Ranvier's nodes in the longitudinal section of a nerve stained with silver nitrate.
test c. in experimental genetics, a deliberate mating designed to test claims about the pattern of inheritance of one or more traits.

crossbite crossbite (kros´bIt)

An abnormal relation of one or more teeth of one arch to the opposing tooth or teeth of the other arch due to labial, buccal, or lingual deviation of tooth position, or to abnormal jaw position.

crossbreed crossbreed (kros´bred)

1. hybrid 2. To breed a hybrid.

crossbreeding crossbreeding (kros´bred-ing)

hybridization

cross-dressing cross-dressing

Clothing oneself in the clothes of the opposite sex. See transvestism.

cross-eye cross-eye (kros´I)

Alternative spelling for crossed eyes, under eye.

crossing-over crossing-over , crossover (kros-ing-o´ver, kros´o-ver)

Reciprocal exchange of material between two paired chromosomes during meiosis, resulting in the transfer of a block of genes from each chromosome to its homologue. In contrast to genetic recombination (2), which is a phenotypic phenomenon, c.-o. is genotypic. Any even number of c.-o. between two loci will cancel out phenotypically and no recombination will occur.
somatic c.-o. c.-o. that occurs during the mitosis of somatic cells, in contrast to that which occurs in meiosis.
uneven c.-o. , unequal c.-o. c.-o. that happens when the breaks do not occur at precisely homologous points in two chromatid strands, and hence results in localized duplication of genetic material in one chromatid and complementary deletion in the other.

cross-link cross-link (kros-lingk)

A covalent linkage between two polymers or between two different regions of the same polymer.

cross-matching cross-matching (kros´match-ing)

1. A test for incompatibility between donor and recipient blood, carried out prior to transfusion to avoid potentially lethal hemolytic reactions between the donor's red blood cells and antibodies in the recipient's plasma, or the reverse; performed by mixing a sample of red blood cells of the donor with plasma of the recipient (major crossmatch) and the red blood cells of the recipient with the plasma of the donor (minor crossmatch). Incompatibility is indicated by clumping of red blood cells and contraindicates use of the donor's blood. 2. In allotransplantation of solid organs (e.g., kidney), a test for identification of antibody in the serum of potential allograft recipients which reacts directly with the lymphocytes or other cells of a potential allograft donor; presence of these antibodies usually, if not always, contraindicates the performance of the transplantation because virtually all such grafts will be subject to a hyperacute type of rejection.

cross-section cross-section

1. A transverse section through a structure. 2. The probability of an activation (5) by a nuclear reaction when a material is bombarded by neutrons, as in the production of radionuclides in a pile; unit: barn (10-24 cm²/atom).

cross-sectional cross-sectional

See synchronic.

crossway crossway (kros´wa)

The crossing of two nerve paths.
sensory c. the postlenticular portion of the posterior limb of the internal capsule of the brain.

Crosti Crosti

A., 20th century Italian dermatologist. See Gianotti-C. syndrome.

crotalid crotalid (kro´ta-lid)

Any member of the snake family Crotalidae.

Crotalidae Crotalidae (kro-tal´i-de)

A family of New World vipers characterized by the presence of a heat-sensitive loreal pit between each eye and nostril, and folding, caniculated, long anterior fangs.

crotalin crotalin (krot´a-lin)

A protein in rattlesnake venom. [Crotalus, a genus of rattlesnakes]

crotaline crotaline (krot´a-len)

monocrotaline

crotalism crotalism (kro´tal-izm)

crotalaria poisoning

Crotalus Crotalus (krot´a-lus)

A genus of rattlesnakes (family Crotalidae) native to North America, having large fangs that are replaced periodically throughout life and a venom that is both neurotoxic and hemolytic. The largest species are the diamondbacks of the southern states (C. adamanteus) and western states (C. atrox); the smallest are the pigmy rattlers. [G. krotalon, a rattle, fr. krotos, a rattling noise]

crotamiton crotamiton (kro-tam´i-ton)

N-Ethyl-o-crotonotoluide;a sarcopticide for topical use in scabies.

crotaphion crotaphion (kro-taf´e-on)

The tip of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone; a point in craniometry. [G. krotaphos, the temple of the head]

crotonase crotonase (kro´ton-as)

enoyl-CoA hydratase

croton oil croton oil (kro´ton)

A fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Croton tiglium (family Euphorbiaceae), an East Indian shrub; used as an irritant purgative, and externally as a counterirritant and vesicant.

crotonyl-ACP reductase crotonyl-ACP reductase (kro´ton-il)

enoyl-ACP reductase

crotoxin crotoxin (kro-tok´sin)

The toxin from the venom of the North American rattlesnake. [Crotalus + toxin]

crottle crottle (krot´el)

cudbear

croup croup (krup)

1. Laryngotracheobronchitis in infants and young children caused by parainfluenza viruses 1 and 2. 2. Any affection of the larynx in children, characterized by difficult and noisy respiration and a hoarse cough. [Scots, probably from A.S. kropan, to cry aloud]

croupous croupous (kru´pus)

Relating to croup; marked by a fibrinous exudation.

croupy croupy (kru´pe)

Having the characteristics of croup, as a c. cough.

Crouzon Crouzon

Octave, French physician, 1874-1938. See C.'s disease, syndrome.

crowding crowding (krowd´ing)

A condition in which the teeth are crowded, assuming altered positions such as bunching, overlapping, displacement in various directions, torsiversion, etc.

Crowe Crowe

Samuel J., U.S. physician, 1883-1955. See Davis-C. mouth gag.

crown crown (krown)

1. Any structure, normal or pathologic, resembling or suggesting a crown or a wreath. 2. In dentistry, that part of a tooth that is covered with enamel, or an artificial substitute for that part.corona [NA]; [L. corona]
anatomical c. c. of tooth
artificial c. a fixed restoration of the major part of the entire coronal part of a natural tooth; usually of gold, porcelain, or acrylic resin.
bell-shaped c. a c. of a tooth with an exaggerated occlusogingival contour; human deciduous molars typify the bell-shaped c.
ciliary c. corona ciliaris
clinical c. that part of the crown of a tooth visible in the oral cavity.corona clinica [NA];
c. of head corona capitis
jacket c. a hollow c. of acrylic resin, fused porcelain or cast gold, combinations of gold and acrylic or gold and porcelain; it fits over the prepared stump of the natural c.
radiate c. corona radiata
c. of tooth the portion of a tooth covered with enamel.corona dentis [NA] , anatomical c;
c. of Venus papular lesions of secondary syphilis on the forehead near the hair margin. See also collar of Venus.

crowning crowning (krown´ing)

1. Preparation of the natural crown of a tooth and covering the prepared crown with a veneer of suitable dental material (gold or non-precious metal casting, porcelain, plastic, or combinations). 2. That stage of childbirth when the fetal head has negotiated the pelvic outlet and the largest diameter of the head is encircled by the vulvar ring.

CRP CRP

Abbreviation for cAMP receptor protein; C-reactive protein.

CRT CRT

Abbreviation for cathode ray tube.

cruces cruces (kru´sez)

Plural of crux.

cruciate cruciate (kru´she-at)

Shaped like, or resembling, a cross. [L. cruciatus]

crucible crucible (kru´si-bl)

A vessel used as a container for reactions or meltings at high temperature. [Mediev. L. crucibulum, a night lamp, later, a melting pot]

crufomate crufomate (kru´fo-mat)

4-tert-Butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramide;a veterinary anthelmintic.

cruor cruor (kru´or)

Coagulated blood. [L. blood (that flows from a wound)]

crura crura (kru´ra)

Plural of crus.

crural crural (kru´ral)

Relating to the leg or thigh, or to any crus.

cruralis posterior cruralis posterior

posterior surface of leg

crureus crureus (kru-re´us)

vastus intermedius muscle [Mod. L.]

crus crus , gen. cruris , pl. crura (krus, kru´ris, -ra) [NA]

1. leg 2. Any anatomical structure resembling a leg; usually (in the plural) a pair of diverging bands or elongated masses. See also limb. [L.]
ampullary crura of semicircular ducts the dilated ends of the three semicircular ducts, each of which contains a specialized thickening of the epithelium known as the ampullary crest.crura membranacea ampullaria ductus semicircularis [NA] , ampullary limbs of semicircular ducts;
anterior c. of stapes the anterior of the two delicate curving limbs of the stapes that pass from the head of the bone to the base or footplate.c. anterius stapedis [NA] , anterior limb of stapes;
c. ante´rius cap´sulae inter´nae [NA] anterior limb of internal capsule
c. ante´rius stape´dis [NA] anterior c. of stapes
c. anthel´icis [NA] c. of antihelix
c. of antihelix one of two ridges, inferior and superior, bounding the fossa triangularis, by which the antihelix begins at the upper part of the auricle.c. anthelicis [NA] , leg of antihelix;
crura of bony semicircular canals the extremities of the bony semicircular canals in which the corresponding membranous limbs of the semicircular ducts are located; they are the common bony c., simple bony c., and ampullary bony c.crura ossea canalium semicircularium [NA] , limbs of bony semicircular canals;
c. bre´ve incu´dis [NA] short c. of incus
c. cer´ebri [NA] specifically, the massive bundle of corticofugal nerve fibers passing longitudinally on the ventral surface of the midbrain on each side of the midline; it consists of fibers descending from the cortex to the tegmentum of the brainstem, pontine gray matter, and spinal cord. See also cerebral peduncle, basis pedunculi.
c. clitor´idis [NA] c. of clitoris
c. of clitoris the continuation on each side of the corpus cavernosum of the clitoris which diverges from the body posteriorly and is attached to the pubic arch.c. clitoridis [NA];
common c. of semicircular ducts the united, nonampullary ends of the superior and posterior semicircular ducts.c. membranaceum commune ductus semicircularis [NA] , common limb of membranous semicircular ducts;
c. cor´poris caverno´si pe´nis c. of penis
c. dex´trum diaphrag´matis [NA] right c. of diaphragm
c. dex´trum fasci´culi atrioventricula´ris [NA] right c. of atrioventricular bundle See also atrioventricular bundle.
c. for´nicis [NA] that part of the fornix that rises in a forward curve behind the thalamus to continue forward as the body for fornix ventral to the corpus callosum.c. of fornix, posterior pillar of fornix;
c. of fornix c. fornicis
c. hel´icis [NA] c. of helix
c. of helix a transverse ridge continuing backward from the helix of the auricle, dividing the concha into an upper portion (cymba) and a lower portion (cavity of concha).c. helicis [NA] , crista helicis, limb of helix;
lateral c. limb or leg-like portion of a structure, farthest from midline.c. laterale [NA] , lateral limb;
c. latera´le [NA] lateral c
c. latera´le an´uli inguina´lis superficia´lis lateral c. of the superficial inguinal ring
c. latera´le cartila´ginis ala´ris major´is lateral c. of the greater alar cartilage of the nose
lateral c. of facial canal laterally-placed, posteriorly-directed second portion of the horizontal part of the facial canal. See horizontal part of facial canal.lateral c. of horizontal part of the facial canal;
lateral c. of the greater alar cartilage of the nose portion of cartilage extending laterally and posteriorly in a wing-like fashion, supporting the wing of the nose and keeping the nostril patent.c. laterale cartilaginis alaris majoris;
lateral c. of horizontal part of the facial canal lateral c. of facial canal See horizontal part of facial canal.
lateral c. of the superficial inguinal ring portion of the external oblique aponeurosis which passes lateral to the superficial inguinal ring blending into the inguinal ligament and forming the lateral boundary of the ring.c. laterale anuli inguinalis superficialis;
left c. of atrioventricular bundle the left leg or branch of the atrioventricular bundle which separates from the atrioventricular bundle just below the membranous portion of the interventricular septum to descend the septal wall of the left ventricle and begins to ramify subendocardially.c. sinistrum fasciculi atrioventricularis [NA];
left c. of diaphragm the muscular origin of the diaphragm from the upper two or three lumbar vertebrae that ascends to the left of the aorta to reach the central tendon.c. sinistrum diaphragmatis [NA];
long c. of incus the process of the incus that articulates with the stapes.c. longum incudis [NA];
c. lon´gum incu´dis [NA] long c. of incus
medial c. limb or leg-like portion of a structure closest to the midline.c. mediale [NA] , medial limb;
c. media´le [NA] medial c
c. media´le ann´uli inguina´lis superficia´lis medial c. of the superficial inguinal ring
c. media´le cartila´ginis ala´ris major´is medial c. of greater alar cartilage of nose
medial c. of facial canal medially-placed, anteriorly-directed first portion of the horizontal part of the facial canal. See horizontal part of facial canal.medial c. of the horizontal part of the facial canal;
medial c. of greater alar cartilage of nose portion of cartilage that forms the anterioinferior portion of the cartilaginous septum between nostrils.c. mediale cartilaginis alaris majoris;
medial c. of the horizontal part of the facial canal medial c. of facial canal See horizontal part of facial canal.
medial c. of the superficial inguinal ring portion of the external oblique aponeurosis which passes medial to the superficial inguinal ring forming the medial boundary of the ring.c. mediale annuli inguinalis superficialis;
cru´ra membrana´cea ampulla´ria duc´tus semicircula´ris [NA] ampullary crura of semicircular ducts
c. membrana´ceum commu´ne duc´tus semicircula´ris [NA] common c. of semicircular ducts
c. membrana´ceum sim´plex duc´tus semicircula´ris [NA] simple c. of semicircular duct
cru´ra os´sea cana´lium semicircula´rium [NA] crura of bony semicircular canals
c. pe´nis [NA] c. of penis
c. of penis the posterior, tapering portion of the corpus cavernosum penis which diverges from its contralateral partner to be attached to the ischiopubic ramus.c. penis [NA] , c. corporis cavernosi penis;
posterior c. of stapes the posterior of the two delicate limbs of the stapes that connect the head and base or footplate of the bone.c. posterius stapedis [NA] , posterior limb of stapes;
c. poste´rius cap´sulae inter´nae [NA] posterior limb of internal capsule
c. poste´rius stape´dis [NA] posterior c. of stapes
right c. of atrioventricular bundle the right leg or branch of the atrioventricular bundle which diverges from the left c. just below the membranous portion of the interventricular septum to descend the septal wall of the right ventricle and ramify beneath the endocardium.c. dextrum fasciculi atrioventricularis [NA];
right c. of diaphragm the muscular origin of the diaphragm from the bodies of the upper three or four lumbar vertebrae that passes upward to the right of the aorta toward the central tendon; the esophageal hiatus is a parting of the fibers of the right c. to allow passage of the esophagus.c. dextrum diaphragmatis [NA];
short c. of incus the short c. of incus; the process of the incus that fits into a depression (fossa incudis) in the epitympanic recess.c. breve incudis [NA];
simple c. of semicircular duct the non-ampullary end of the lateral semicircular duct that opens independently into the utricle.c. membranaceum simplex ductus semicircularis [NA] , simple membranous limb of semicircular duct;
c. sinis´trum diaphrag´matis [NA] left c. of diaphragm
c. sinis´trum fasci´culi atrioventricula´ris [NA] left c. of atrioventricular bundle See also atrioventricular bundle.

crus I crus I (krus)

superior semilunar lobule

crus II crus II (krus)

inferior semilunar lobule

crush crush (krush)

1. To squeeze injuriously between two hard bodies. 2. A bruise or contusion from pressure between two solid bodies. [O. Fr. cruisir]

crusotomy crusotomy (krus-ot´o-me)

A mesencephalic pyramidal tractotomy. [L. crus, leg, + G. tome, incision]

crust crust (krust)

1. A hard outer layer or covering; cutaneous crusts are often formed by dried serum or pus on the surface of a ruptured blister or pustule. 2. A scab.crusta; [L. crusta]
milk c. crusta lactea

crusta crusta , pl. crustae (krus´ta, -te)

crust [L.]
c. inflammato´ria buffy coat
c. lac´tea seborrhea of the scalp in an infant.milk crust, milk scall;
c. phlogis´tica buffy coat

Crustacea Crustacea (krus-ta´she-a)

A very large class of aquatic animals (phylum Arthropoda) with a chitinous exoskeleton and jointed appendages; e.g., the crab, lobster, crayfish, shrimp, isopods, ostracods, and amphipods. Some, such as certain copepods, are parasitic; others serve as intermediate hosts for parasitic worms which cause disease in man and various vertebrates. See also Copepoda. [L. crusta, a crust]

crutch crutch (krutch)

A device used singly or in pairs to assist in walking when the act is impaired by a lower extremity (or trunk) disability; it transfers all or part of weight-bearing to the upper extremity. [A. S. cryce]

Cruveilhier Cruveilhier

Jean, French pathologist and anatomist, 1791-1874. See C.'s disease, fascia, fossa; fossa navicularis Cruveilhier; C.'s joint, ligaments, under ligament, plexus; C.-Baumgarten disease, murmur, sign, syndrome.

crux crux , pl. cruces (kruks, kru´sez)

A junction or crossing.cross (1); [L.]
c. of heart the zone of junction of the septa and walls of the four chambers of the heart.cross (2);
cru´ces pilo´rum [NA] crosslike figures formed by hairs growing from two directions that meet and then separate in a direction perpendicular to the original orientation.hair crosses;

Cruz Cruz

Oswaldo, Brazilian physician, 1872-1917. See Chagas-C. disease; C. trypanosomiasis.

cry- cry-

See cryo-.

cryalgesia cryalgesia (krI-al-je´ze-a)

Pain caused by cold.crymodynia; [G. kryos, cold, + algos, pain]

cryanesthesia cryanesthesia (krI´an-es-the´ze-a)

Inability to perceive cold. [G. kryos, cold, + an- priv. + aisthesis, sensation]

cryesthesia cryesthesia (krI-es-the´ze-a)

1. A subjective sensation of cold. 2. Sensitiveness to cold. [G. kryos, cold, + aisthesis, sensation]

cry for help cry for help

Telephone calls, notes left in conspicuous places, and other behaviors which communicate extreme distress and potential suicide.

crymo- crymo-

Cold. See also cryo-, psychro-. [G. krymos,]

crymodynia crymodynia (krI-mo-din´e-a)

cryalgesia [crymo- + G. odyne, pain]

crymophilic crymophilic (krI-mo-fil´ik)

Preferring cold; denoting microorganisms which thrive best at low temperatures.cryophilic; [crymo- + G. philos, fond]

crymophylactic crymophylactic (krI´mo-fi-lak´tik)

Resistant to cold, said of certain microorganisms which are not destroyed even by freezing temperatures.cryophylactic; [crymo- + G. phylaxis, a guarding against]

cryo- cryo- , cry-

Cold. See also crymo-, psychro-. [G. kryos,]

cryoanesthesia cryoanesthesia (krI´o-an-es-the´ze-a)

Localized application of cold as a means of producing regional anesthesia.refrigeration anesthesia;

cryobiology cryobiology (krI´o-bI-ol´o-je)

The study of the effects of low temperatures on living organisms.

cryocautery cryocautery (krI´o-kaw´ter-e)

Any substance, such as liquid air or carbon dioxide snow, or a low temperature instrument, the application of which causes destruction of tissue by freezing.cold cautery;

cryoconization cryoconization (krI´o-kon-I-za´shun)

Freezing of a cone of endocervical tissue in vivo with a cryoprobe.

cryoextraction cryoextraction (krI´o-ek-strak´shun)

Removal of cataracts by the adhesion of a freezing probe to the lens; now rarely done.

cryoextractor cryoextractor (krI´o-ek-strak´tor, -tor)

An instrument, artificially cooled, for extraction of the lens by freezing contact.

cryofibrinogen cryofibrinogen (krI´o-fI-brin´o-jen)

An abnormal type of fibrinogen very rarely found in human plasma; it is precipitated upon cooling, but redissolves when warmed to room temperature.

cryofibrinogenemia cryofibrinogenemia (krI´o-fI-brin´o-je-ne´me-a)

The presence in the blood of cryofibrinogens.

cryofluorane cryofluorane (krI-o-flur´an)

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane;used as a refrigerant and aerosol propellant; may be irritating to the respiratory tract and mildly narcotic.

cryogen cryogen (krI´o-jen)

A freezing substance used to produce very low temperatures.

cryogenic cryogenic (krI-o-jen´ik)

1. Denoting or characteristic of a cryogen. 2. Relating to cryogenics.

cryogenics cryogenics (krI-o-jen´iks)

The science concerned with the production and effects of very low temperatures, particularly temperatures in the range of liquid helium (<4.25 K). [cryo- + G. -gen, producing]

cryoglobulinemia cryoglobulinemia (krI´o-glob´yu-li-ne´me-a)

The presence of abnormal quantities of cryoglobulin in the blood plasma.

cryoglobulins cryoglobulins (krI-o-glob´yu-linz)

Abnormal plasma proteins (paraproteins), now grouped with gamma globulins, characterized by precipitating, gelling, or crystallizing when serum or solutions of them are cooled; distinguished from Bence Jones proteins by their larger molecular weight (approximately 200,000 compared with 35,000 to 50,000); they may appear in patients with multiple myeloma.

cryohydrate cryohydrate (krI-o-hI´drat)

A eutectic system of a salt and water.

cryohypophysectomy cryohypophysectomy (krI´o-hI-pof´i-sek´to-me)

Destruction of hypophysis by the application of extreme cold. [cryo- + hypophysis + G. ektome, excision]

cryolysis cryolysis (krI-ol´i-sis)

Destruction by cold. [cryo- + G. lysis, dissolution]

cryometer cryometer (krI-om´e-ter)

A device for measuring very low temperatures. [cryo- + G. metron, measure]

cryopallidectomy cryopallidectomy (krI´o-pal-i-dek´to-me)

Destruction of the globus pallidus by the application of extreme cold. [cryo- + globus pallidus + G. ektome, excision]

cryopathy cryopathy (krI-op´a-the)

A morbid condition in which exposure to cold is an important factor.frigorism; [cryo- + G. pathos, suffering]

cryopexy cryopexy (krI´o-pek-se)

In retinal detachment surgery, sealing the sensory retina to the pigment epithelium and choroid by a freezing probe applied to the sclera. [cryo- + G. pexis, a fixing in place]

cryophilic cryophilic (krI-o-fil´ik)

crymophilic [cryo- + G. philos, fond]

cryophylactic cryophylactic (krI´o-fI-lak´tik)

crymophylactic

cryoprecipitate cryoprecipitate (krI´o-pre-sip´i-tat)

Precipitate which forms when soluble material is cooled, especially with reference to the precipitate that forms in normal blood plasma which has been subjected to cold precipitation and which is rich in factor VIII.

cryoprecipitation cryoprecipitation (krI´o-pre-sip-i-ta´shun)

The process of forming a cryoprecipitate from solution.

cryopreservation cryopreservation (krI´o-pres-er-va´shun)

Maintenance of the viability of excised tissues or organs at extremely low temperatures.

cryoprobe cryoprobe (krI´o-prob)

An instrument used in cryosurgery to apply extreme cold to a selected area. [cryo- + L. probo, to test]

cryoprostatectomy cryoprostatectomy (krI´o-pros-ta-tek´to-me)

Destruction of the prostate gland by freezing, utilizing a specially designed cryoprobe. [cryo- + L. prostata, prostate, + G. ektome, excision]

cryoprotein cryoprotein (krI-o-pro´ten)

A protein that precipitates from solution when cooled and redissolves upon warming.

cryopulvinectomy cryopulvinectomy (krI´o-pul-vi-nek´to-me)

Destruction of the pulvinar by the application of extreme cold. [cryo- + pulvinar + G. ektome, excision]

cryoscope cryoscope (krI´o-skop)

An instrument for measuring the freezing point.

cryoscopy cryoscopy (krI-os´ko-pe)

The determination of the freezing point of a fluid, usually blood or urine, compared with that of distilled water.algoscopy; [cryo- + G. skopeo, to examine]

cryospasm cryospasm (krI´o-spazm)

Spasm produced by cold. [cryo- + G. spasmos, convulsion]

cryostat cryostat (krI´o-stat)

A freezing chamber. [cryo- + G. statos, standing]

cryosurgery cryosurgery (krI-o-ser´jer-e)

An operation using freezing temperature (achieved by liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide) to destroy tissue.

cryothalamectomy cryothalamectomy (krI´o-thal-a-mek´to-me)

Destruction of the thalamus by the application of extreme cold. [cryo- + thalamus + G. ektome, excision]

cryotherapy cryotherapy (krI´o-thar´a-pe)

The use of cold in the treatment of disease.

cryotolerant cryotolerant (krI-o-tol´er-ant)

Tolerant of very low temperatures.

crypt crypt (kript)

A pitlike depression or tubular recess.crypta [NA];
anal c.'s anal sinuses, under sinus
dental c. the space filled by the dental follicle.
enamel c. the narrow, mesenchyme-filled space between the dental ledge and an enamel organ.enamel niche;
c.'s of Henle infoldings of conjunctiva.
c.'s of iris 1. pits near the pupillary margin of the anterior surface of the iris. 2. spaces in the anterior iris stroma through which the aqueous washes with every pupillary movement.
Lieberkühn's c.'s intestinal glands, under gland
lingual c. a pit lined with epithelium in the lingual tonsil.
Morgagni's c.'s anal sinuses, under sinus
synovial c. a diverticulum of the synovial membrane of a joint.
tonsillar c. one of the variable number of deep recesses that extend into the palatine and pharyngeal tonsils from the free surface where they open at the tonsillar fossa.crypta tonsillaris [NA];

crypt- crypt-

See crypto-.

crypta crypta , pl. cryptae (krip´ta, -te) [NA]

crypt [L. fr. G. kryptos, hidden]
c. tonsilla´ris , pl. cryp´tae tonsilla´res [NA] tonsillar crypt

cryptectomy cryptectomy (krip-tek´to-me)

Excision of a tonsillar or other crypt. [crypt + G. ektome, excision]

cryptenamine acetates cryptenamine acetates , cryptenamine tannates (krip-ten´a-men)

Acetate or tannate salts of alkaloids from a nonaqueous extract of Veratrum viride, containing the hypotensive alkaloids protoveratrines A and B, germitrine, neogermetrine, germerine, germidine, jervine, rubijervine, isorubijervine, and germubide; used as an antihypertensive agent. See also protoveratrine A and B.

cryptic cryptic (krip´tik)

Hidden; occult; larvate. [G. kryptikos]

cryptitis cryptitis (krip-tI´tis)

Inflammation of a follicle or glandular tubule, particularly in the rectum.

crypto- crypto- , crypt-

Hidden, obscure; without apparent cause. [G. kryptos, hidden, concealed]

cryptococcoma cryptococcoma (krip´to-kok-o´ma)

An infectious granuloma, typically in the brain, but also found in the lung and elsewhere, caused by Cryptococcus neoformans.toruloma; [Cryptococcus (genus name) + -oma]

cryptococcosis cryptococcosis (krip´to-kok-o´sis)

An acute, subacute, or chronic infection by Cryptococcus neoformans, causing a pulmonary, disseminated, or meningeal mycosis. The pulmonary form is usually transitory, mild, and unrecognized; cutaneous, skeletal, and visceral lesions may occur during dissemination; the most familiar and readily recognized form involves the central nervous system, with subacute or chronic meningitis.Busse-Buschke disease;

Cryptococcus Cryptococcus (krip-to-kok´us)

A genus of yeastlike fungi that reproduce by budding. [crypto- + G. kokkos, berry]
C. neofor´mans a species that causes cryptococcosis in humans and other mammalians and parasitizes cats in some areas, although strains vary in virulence; the cells are spherical and may bud at any point on the surface or simultaneously at several points; a prominent feature is a mucoid polysaccharide capsule which may vary in width from very thin to several times the radius of the parent cell and buds combined. Once thought to be widespread in nature, its true niche appears to be narrowing to a saprobic association with the manure and nests of pigeons; it is therefore essentially global in distribution.

cryptocrystalline cryptocrystalline (krip-to-kris´ta-len)

Having very minute crystals.

Cryptocystis trichodectis Cryptocystis trichodectis (krip-to-sis´tis trI-ko-dek´tis)

Name formerly applied to the larval form of the dog tapeworm, Dipylidium caninum, named for the cysticercoids found in the dog louse, Trichodectes. [crypto- + G. kystis, bladder; tricho- + G. dektes, a beggar]

cryptodidymus cryptodidymus (krip´to-did´i-mus)

Conjoined twins, with the poorly developed parasitic twin concealed within the larger autosite. See conjoined twins, under twin. [crypto- + G. didymos, twin]

Cryptogamia Cryptogamia (krip-to-gam´e-a)

A montaxonomic division of the plant kingdom containing all forms of plant life that do not reproduce by means of seeds; included are the algae, bacteria, fungi, lichens, mosses, liverworts, ferns, horsetails, and club mosses. [crypto- + G. gamos, marriage]

cryptogenic cryptogenic (krip-to-jen´ik)

Of obscure, indeterminate etiology or origin, in contrast to phanerogenic. [crypto- + G. genesis, origin]

cryptolith cryptolith (krip´to-lith)

A concretion in a gland follicle. [crypto- + G. lithos, stone]

cryptomenorrhea cryptomenorrhea (krip´to-men-o-re´a)

Occurrence each month of the general symptoms of the menses without any flow of blood, as in cases of imperforate hymen. [crypto- + G. men, month, + rhoia, flow]

cryptophthalmus cryptophthalmus , cryptophthalmia (krip-tof-thal´mus, -thal´me-a)

Congenital absence of eyelids, with the skin passing continuously from the forehead onto the cheek over a rudimentary eye. [crypto- + G. ophthalmos, eye]

cryptopodia cryptopodia (krip-to-po´de-a)

A swelling of the lower part of the leg and the foot, in such a manner that there is great distortion and the sole seems to be a flattened pad. [crypto- + G. pous, foot]

cryptopyrrole cryptopyrrole (krip-to-pir´ol)

3-Ethyl-2,4-dimethylpyrrole;one of the pyrrole derivatives obtained by the drastic reduction of heme.

cryptorchid cryptorchid (krip-tor´kid)

Relating to or characterized by cryptorchism. [crypto- + G. orchis, testis]

cryptorchidism cryptorchidism (krip-tor´ki-dizm)

cryptorchism

cryptorchidopexy cryptorchidopexy (krip-tor´ki-do-pek´se)

orchiopexy [crypto- + G. orchis, testis, + pexis, fixation]

cryptorchism cryptorchism (krip-tor´kizm)

Failure of one or both of the testes to descend.cryptorchidism;

cryptoscope cryptoscope (krip´to-skop)

Early term for a simple x-ray fluoroscope. [G. kryptos, something hidden, + skopeo, to examine]

cryptosporidiosis cryptosporidiosis (krip´to-spo-rid-e-o´sis)

An enteric disease caused by waterborne protozoan parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium; characterized pathologically by villous atrophy and fusion and clinically by diarrhea in man, calves, lambs, and other animal species; disease in immunocompetent persons is manifest as a self-limiting diarrhea, whereas in immunocompromised persons it is manifest as a prolonged severe diarrhea that can be fatal.

Cryptosporidium Cryptosporidium (krip´to-spo-rid´e-um)

A genus of coccidian sporozoans (family Cryptosporiidae, suborder Eimeriina) that are important pathogens of calves and other domestic animals, and common opportunistic parasites of humans that flourish under conditions of compromised immune function.

Cryptostroma corticale Cryptostroma corticale (krip-to-stro´ma kor-ti-ka´le)

A species of fungus that is a common allergen, growing profusely under the bark of stacked maple logs; handlers who inhale the massive number of spores may develop pneumonitic as well as allergic reactions, including maple bark disease. [crypto- + G. stroma, bed]

cryptotia cryptotia (krip-to´she-a)

A deformity, usually congenital, in which the superior portion of the auricle is hidden under the scalp. [crypto- + G. otos, ear]

cryptoxanthin cryptoxanthin (krip-to-zan´thin)

(3R)-beta,beta-Caroten-3-ol; beta-caroten-3-ol;carotenoid (specifically, a xanthophyll) yielding 1 mole of vitamin A per mole. Found in many fruits and berries.

cryptozoite cryptozoite (krip´to-zo´It)

The exoerythrocyte stage of the malarial organism that develops directly from the sporozoite inoculated by the infected mosquito; development of the first generation of merozoites in vertebrate host tissues occurs in the liver parenchyma. [crypto- + G. zoe, life]

cryptozygous cryptozygous (krip-toz´i-gus, -to-zI´gus)

Having a narrow face as compared with the width of the cranium, so that, when the skull is viewed from above, the zygomatic arches are not visible. [crypto- + G. zygon, yoke]

crystal crystal (kris´tal)

A solid of regular shape and, for a given compound, characteristic angles, formed when an element or compound solidifies slowly enough, as a result either of freezing from the liquid form or of precipitating out of solution, to allow the individual molecules to take up regular positions with respect to one another. [G. krystallos, clear ice, crystal]
asthma c.'s Charcot-Leyden c.'s
blood c.'s hematoidin
Böttcher's c.'s small c.'s observed microscopically in prostatic fluid that is treated with a drop or two of 1% solution of ammonium phosphate.
Charcot-Leyden c.'s c.'s in the shape of elongated double pyramids, formed from eosinophils, found in the sputum in bronchial asthma and in other exudates or transudates containing eosinophils.asthma c.'s, Charcot-Neumann c.'s, Charcot-Robin c.'s, Leyden's c.'s;
Charcot-Neumann c.'s Charcot-Leyden c.'s
Charcot-Robin c.'s Charcot-Leyden c.'s
chiral c. an enantiomorphic, dyssymmetric, optically active c.
chlorohemin c.'s Teichmann's c.'s
clathrate c. lattice-like arrangement of molecules of one substance surrounding molecules of another substance.
ear c.'s statoliths
Florence's c.'s brown rhombic c.'s formed at the interface between a drop of Lugol's solution and a drop of fluid that contains semen; not a specific test for the latter.
hematoidin c.'s hematoidin
hydrate c. one of several possible microstructural arrangements of water molecules based on intermolecular forces; suggested as being involved in the mode of action of inhalation anesthetics.
knife-rest c. a c. of ammoniomagnesium phosphate found in alkaline urine.
Leyden's c.'s Charcot-Leyden c.'s
Lubarsch's c.'s intracellular c.'s in the testis resembling sperm c.'s.
sperm c. , spermin c. a c. of spermin phosphate found in the semen; possibly identical to Böttcher's c.'s.
Teichmann's c.'s rhombic c.'s of hemin; used in microscopic detection of blood. See hemin.chlorohemin c.'s;
thorn apple c.'s ammonium urate c.'s in the shape of rounded bodies with many projecting points.
twin c. two c.'s that have grown together along a common face.
Virchow's c.'s yellow-brown, amber, or burnt orange c.'s of hematoidin, frequently observed in extravasated blood in tissues.
whetstone c.'s xanthine c.'s occasionally observed in urine.

crystallin crystallin (kris´ta-lin)

A type of protein found in the lens of the eye; alpha (an embryonic single protein), beta, and gamma varieties (based on precipitibility) are known. Reptiles and birds have a delta-c. as well.
gamma c. the least rapidly mobile form of c. on electrophoresis.

crystalline crystalline (kris´ta-len)

1. Clear; transparent. 2. Relating to a crystal or crystals.

crystallization crystallization (kris´tal-i-za´shun)

Assumption of a crystalline form when a vapor or liquid becomes solidified, or a solute precipitates from solution.

crystallogram crystallogram (kris´ta-lo-gram)

A photograph produced when x-rays are diffracted by a crystal. [G. krystallos, crystal, + gramma, something written]

crystallography crystallography (kris-tal-log´ra-fe)

The study of the shape and atomic structure of crystals.

crystalloid crystalloid (kris´tal-oyd)

1. Resembling a crystal, or being such. 2. A body that in solution can pass through a semipermeable membrane, as distinguished from a colloid, which cannot do so.
Charcot-Böttcher c.'s spindle-shaped c.'s 10 to 25 mum long, found in human Sertoli cells.
Reinke c.'s rod-shaped crystal-like structures with pointed or rounded ends present in the interstitial cells of the testis (Leydig cells) and ovary.

crystallophobia crystallophobia (kris´tal-o-fo´be-a)

hyalophobia [G. krystallon, crystal, + phobos, fear]

crystalluria crystalluria (kris-ta-lu´re-a)

The excretion of crystalline materials in the urine.

crystal violet crystal violet (kris´tal) [C.I. 42555]

hexamethylpararosanilin chloride;a compound that has been used in the external treatment of burns, wounds, and fungal infections of skin and mucous membranes, and internally for pinworm and certain fluke infections; used also as a stain for chromatin, amyloid, platelets in blood, fibrin, and neuroglia, and to differentiate among bacteria.methylrosaniline chloride;

crytotetany crytotetany (krI´to)

latent tetany

Cs Cs

Symbol for cesium.

C-section C-section

See cesarean section.

CSF CSF

Abbreviation for cerebrospinal fluid; colony-stimulating factors, under factor.

CSI CSI

Abbreviation for Calculus Surface Index.

Csillag Csillag

J. See C.'s disease.

CT CT

Abbreviation for computed tomography.
dynamic CT dynamic computed tomography
helical CT spiral computed tomography
spiral CT spiral computed tomography

CTD CTD

Abbreviation for cumulative trauma disorders, under disorder.

Ctenocephalides Ctenocephalides (te-no-se-fal´i-dez)

A genus of fleas. C. canis (dog flea) and C. felis (cat flea) are nearly universal ectoparasites of household pets; will attack man when starving owing to absence of pets. [G. ktenodes, like a cockle, + kephale, head]

CTL CTL

Abbreviation for cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

CTP CTP

Abbreviation for cytidine 5´-triphosphate.

Cu Cu

Symbol for copper.

67Cu ⁶⁷Cu

Symbol for copper-67.

64Cu ⁶⁴Cu

Symbol for copper-64.

cubeb cubeb (kyu´beb)

The dried unripe, nearly full-grown fruit of Piper cubeba (family Piperaceae), a climbing plant of the West Indies, used as stimulant, carminative, and local irritant; c. oil has been used as a mild urinary antiseptic. [Ar. and Hindu, kababa]

cubital cubital (kyu´bi-tal)

Relating to the elbow or to the ulna.

cubitus cubitus , gen and pl. cubiti (kyu´bi-tus, -tI) [NA]

1. elbow (1) 2. ulna [L. elbow]
c. val´gus deviation of the extended forearm to the outer (radial) side of the axis of the limb.
c. va´rus deviation of the extended forearm to the inward (ulnar) side of the axis of the limb.

cuboid cuboid , cuboidal (kyu´boyd, kyu-boy´dal)

1. Resembling a cube in shape. 2. Relating to the os cuboideum. [G. kybos, cube, + eidos, resemblance]

cudbear cudbear (kud´bar)

Purple-red coloring agent derived from the lichen Ochrolechia tartarea (family Lecanoraceae) and for the coloring principles from Roccellaceae used for coloring liquid pharmaceutical preparations.crottle;

cue cue (kyu)

In conditioning and learning theory, a pattern of stimuli to which an individual has learned or is learning to respond.
response-produced c.'s successive stimulus c.'s in a behavior chain, each response serving as a reinforcer for the previous response and as a stimulus, or c., for the next response. See higher order conditioning, behavior chain.

cuff cuff (kuf)

Any structure shaped like a c.
musculotendinous c. rotator c. of shoulder
perivascular c.'s See cuffing.
rotator c. of shoulder the upper half of the capsule of the shoulder joint reinforced by the tendons of insertion of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis muscles.musculotendinous c;

cuffing cuffing (kuf´ing)

A perivascular accumulation of various leukocytes seen in infectious, inflammatory, or autoimmune diseases. 2. To surround a structure with fluid or cells, as with a cuff; in chest radiography, thickening of bronchial walls on the image. [M.E. cuffe, mitten]

cuirass cuirass (kwe-ras´)

The anterior surface of the thorax in relation to symptoms or disease changes. [Fr. cuirasse, a breastplate]
analgesic c. tabetic c
tabetic c. an analgesic or hypalgesic zone in the proximal thoracic region, found in tabetic neurosyphilis.analgesic c., Hitzig's girdle;

cul-de-sac cul-de-sac , pl. culs-de-sac (kul-de-sak´)

1. A blind pouch or tubular cavity closed at one end; e.g., diverticulum; cecum. 2. rectouterine pouch [Fr. bottom of a sack]
conjunctival cul-de-sac conjunctival fornix
Douglas' cul-de-sac rectouterine pouch
greater cul-de-sac fundus of stomach
Gruber's cul-de-sac a lateral diverticulum in the suprasternal space beside the medial extremity of the clavicle behind the sternal attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
lesser cul-de-sac pyloric antrum

culdocentesis culdocentesis (kul´do-sen-te´sis)

Aspiration of fluid from the cul-de-sac (rectouterine excavation) by puncture of the vaginal vault near the midline between the uterosacral ligaments. [cul-de-sac + G. kentesis, puncture]

culdoplasty culdoplasty (kul´do-plas-te)

Plastic surgery to remedy relaxation of the posterior fornix of the vagina. [cul-de-sac + G. plastos, formed]

culdoscope culdoscope (kul´do-skop)

Endoscopic instrument used in culdoscopy.

culdoscopy culdoscopy (kul-dos´ko-pe)

Introduction of an endoscope through the posterior vaginal wall for viewing the rectovaginal pouch and pelvic viscera. [cul-de-sac + G. skopeo, to view]

culdotomy culdotomy (kul-dot´o-me)

1. Cutting into the cul-de-sac of Douglas. 2. vaginal celiotomy [cul-de-sac + G. tome, incision]

Culex Culex (kyu´leks)

A genus of mosquitoes (family Culicidae) including over 2,000 species. Largely tropical but worldwide in distribution; they are vectors for a number of diseases of man and of domestic and wild animals and birds. [L. gnat]
C. pi´piens a subspecies complex of the abundant polytypic species, the brown house mosquito or rainbarrel mosquito of temperate climates, which breeds commonly in standing water, especially in artificial containers, and has a 5- to 6-day cycle under optimal conditions; closely related forms are found in tropical areas.
C. tarsa´lis a species that is an important vector of St. Louis and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses in horses, birds, and man.

Culicidae Culicidae (kyu-lis´i-de)

A family of insects (order Diptera) that includes the true mosquitoes, which are all included in the subfamily Culicinae.

culicidal culicidal (kyu-li-sI´dal)

Destructive to mosquitoes. [L. culex, gnat, + caedo, to kill]

culicide culicide (kyu´li-sId)

An agent that destroys mosquitoes.

culicifuge culicifuge (kyu-lis´i-fuj)

1. Driving away gnats and mosquitoes. 2. An agent that keeps mosquitoes from biting. [L. culex, gnat + fugo, to drive away]

Culicoides Culicoides (kyu-li-koy´dez)

A genus of minute biting gnats or midges, vectors of several nonpathogenic human filariae (Mansonella, Dipetalonema), of Onchocerca in horses and cattle, and of several viral agents of domestic sheep and fowl. [L. culex, gnat]
C. aus´teni species that is an intermediate host of the filarial worm, Mansonella perstans, chiefly in equatorial Africa.
C. fu´rens species that is a vector of Mansonella ozzardi, in the West Indies.
C. mil´nei a species that is one of the vectors of Mansonella perstans in West Africa.
C. variipen´nis a species that is the primary vector of bluetongue virus in the U.S.

culicosis culicosis (kyu´li-ko´sis)

Dermatitis caused by Culex mosquitoes.

Culiseta melanura Culiseta melanura (ku-li-se´ta mel-a-nu´ra)

A species of mosquito that is the principal endemic vector of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus; since this species feeds primarily on birds, other mosquitoes (Aedes spp.) transmit the virus from birds to humans and horses.

Cullen Cullen

Thomas S., U.S. gynecologist, 1868-1953. See C.'s sign.

culmen culmen , pl. cul´mina (kul´men) [NA]

The anterior prominent portion of the monticulus of the vermis of the cerebellum; vermal lobule rostral to the primary fissure.lobulus culminis; [L. summit]

Culp Culp

Ormond S., U.S. urologist, 1910-1977. See C. pyeloplasty.

cult cult (kult)

A system of beliefs and rituals based on dogma or religious teachings and characterized by devoted adherents who display a readiness to obey, an unrealistic idealization of the leader, an abandonment of personal ambition and goals, and an eschewing of traditional societal values. [L. cultus, an honoring, adoration]

cultivation cultivation (kul-ti-va´shun)

culture [Mediev. L. cultivo, pp. -atus, fr. L. colo, pp. cultus, to till]

cultural diversity cultural diversity

The inevitable variety in customs, attitudes, practices, and behavior that exists among groups of individuals from different ethnic, racial, or national backgrounds who come into contact.

culture culture (kul´chur)

1. The propagation of microorganisms on or in media of various kinds. 2. A mass of microorganisms on or in a medium. 3. The propagation of mammalian cells, i.e., cell culture. See cell c.cultivation; [L. cultura, tillage, fr. colo, pp. cultus, to till]
batch c. a technique for large-scale production of microbes or microbial products in which, at a given point in time, the fermenter is stopped and the c. is worked up.
cell c. the maintenance or growth of dispersed cells after removal from the body, commonly on a glass surface immersed in nutrient fluid.
continuous c. a technique for production of microbes or microbial products in which nutrients are continuously supplied to the fermenter.
discontinuous c. a technique for production of microbes or microbial products in which the organisms are grown in a closed system until one nutrient factor becomes rate-limiting.
elective c. a method of isolating microorganisms capable of utilizing a specific substrate by incubating an inoculum in a medium containing the substrate; the medium usually contains substances or has characteristics that inhibit the growth of unwanted microorganisms.enrichment c;
enrichment c. elective c
hanging-block c. the propagation of microorganisms on a cube of solidified agar medium which is inoculated, attached to a cover glass, and inverted over a moist chamber or hollowed slide.
mixed lymphocyte c. See mixed lymphocyte culture test.
needle c. stab c
neotype c. neotype strain
organ c. the maintenance or growth of tissues, organ primordia, or the parts or whole of an organ in vitro in such a way as to allow differentiation or preservation of the architecture or function.
pure c. in the ordinary bacteriologic sense, a c. consisting of the descendants of a single cell.
roll-tube c. a c. in a tube of medium which has been melted and allowed to solidify while the tube is being spun; the inside of the tube is thereby coated with a thin layer of solidified medium.
sensitized c. a live c. of an organism to which a specific antiserum is added; after the mixture is incubated for several minutes (during which the antibody in the serum combines with the organisms), the excess serum is removed by means of centrifugation, washing in physiologic saline solution, and recentrifugation; the sensitized organisms may then be resuspended in physiologic saline solution.
shake c. a c. made by inoculating a liquefied gelatin or agar medium, distributing the inoculum thoroughly by agitation, and then allowing the medium to solidify in the tube in an upright position.
slant c. a c. made on the slanting surface of a medium which has been solidified in a test tube inclined from the perpendicular so as to give a greater area than that of the lumen of the tube.slope c;
slope c. slant c
smear c. a c. obtained by spreading material presumed to be infected on the surface of a solidified medium.
stab c. a c. produced by inserting an inoculating needle with inoculum down the center of a solid medium contained in a test tube.needle c;
stock c. a c. of a microorganism maintained solely for the purpose of keeping the microorganism in a viable condition by subculture, as necessary, into fresh medium.
streak c. a c. produced by lightly stroking an inoculating needle or loop with inoculum over the surface of a solid medium.
tissue c. the maintenance of live tissue after removal from the body, by placing in a vessel with a sterile nutritive medium.
type c. a type strain of microorganism preserved in a c. collection as the standard.

cum cum (kum)

With [L.]

cumarin cumarin (kyu´ma-rin)

coumarin

cumetharol cumetharol (kyu-meth´a-rol)

coumetarol

cumethoxaethane cumethoxaethane (kyu-me-thoks´a-eth-an)

coumetarol

Cummer Cummer

William E., Canadian dentist, 1879-1942. See C.'s classification, guideline.

cUMP cUMP

Abbreviation for cyclic uridine 3´,5´-monophosphate.

cumulative cumulative (kyu´myu-la-tiv)

Tending to accumulate or pile up, as with certain drugs that may have a c. effect.

cumulus cumulus , pl. cumuli (kyu´myu-lus, -lI)

A collection or heap of cells. [L. a heap]
c. oöph´orus a mass of epithelial cells surrounding the ovum in the ovarian follicle.discus proligerus, ovigerus, proligerous disk, proligerous membrane; [NA]
c. ova´ricus rarely used term for c. oöphorus.

cuneate cuneate (kyu´ne-at)

Wedge-shaped. [L. cuneus, wedge]

cuneiform cuneiform (kyu´ne-i-form)

Wedge-shaped. See intermediate cuneiform bone, lateral cuneiform bone, medial cuneiform bone.

cuneocuboid cuneocuboid (kyu´ne-o-kyu´boyd)

Relating to the lateral cuneiform and the cuboid bones.

cuneonavicular cuneonavicular (kyu-ne-o-na-vik´yu-lar)

Relating to the cuneiform and the navicular bones.cuneoscaphoid;

cuneoscaphoid cuneoscaphoid (kyu-ne-o-skaf´oyd)

cuneonavicular

cuneus cuneus , pl. cunei (kyu´ne-us, ku´ne-I) [NA]

That region of the medial aspect of the occipital lobe of each cerebral hemisphere bounded by the parietooccipital fissure and the calcarine fissure. [L. wedge]

cuniculus cuniculus , pl. cuniculi (kyu-nik´yu-lus -lI)

The burrow of the scabies mite in the epidermis. [L. a rabbit; an underground passage]

cunnilinction cunnilinction , cunnilinctus (kun-i-lingk´shun, -lingk´tus)

cunnilingus

cunnilingus cunnilingus (kun-i-ling´gus)

Oral stimulation of the vulva or clitoris; a type of oral-genital sexual activity; contrasted with fellatio, which is the oral stimulation of the penis.cunnilinction, cunnilinctus; [L. cunnus, pudendum, + lingo, to lick]

Cunninghamella elegans Cunninghamella elegans (kun-ing-ha-mel´a el´e-ganz)

One of several species of fungi that can cause disseminated zygomycosis in man, and possibly abortion in cattle, swine, and other animals.

cunnus cunnus (kun´us)

vulva [L.]

cup cup (kup)

1. An excavated or cup-shaped structure, either anatomical or pathologic.poculum; 2. cupping glass [A.S. cuppe]
Diogenes c. c. of palm
dry c. a cupping glass formerly applied to the unbroken skin to draw blood to the area but without removing it.
eye c. a small oval receptacle used to apply a liquid to the external eye.
glaucomatous c. a deep depression of the optic disk combined with optic atrophy; caused by glaucoma.glaucomatous excavation;
ocular c. optic c
optic c. the double-walled c. formed by the invagination of the embryonic optic vesicle; its inner component becomes the sensory layer of the retina, its outer layer, the pigment layer.caliculus ophthalmicus, ocular c;
c. of palm the palm of the hand when contracted and deepened by the action of the muscles on either side.Diogenes c., poculum diogenis;
perilimbal suction c. a device for increasing intraocular pressure by impeding circulation and aqueous humor flow from the eye.
physiologic c. excavation of optic disc
suction c. one of the cupping glasses of various shapes, formerly used to produce local hyperemia according to Bier's method.
wet c. a cupping glass formerly applied to a part previously scarified or incised to draw and remove blood.

cupola cupola (ku´po-la, kyu´)

cupula

cupped cupped (kupt)

Hollowed; made cup-shaped.

cupping cupping (kup´ing)

1. Formation of a hollow, or cup-shaped excavation. 2. Application of a c. glass. See also cup.

cupric cupric (ku´prik, kyu-)

Pertaining to copper, particularly to copper in the form of a doubly charged positive ion.

cupric acetate cupric acetate , cupric acetate normal

Cu(CH₃COOH)₂. H₂O;a stimulating local caustic to ulcers.

cupric arsenite cupric arsenite

CuHAsO₃;a poisonous green crystalline powder, obsolete as a medicinal agent; now used as an insecticide and pigment.copper arsenite, Scheele's green;

cupric chloride cupric chloride

CuCl₂. 2H₂O;has been used as an antiseptic in the treatment of water supplies, ponds, and pools.copper bichloride, copper chloride, copper dichloride;

cupric citrate cupric citrate

A salt of copper used as an astringent and antiseptic.copper citrate;

cupric sulfate cupric sulfate

CuSo₄. 5H₂O;it is highly poisonous to algae, is a prompt and active emetic, and is used as an irritant, astringent, and fungicide.copper sulfate, copper sulphate;

cupriuresis cupriuresis (ku´pri-yu-re´sis, kyu´-)

The urinary excretion of copper. [L. cuprum, copper, + G. ouresis, a urinating]

cupula cupula , pl. cupulae (ku´pu-la, -le; kyu´pyu-la) [NA]

A cup-shaped or domelike structure.cupola; [L. dim. of cupa, a tub]
c. of cochlea the domelike apex of the cochlea.c. cochleae [NA];
c. coch´leae [NA] c. of cochlea
c. cris´tae ampulla´ris [NA] a gelatinous mass that overlies the hair cells of the ampullary crests of the semicircular ducts; movement of endolymphatic fluid causes the c. to move across the hair cells of the ampullary crest.cap of the ampullary crest;
c. pleu´rae [NA] pleural c
pleural c. the dome-shaped roof of the pleural cavity extending up through the superior aperture of the thorax.c. pleurae [NA] , cervical pleura;

cupular cupular (ku´pu-lar, kyu´pyu-lar)

1. Relating to a cupula. 2. Dome-shaped.cupulate, cupuliform;

cupulate cupulate (ku´pu-lat, kyu´pyu-)

cupular (2)

cupuliform cupuliform (ku´pu-lI-form, kyu´pyu-)

cupular (2)

cupulogram cupulogram (ku´pu-lo-gram)

A graphic representation of vestibular function relative to normal performance.

cupulolithiasis cupulolithiasis (ku´pu-lo-li-thI´a-sis)

benign paroxysmal postural vertigo

curage curage (kyu´rij, ku-rahzh´)

Curettage by means of the finger rather than the curet. [Fr. a cleansing]

curare curare (koo-rah´re)

An extract of various plants, especially Strychnos toxifera, S. castelnaei, S. crevauxii, and Chondodendron tomentosum, that produces nondepolarizing paralysis of skeletal muscle after intravenous injection by blocking transmission at the myoneuronal junction; used clinically (e.g., as d-tubocurarine chloride, metocurine iodide) to provide muscle relaxation during surgical operations. Often classified by the vessels with which South American Indians stored c.arrow poison (1); [S. Am.]
calabash c. (packed by Indians in hollow gourds), c. from Strychnos sp.; extremely poisonous; contains yohimbine, indole, and strychnine type alkaloids.
pot c. (c. stored in clay pots), c. from Chondodendron sp.; not highly poisonous.
tube c. (c. stored in bamboo tubes), c. from Chondodendron sp.; not highly poisonous; contains the alkaloid tubocurarine.

curariform curariform (ku-rar´i-form)

Denoting a drug having an action like curare.

curarimimetic curarimimetic (ku-rar´i-mI-met´ik)

Having a curare-like action.

curarine curarine (kyu´ra-ren)

C₄₀H₄₄N₄O⁺⁺; C-Curarine I;the alkaloid principle of calabash curare.

curarization curarization (kyu-rah-ri-za´shun)

Induction of muscular relaxation or paralysis by the administration of curare or related compounds that have the ability to block nerve impulse transmission at the myoneural junction.

curative curative (kyur´a-tiv)

1. That which heals or cures. 2. Tending to heal or cure.

curb curb (kerb)

A hard, painful, inflammatory swelling on the back part of the hock of the horse; it occurs in the plantar ligament near its insertion, is characterized by swelling and heat in the part and generally by lameness, and is believed to be caused by straining the ligament in falling, jumping, or pulling.curby hock;

curcumin curcumin (kur´ku-min)

A yellow pigment from roots and pods of Curcuma longa; used in liver and bile ailments; found in curry powder; used as an indicator.tumeric yellow;

curd curd (kerd)

The coagulum of milk.

cure cure (kyur)

1. To heal; to make well. 2. A restoration to health. 3. A special method or course of treatment. See dental curing. [L. curo, to care for]

curet curet

See curette.

curetment curetment (kyu-ret´ment, ku-)

curettage

curettage curettage (kyu-re-tahzh´, ku-)

A scraping, usually of the interior of a cavity or tract, for the removal of new growths or other abnormal tissues, or to obtain material for tissue diagnosis.curetment, curettement;
periapical c. 1. removal of a cyst or granuloma from its pathologic bony crypt, utilizing a curette; 2. the removal of tooth fragments and debris from sockets at the time of extraction or of bone sequestra subsequently.
subgingival c. removal of subgingival calculus, ulcerated epithelial and granulation tissues found in periodontal pockets.apoxesis;

curette curette , curet (kyu-ret´, ku-)

Instrument in the form of a loop, ring, or scoop with sharpened edges attached to a rod-shaped handle, used for curettage. [Fr.]
Hartmann's c. a c., cutting on the side, for the removal of adenoids.

curettement curettement (kyu-ret´ment, ku-)

curettage

curie (C, c, Ci) curie (C, c, Ci) (kyu´re)

A unit of measurement of radioactivity, 3.70 x10¹⁰ disintegrations per second; formerly defined as the radioactivity of the amount of radon in equilibrium with 1 gm. of radium; superseded by the S.I. unit, the becquerel (1 disintegration per second). [Marie (1867-1934) and Pierre (1859-1906) Curie, French chemists and physicists and Nobel laureates]

curing curing (kyur´ing)

1. The act of accomplishing a cure. 2. A process by which something is prepared for use, as by heating, aging, etc.
dental c. the process by which plastic materials become rigid to form a denture base, filling, impression tray, or other appliance.

curium (Cm) curium (Cm) (kyu´re-um)

An element, atomic no. 96, atomic wt. 247.07, not occurring naturally on earth, but first formed artificially in 1944 by bombarding ²³⁹Pu with alpha particles; the most stable of the c. isotopes is ²⁴⁷Cm, with a half-life of 15.6 million years. [see curie]

Curling Curling

Thomas B., English surgeon, 1811-1888. See C.'s ulcer.

current current (ker´rent)

A stream or flow of fluid, air, or electricity. [L. currens, pres. p. of curro, to run]
action c. an electrical c. induced in muscle fibers when they are effectively stimulated; normally it is followed by contraction.
after-c. See aftercurrent.
alternating c. (AC) a c. that flows first in one direction then in the other; e.g., 60-cycle c.
anodal c. a c. produced in tissues under the anode when the circuit is closed.
ascending c. the direction of c. flow in a nerve when the anode is placed peripheral to the cathode, in contrast to descending c.; the convention used is that c. flows from positive to negative.centripetal c;
axial c. the central rapidly moving portion of the bloodstream in an artery.
centrifugal c. descending c
centripetal c. ascending c
d'Arsonval c. high frequency c
demarcation c. c. of injury
descending c. the direction of c. flow in a nerve when the cathode is placed peripheral to the anode, in contrast to ascending c.centrifugal c;
direct c. (DC) a c. that flows only in one direction; e.g., that derived from a battery; sometimes referred to as galvanic c. See also galvanism.
electrotonic c. See electrotonus.
galvanic c. See direct c., galvanism (1).
high frequency c. an alternating electric c. having a frequency of 10,000 or more per second; it produces no muscular contractions and does not affect the sensory nerves.d'Arsonval c., Tesla c;
c. of injury the c. set up when an injured part of a nerve, muscle, or other excitable tissue is connected through a conductor with the uninjured region; the injured tissue is negative to the uninjured.demarcation c;
labile c. an electrical c. applied to the body by means of electrodes that are constantly shifted about.
Tesla c. high frequency c

Curschmann Curschmann

Heinrich, German physician, 1846-1910. See C.'s disease, spirals, under spiral.

curse curse (kers)

An affliction thought to be invoked by a malevolent spirit.
Ondine's c. idiopathic central alveolar hypoventilation in which involuntary control of respiration is depressed, but voluntary control of ventilation is not impaired. [Ondine, char. in play by J. Giraudoux, based on Undine, Ger. myth. char.]

Curtis Curtis

Arthur H., U.S. gynecologist, 1881-1955. See Fitz-Hugh and C. syndrome.

curvatura curvatura , pl. curvaturae (ker´va-tu´ra, -tu´re) [NA]

curvature [L.]
c. ventric´uli ma´jor [NA] greater curvature of stomach
c. ventric´uli mi´nor [NA] lesser curvature of stomach

curvature curvature (ker´va-chur)

A bending or flexure. See angulation.curvatura [NA]; [L. curvatura, fr. curvo, pp. -atus, to bend, curve]
angular c. a gibbous deformity, i.e., a sharp angulation of the spine, occurring in Pott's disease.Pott's c;
anterior c. c. in which a more distal or cephalad part is deviated anteriorly with respect to the coronal anatomic plane.
backward c. c. in which a more distal or cephalad part is deviated posteriorly with respect to the coronal anatomic plane.
gingival c. the rounding of the gum along its line of attachment to the neck of a tooth.
greater c. of stomach the border of the stomach to which the greater omentum is attached.curvatura ventriculi major [NA];
lateral c. c. in which a more distal part is deviated away from the anatomic sagittal plane.
lesser c. of stomach the right border of the stomach to which the lesser omentum is attached.curvatura ventriculi minor [NA];
occlusal c. curve of occlusion
Pott's c. angular c
spinal c. See kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis.

curve curve (kerv)

1. A nonangular continuous bend or line. 2. A chart or graphic representation, by means of a continuous line connecting individual observations, of the course of a physiological activity, of the number of cases of a disease in a given period, or of any entity that might be otherwise presented by a table of figures.chart (2); [L. curvo, to bend]
active length-tension c. the relationship between active isometric tension and preload (rest length) for a contracting muscle.
alignment c. the line passing through the center of the teeth laterally in the direction of the c. of the dental arch.
anti-Monson c. reverse c
Barnes' c. a c. corresponding in general with Carus' c., being the segment of a circle whose center is the promontory of the sacrum.
buccal c. the line of the dental arch from the canine, or cuspid tooth to the third molar.
Carus' c. an imaginary curved line obtained from a mathematical formula, supposed to indicate the outlet of the pelvic canal.Carus' circle;
characteristic c. sensitometric c. of radiographic film, a plot of the film density versus the logarithm of the relative exposure.H and D c., Hunter and Driffield c;
compensating c. the anteroposterior and lateral curvature in the alignment of the occluding surfaces and incisal edges of artificial teeth; used to develop balanced occlusion.
distribution c. a systematic grouping of data into classes or categories according to the frequency of occurrence of each successive value or ranges of such values, resulting in a graph of a frequency distribution.frequency c;
dose-response c. a graph showing the relationship between the dose of a drug, infectious agent, etc. and the biological response.
dye-dilution c. graph of the serial concentrations (dilutions) of a dye, e.g., Evans blue, following its intravascular or intracardiac injection; useful in the diagnosis of congenital cardiac shunts, measurement of cardiac output, and detection of cardiovalvular incompetence.indicator-dilution c;
epidemic c. a graph in which the number of new cases of a disease is plotted against an interval of time to describe a specific epidemic or outbreak.
flow-volume c. the graph produced by plotting the instantaneous flow of respiratory gas against the simultaneous lung volume, usually during maximal forced expiration.
force-velocity c. the relationship between isotonic velocity of shortening and afterload for a contracting muscle.
Frank-Starling c. Starling's c
frequency c. distribution c
Friedman c. a graph on which hours of labor are plotted against cervical dilation in centimeters.
gaussian c. normal distribution
growth c. a graphic representation of the change in size of an individual or a population over a period of time.
H and D c. characteristic c
Heidelberger c. precipitation c
Hunter and Driffield c. characteristic c
indicator-dilution c. dye-dilution c
intracardiac pressure c. c. of pressure recorded within the atrium or ventricle (intra-atrial and intraventricular pressure c.'s).
isovolume pressure-flow c. the relationship between transpulmonary pressure and respiratory air flow, expressed as a function of lung volume.
logistic c. an S-shaped c. which depicts the growth of a population in an area of fixed limits.
milled-in c.'s milled-in paths, under path
Monson c. the c. of occlusion in which each cusp and incisal edge touches or conforms to a segment of the surface of a sphere 8 inches in diameter with its center in the region of the glabella.
muscle c. myogram
c. of occlusion 1. a curved surface which makes simultaneous contact with the major portion of the incisal and occlusal prominences of the existing teeth; 2. the c. of a dentition on which the occlusal surfaces lie.occlusal curvature;
passive length-tension c. the relationship between passive tension and preload (rest length) for a muscle at rest.
Pleasure c. a c. of occlusion which when viewed in sagittal section conforms to a line that is convex upward except for the last molars.
precipitation c. a graph of the quantity of precipitate formed as a function of the quantity of antigen added during the titration of an antibody with an antigen.Heidelberger c;
Price-Jones c. a distribution c. of the measured diameters of red blood cells; it is to the right of the normal c. (i.e., indicating larger diameters) in instances of pernicious anemia and other forms in which macrocytes are present, and to the left (i.e., indicating smaller diameters) in iron deficiency and other forms of microcytic anemia.
probability c. a graph of the gaussian (normal) distribution representing relative probabilities.
progress c. a graphical representation of a chemical or enzyme-catalyzed reaction in which the product concentration or the substrate concentration or the ES binary complex are plotted against time.
pulse c. sphygmogram
receiver operating characteristic c. 1. a plot of true positive versus false positive results, usually in a trial of a diagnostic test. 2. a graphical means of assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons.ROC c;
reverse c. in dentistry, a c. of occlusion which is convex upward.anti-Monson c;
ROC c. receiver operating characteristic c
c. of Spee the anatomic curvature of the mandibular occlusal plane beginning at the tip of the lower cuspid and following the buccal cusps of the posterior teeth, continuing to the terminal molar.von Spee's c;
Starling's c. a graph in which cardiac output or stroke volume is plotted against mean atrial or ventricular end-diastolic pressure; with increasing venous return and atrial pressure the output proportionately increases until further increments overload the heart and the output falls.Frank-Starling c;
strength-duration c. a graph relating the intensity of an electrical stimulus to the length of time it must flow to be effective. See chronaxie, rheobase.
stress-strain c. a c. showing the ratio of deformation to load during the testing of a material in tension.
tension c. the direction of the trabeculae in cancellous bone tissue adapted to resist stress.
Traube-Hering c.'s slow oscillations in blood pressure usually extending over several respiratory cycles; related to variations in vasomotor tone; rhythmical variations in blood pressure.Traube-Hering waves;
von Spee's c. c. of Spee
whole-body titration c. a graphic representation of the in vivo changes in hydrogen ion, Pa_CO2, and bicarbonate which occur in arterial blood in response to primary acid-base disturbances.

Curvularia Curvularia (ker-vyu-la´re-a)

A genus of dark-colored fungi that grow rapidly on culture media. Generally regarded as contaminants, two species, C. lunata and C. geniculata, are among the true species of fungi capable of producing mycetoma in humans, keratomycosis, sinusitis, and pheohyphomycosis.

Cushing Cushing

Hayward W., U.S. surgeon, 1854-1934. See C.'s suture.

Cushing Cushing

Harvey W., U.S. neurosurgeon, 1869-1939. See C.'s basophilism, disease, syndrome, syndrome medicamentosus; C. effect, phenomenon, response; C.'s pituitary basophilism.

cushingoid cushingoid (kush´ing-oyd)

Resembling the signs and symptoms of Cushing's disease or syndrome: buffalo hump obesity, striations, adiposity, hypertension, diabetes, and osteoporosis, usually due to exogenous corticosteroids.

cushion cushion (kush´un)

In anatomy, any structure resembling a pad or c.
atrioventricular canal c.'s a pair of mounds of embryonic connective tissue covered by endothelium, bulging into the embryonic atrioventricular canal; located one dorsally and one ventrally, they grow together and fuse with each other and with the lower edge of the septum primum, dividing the originally single canal into right and left atrioventricular orifices.endocardial c.'s;
endocardial c.'s atrioventricular canal c.'s
c. of epiglottis epiglottic tubercle
eustachian c. torus tubarius
levator c. the bulge in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx, below the opening of the auditory tube, produced by the levator veli palatini muscle.torus levatorius [NA] , levator swelling;
Passavant's c. a prominence on the posterior wall of the naso-pharynx formed by contraction of the superior constrictor of the pharynx during swallowing.Passavant's bar, Passavant's pad, Passavant's ridge;
pharyngoesophageal c.'s venous plexuses on the anterior and posterior walls of the pharyngoesophageal junction.pharyngoesophageal pads;
plantar c. a dense mass of fibrofatty tissue overlying the frog in the foot of the horse; serves an important shock-absorbing function.
sucking c. buccal fat-pad

cusp cusp (kusp)

1. In dentistry, a conical elevation arising on the surface of a tooth from an independent calcification center. See also dental tubercle. 2. A leaflet of one of the heart's valves.cuspis [NA]; [L. cuspis, point]
anterior c. of atrioventricular valve the anterior leaflet or valvule of either the tricuspid or mitral valves.cuspis anterior valvae atrioventricularis dextrae/sinistrae [NA];
c. of Carabelli a fifth c. found on the maxillary first molars, usually located lingual to the mesiolingual c.
posterior c. of atrioventricular valve the posterior leaflet of either the tricuspid or mitral valves.cuspis posterior valvae atrioventricularis dextrae/sinistrae [NA];
semilunar c. one of the three semilunar segments serving as the three c.'s of a valve preventing regurgitation at the beginning of the aorta; a similar valve guards the entrance of the pulmonary trunk; the segments are named, respectively, anterior, right, and left in the pulmonary valve, and posterior, right, and left in the aortic valve.
septal c. of tricuspid valve the leaflet of the tricuspid valve located adjacent to the interventricular septum.cuspis septalis valvae atrioventricularis dextrae [NA];
talon c. an anomalous c. that projects lingually from the cingulum of permanent incisors. [Eng. claw, heel, fr. O. Fr., fr. L. talus, ankle]
c. of tooth an elevation or mound on the crown of a tooth making up a part of the occlusal surface.cuspis dentis [NA] , cuspis coronae [NA];

cuspad cuspad (kus´pad)

In a direction toward the cusp of a tooth. [L. ad, to]

cuspal cuspal (kus´pal)

Pertaining to a cusp.

cuspid cuspid (kus´pid)

1. Having but one cusp.cuspidate; 2. canine tooth [L. cuspis, point]

cuspidate cuspidate (kus´pi-dat)

cuspid (1)

cuspis cuspis , pl. cuspides (kus´pis, kus´pi-dez) [NA]

cusp [L. a point]
c. ante´rior val´vae atrioventricula´ris dex´trae/sinis´trae [NA] anterior cusp of atrioventricular valve
c. coro´nae [NA] * official alternate term for cusp of tooth, cusp of tooth
c. den´tis [NA] cusp of tooth
c. poste´rior val´vae atrioventricula´ris dex´trae/sinis´trae [NA] posterior cusp of atrioventricular valve
c. septa´lis val´vae atrioventricula´ris dex´trae [NA] septal cusp of tricuspid valve

cusum cusum (ku´sum)

Acronym for cumulative sum of a series of measurements; used primarily in Great Britain.

cut cut (kut)

In molecular biology, a hydrolytic cleavage of two opposing phosphodiester bonds in a double-stranded nucleic acid. Cf. nick.

cutaneomucosal cutaneomucosal (kyu-ta´ne-o-myu-ko´sal)

mucocutaneous

cutaneous cutaneous (kyu-ta´ne-us)

Relating to the skin. [L. cutis, skin]

cutch cutch (kutch)

catechu nigrum

cutdown cutdown (kut´down)

Dissection of a vein for insertion of a cannula or needle for the administration of intravenous fluids or medication.venostomy;

Cuterebra Cuterebra (kyu-te-re´bra)

A genus of botflies with large blue or black bumble-bee-like adults, whose larvae most commonly infest rodents and lagomorphs (hares and rabbits); the larvae develop into large spiny grubs, usually in the subcutaneous connective tissue of the neck. Similar grubs, probably of other species, are not uncommon in cats and are sometimes found in dogs and in humans. [L. cutis, skin, + terebro, to bore, fr. terebra, an auger]

cuticle cuticle (kyu´ti-kl)

1. An outer thin layer, usually horny in nature.cuticula (1); 2. The layer, chitinous in some invertebrates, which occurs on the surface of epithelial cells. 3. epidermis [L. cuticula, dim. of cutis, skin]
acquired c. , acquired enamel c. acquired pellicle
dental c. enamel c
enamel c. the primary enamel cuticle, consisting of two extremely thin layers (the inner one clear and structureless, the outer one cellular), covering the entire crown of newly erupted teeth and subsequently abraded by mastication; it is evident microscopically as an amorphous material between the attachment epithelium and the tooth.cuticula dentis [NA] , adamantine membrane, dental c., membrana adamantina, Nasmyth's c., Nasmyth's membrane, skin of teeth;
c. of hair cuticula pili
c. of nail the exposed distal prolongation of the corneal layer of the deep surface of the proximal nail fold (eponychium (2)), seen as a thin "skin" overlapping and adherent to the body of the nail at its proximal portion (the area of the lunula). It is formed as a remnant of the eponychium (1) which otherwise degenerates by the eighth month of pregnancy.
Nasmyth's c. enamel c
posteruption c. acquired pellicle
c. of root sheath cuticula vaginae folliculi pili

cuticula cuticula , pl. cuticulae (kyu-tik´yu-la, -le)

1. [NA] cuticle (1) 2. epidermis [L. cuticle]
c. den´tis [NA] enamel cuticle
c. pi´li a layer of overlapping shingle-like cells that invest the hair cortex and serve to lock the hair shaft in its follicle.cuticle of hair;
c. vagi´nae follic´uli pi´li cuticle of overlapping shingle-like cells lining the follicle of the hair.cuticle of root sheath;

cuticularization cuticularization (kyu-tik´yu-lar-I-za´shun)

Obs. Covering an abraded area with epidermis.

cutin cutin (kyu´tin)

A specially prepared, thin, animal membrane used as a protective covering for wounded surfaces. [L. cutis, skin]

cutireaction cutireaction (kyu´ti-re-ak´shun)

The inflammatory reaction in the case of a skin test in a sensitive (allergic) subject.cutaneous reaction; [L. cutis, skin, + reaction]

cutis cutis (kyu´tis) [NA]

skin [L.]
c. anseri´na contraction of the arrectores pilorum produced by cold, fear, or other stimulus, causing the follicular orifices to become prominent.goose flesh, gooseflesh;
c. lax´a [MIM*123700] a congenital or acquired condition characterized by deficient elastic fibers of the skin hanging in folds; vascular anomalies may be present; inheritance is either dominant or recessive, the latter sometimes in association with pulmonary emphysema and diverticula of the alimentary tract or bladder.dermalaxia, dermatochalasis, generalized elastolysis, loose skin, pachydermatocele (1);
c. marmora´ta a normal, physiologic, pink, marble-like mottling of the skin in infants, persisting abnormally in some children on exposure to cold.
c. rhomboida´lis nu´chae geometric furrowed configurations of the skin of the back of the neck as a result of prolonged exposure to sunlight with solar elastosis.
c. unctuo´sa seborrhea oleosa
c. ve´ra dermis
c. ver´ticis gyra´ta a congenital condition in which the skin of the scalp is hypertrophied and thrown into folds forming anterior to posterior furrows; it may be a component of pachydermoperiostosis.

cutisector cutisector (kyu´ti-sek´tor)

1. Rarely used term for instrument for cutting small pieces of skin for grafting. 2. Rarely used term for instrument used to remove a section of skin for microscopic examination. [L. cutis, skin, + sector, a cutter]

cutization cutization (kyu-ti-za´shun)

The transition from mucous membrane to skin at the mucocutaneous margins.

cuvet cuvet , cuvette (ku-vet´)

A small container or cup in which solutions are placed for photometric analysis.

Cuvier Cuvier

Baron Georges L.C.F.D. de la, French scientist, 1769-1832. See C.'s ducts, under duct, veins, under vein.

CV CV

Abbreviation for coefficient of variation; cardiovascular; closing volume.

CVA CVA

Abbreviation for cerebrovascular accident.

CVP CVP

Abbreviation for central venous pressure.

CX CX

Abbreviation for phosgene oxime.

cyamemazine cyamemazine (sI-a-mem´a-zen)

10-(3-Dimethylamino-2-methylpropyl)-phenothiazine-2-carbonitrile;a sedative with antihistaminic and antispasmodic properties.

cyan- cyan-

See cyano-.

cyanalcohols cyanalcohols (sI-an-al´ko-holz)

cyanohydrins

cyanamide cyanamide (sI-an´i-mId)

An irritating and caustic water-soluble substance, H₂NCN or HN=C=NH; often used in referring to calcium cyanamide.

cyanate cyanate (sI´an-at)

The radical -O-C=N or ion (CNO)^-.

cyanemia cyanemia (sI-a-ne´me-a)

Obsolete term for cyanosis. [cyan- + G. haima, blood]

cyanide cyanide (sI´an-Id)

1. The radical -CN or ion (CN)^-. The ion is extremely poisonous, forming hydrocyanic acid in water; inhibits respiratory proteins. 2. A salt of HCN or a cyano-containing molecule.
c. methemoglobin cyanmethemoglobin

cyanidenon cyanidenon (sI-a-nid´e-non)

luteolin

cyanidol cyanidol (sI´an-i-dol)

catechin

cyanmethemoglobin cyanmethemoglobin (sI´an-met-he´mo-glo-bin)

A relatively nontoxic compound of cyanide with methemoglobin, which is formed when methylene blue is administered in cases of cyanide poisoning.cyanide methemoglobin;

cyano- cyano- , cyan-

1. Combining form meaning blue. 2. Chemical prefix frequently used in naming compounds that contain the cyanide group, CN. [G. kyanos, a dark blue substance]

Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria (sI´a-no-bak-ter´e-a)

A division of the kingdom Prokaryotae consisting of unicellular or filamentous bacteria that are either nonmotile or possess a gliding motility, reproduce by binary fission, and perform photosynthesis with the production of oxygen. These blue-green bacteria were formerly referred to as blue-green algae.Cyanophyceae;

cyanochroic cyanochroic , cyanochrous (sI-an-o-kro´ik, sI-an-ok´rus)

cyanotic [cyano- + G. chroia, color]

cyanocobalamin cyanocobalamin (sI´an-o-ko-bal´a-min)

A complex of cyanide and cobalamin, as in vitamin B₁₂.
radioactive c. cyano[⁵⁷Co]cobalamin, cyano[⁵⁸Co]cobalamin, or cyano[⁶⁰Co]cobalamin produced by the growth of certain microorganisms on a medium containing cobalt-57, cobalt-58, or cobalt-60; used in the investigation of the absorption and metabolism of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B₁₂).

cyanogen cyanogen (sI-an´o-jen)

A compound of two cyano radicals, NC-CN; its highly toxic compounds (general formula X-CN, where X is a halogen) are used in chemical syntheses and as tissue preservatives.ethanedinitrile;
c. chloride CNCl;a highly volatile liquid; a systemic poison used as a warning agent in fumigation with hydrogen cyanide.

cyanogenic cyanogenic (sI´an-o-jen´ik)

Capable of producing hydrocyanic acid; said of plants such as sorghum, Johnson grass, arrowgrass, and wild cherry which may cause cyanide poisoning in herbivorous animals.

cyanohydrins cyanohydrins (sI´an-o-hI´drinz)

R-CHOH-CN;addition compounds of HCN and aldehydes.cyanalcohols;

cyanophil cyanophil , cyanophile (sI´an-o-fil, -fIl)

A cell or element that is differentially colored blue by a staining procedure. [cyano- + G. philos, fond]

cyanophilous cyanophilous (sI-a-nof´i-lus)

Readily stainable with a blue dye.

Cyanophyceae Cyanophyceae (sI´a-no-fI´se-e)

Cyanobacteria [cyano- + G. phykos, seaweed]

cyanopia cyanopia (sI-a-no´pe-a)

cyanopsia

cyanopsia cyanopsia (sI-a-nop´se-a)

A condition in which all objects appear blue; may temporarily follow cataract extraction.blue vision, cyanopia; [cyano- + G. opsis, vision]

cyanosed cyanosed (sI´a-nosd)

cyanotic

cyanosis cyanosis (sI-a-no´sis)

A dark bluish or purplish coloration of the skin and mucous membrane due to deficient oxygenation of the blood, evident when reduced hemoglobin in the blood exceeds 5 g per 100 ml. [G. dark blue color, fr. kyanos, blue substance]
compression c. c. accompanied by edema and petechial hemorrhages over the head, neck, and upper part of the chest, as a venous reflex resulting from severe compression of the thorax or abdomen; the conjunctiva and retinas are similarly affected.
enterogenous c. apparent c. caused by the absorption of nitrites or other toxic materials from the intestine with the formation of methemoglobin or sulfhemoglobin; the skin color change is due to the chocolate color of methemoglobin.
false c. c. due to the presence of an abnormal pigment, such as methemoglobin, in the blood, and not resulting from a deficiency of oxygen.
hereditary methemoglobinemic c. congenital methemoglobinemia
late c. cyanose tardive
c. ret´inae venous congestion of the retina.
shunt c. any blue color of the entire skin or a region of the skin or mucous membrane due to a right to left shunt permitting unoxygenated blood to reach the left side of the circulation.
tardive c. cyanose tardive
toxic c. c. due to methemoglobin formation resulting from the action of certain drugs, e.g., nitrites.

cyanotic cyanotic (sI-a-not´ik)

Relating to or marked by cyanosis.cyanochroic, cyanochrous, cyanosed;

cyanuria cyanuria (sI-a-nu´re-a)

The presence of blue urine. [cyano- + G. ouron, urine]

cyanuric acid cyanuric acid (sI-a-nur´ik)

2,4,6-Trihydroxy-1,3,5-triazine;a cyclic product formed by heating urea; used industrially and as an herbicide.

Cyathostoma Cyathostoma (sI-a-thos´to-ma)

A genus of gapeworms of poultry in the nematode family Syngamidae, so called because of the gaping habit of fowl infected by these worms in their upper respiratory tract. [G. kyathos, cup, cup-shaped, + stoma, mouth]
C. bronchia´lis a species found in wild geese and domestic ducks, geese, and swans; occurs in the larynx, trachea, and bronchi and causes distress and symptoms similar to those produced by the chicken gapeworm, Syngamus trachea; its life cycle is thought to be similar to that of Syngamus trachea.

Cyathostomum Cyathostomum (sI-a-thos´to-mum)

A genus of strongyle nematodes (family Cyasthostomidae, formerly part of the family Strongylidae); it includes many of the small strongyles of horses formerly placed in the genus Trichonema, which have been variously divided into a number of genera and subgenera. [see Cyathostoma]

cybernetics cybernetics (sI-ber-net´iks)

1. The comparative study of electronic calculators and the human nervous system, with intent to explain the functioning of the brain. 2. The science of control and communication in both living and nonliving systems; characteristically, control is governed by feedback, that is, by communication within the system concerning the difference between the actual and the desired result, action then being modified so as to minimize this difference. See also feedback. [G. kybernetica, things pertaining to control or piloting]

cybrid cybrid (sI´brid)

A cell with cytoplasm from two different cells as a result of cell hybridization. [cell + hybrid]

cycl- cycl-

See cyclo-.

cyclamate cyclamate (sI´kla-mat)

A salt or ester of cyclamic acid; the calcium and sodium are noncaloric artificial sweetening agents.

cyclamic acid cyclamic acid (sI-klam´ik)

A sweetening agent, usually used as sodium or calcium cyclamate.cyclohexanesulfamic acid, cyclohexylsulfamic acid;

cyclamide cyclamide (sI´kla-mId)

glycyclamide

cyclandelate cyclandelate (sI-klan´de-lat)

3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl mandelate;an antispasmodic similar in action to papaverine; used for obliterative vascular diseases and vasospastic conditions.

cyclarbamate cyclarbamate (sI-klar´ba-mat)

1,1-cyclopentanedimethanol dicarbanilate;a tranquilizer with antispasmodic properties.cyclopentaphene;

cyclarthrodial cyclarthrodial (sI-klar-thro´de-al)

Relating to a cyclarthrosis.

cyclarthrosis cyclarthrosis (sI-klar-thro´sis)

A joint capable of rotation. [cyclo- + G. arthrosis, articulation]

cyclase cyclase (sI´klas)

Descriptive name applied to an enzyme that forms a cyclic compound; e.g., adenylate cyclase.

cycle cycle (sI´kl)

1. A recurrent series of events. 2. A recurring period of time. 3. One successive compression and rarefaction of a wave, as of a sound wave. [G. kyklos, circle]
anovulatory c. a sexual c. in which no ovum is discharged.
brain wave c. the complete upward and downward excursion of a single wave, complex, or impulse as seen on an electroencephalogram.
carbon dioxide c. , carbon c. the circulation of carbon as CO₂ from the expired air of animals and decaying organic matter to plant life where it is synthesized (through photosynthesis) to carbohydrate material, from which, as a result of catabolic processes in all life, it is again ultimately released to the atmosphere as CO₂.
cardiac c. the complete round of cardiac systole and diastole with the intervals between, or commencing with, any event in the heart's action to the moment when that same event is repeated.
cell c. the periodic biochemical and structural events occurring during proliferation of cells such as in tissue culture; the c. is divided into periods called: G₀, Gap₁ (G₁), synthesis (S₁), Gap₂ (G₂), and mitosis (M). The period runs from one division to the next.mitotic c;
chewing c. a complete course of movement of the mandible during a single masticatory stroke.
citric acid c. tricarboxylic acid c
Cori c. the phases in the metabolism of carbohydrate: 1) glycogenolysis in the liver; 2) passage of glucose into the circulation; 3) deposition of glucose in the muscles as glycogen; 4) glycogenolysis during muscular activity and conversion to lactate, which is converted to glycogen in the liver.
dicarboxylic acid c. 1. that portion of the tricarboxylic acid c. involving the dicarboxylic acids (succinic, fumaric, malic, and oxaloacetic acids); 2. a cyclic scheme in which certain steps of the tricarboxylic acid c. are used with the glyoxylate c.; important in the utilization of glyoxylic acid in microorganisms.
endogenous c. the portion of a parasitic life cycle occurring within the host.
estrous c. the series of physiologic uterine, ovarian, and other changes that occur in higher animals, consisting of proestrus, estrus, postestrus, and anestrus or diestrus.
exoerythrocytic c. that nonpathogenic portion of the vertebrate phase of the life cycle of malarial organisms that takes place in liver cells, outside of the blood cells.
exogenous c. the portion of a parasitic life cycle occurring outside the host.
fatty acid oxidation c. a series of reactions involving acyl-coenzyme A compounds, whereby these undergo beta oxidation and thioclastic cleavage, with the formation of acetyl-coenzyme A; the major pathway of fatty acid catabolism in living tissue.
forced c. a cardiac c. (atrial or ventricular) that is cut short by a forced beat.
futile c. a c. of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation catalyzed by two enzymes which normally function in two different metabolic pathways; the net effect is the hydrolysis of ATP and the generation of heat; e.g., the futile c. from the unregulated action of 6-phosphofructokinase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in muscle; such c.'s may have important roles in heat production, in the fine tuning of the regulation of certain pathways and may be a factor in malignant hyperthermia.substrate c;
genesial c. the reproductive period of a woman's life.
gamma-glutamyl c. a proposed pathway for the glutathione-dependent transport of certain amino acids (most notably l-cystine, l-methionine, and l-glutamine) and dipeptides into certain cells; this c. requires the formation of gamma-glutamyl amino acids and gamma-glutamyl dipeptides as well as a protein for the translocation of these di- and triisopeptides into the cells.
glycine-succinate c. a series of metabolic steps in which glycine is condensed with succinyl-CoA and is then oxidized to CO₂ and H₂O with regeneration of the succinyl-CoA; important in the synthesis of delta-aminolevulinic acid and in the metabolism of red blood cells.Shemin c;
glyoxylic acid c. a catabolic c. in plants and microorganisms like that of the tricarboxylic acid c. in animals; its key reaction is the condensation of acetyl-CoA with glyoxylic acid to malic acid (analogous to the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid in the tricarboxylic acid c.).Krebs-Kornberg c;
gonadotrophic c. (go´nad-o-trof´ik) one complete round of ovarian development in the insect vector from the time when the blood meal is taken to the time when the fully developed eggs are laid.
hair c. the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), and quiescence (telogen) in the life of a hair.
Krebs c. tricarboxylic acid c
Krebs-Henseleit c. , Krebs ornithine c. , Krebs urea c. urea c
Krebs-Kornberg c. glyoxylic acid c
life c. the entire life history of a living organism.
masticating c.'s the patterns of mandibular movements formed during the chewing of food.
menstrual c. the period in which an ovum matures, is ovulated, and enters the uterine lumen via the fallopian tubes; ovarian hormonal secretions effect endometrial changes such that, if fertilization occurs, nidation will be possible; in the absence of fertilization, ovarian secretions wane, the endometrium sloughs, and menstruation begins; this c. lasts an average of 28 days, with day 1 of the c. designated as that day on which menstrual flow begins.
mitotic c. cell c
nitrogen c. the series of events in which the nitrogen of the atmosphere is fixed, thus made available for plant and animal life, and is then returned to the atmosphere: nitrifying bacteria convert N₂ and O₂ to NO₂^- and NO₃^-, the latter being absorbed by plants and converted to protein; if plants decay, the nitrogen is in part given up to the atmosphere and the remainder is converted by microorganisms to ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates; if the plants are eaten, the animals' excreta or bacterial decay return the nitrogen to the soil and air.
ornithine c. urea c
ovarian c. the normal sex c. which includes development of an ovarian (graafian) follicle, rupture of the follicle with discharge of the ovum, and formation and regression of a corpus luteum.
pentose phosphate c. pentose phosphate pathway
reproductive c. the c. which begins with conception and extends through gestation and parturition.
restored c. an atrial or ventricular cardiac c. that follows the returning c. and resumes the normal rhythm.
returning c. an atrial or ventricular cardiac c. that begins with an extrasystole or a forced beat.
Ross c. the life c. of the malaria parasite.
Shemin c. glycine-succinate c
substrate c. futile c
succinic acid c. a series of oxidation reduction reactions in which succinic acid and other 4-carbon atoms acids (fumaric, malic, oxaloacetic) take part in the oxidation of pyruvic acid as part of the tricarboxylic acid c. See also dicarboxylic acid c.
tricarboxylic acid c. together with oxidative phosphorylation, the main source of energy in the mammalian body and the end toward which carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism are directed; a series of reactions, beginning and ending with oxaloacetic acid, during the course of which a two-carbon fragment is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water with the production of 12 high-energy phosphate bonds. So called because the first four substances involved (citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, isocitric acid, and oxalosuccinic acid) are all tricarboxylic acids; from oxalosuccinate, the others are, in order, a-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, l-malate, and oxaloacetate, which condenses with acetyl-CoA (from fatty acid degradation) to form citrate (citric acid) again.citric acid c., Krebs c;
urea c. the sequence of chemical reactions, occurring primarily in the liver, that results in the production of urea; the key reaction is the hydrolysis of l-arginine by arginase to l-ornithine and urea; l-ornithine is then converted to l-citrulline by a carbamoylation and then to l-arginine again by an amination reaction involving l-aspartic acid.Krebs-Henseleit c., Krebs ornithine c., Krebs urea c., ornithine c;
visual c. the transformation of carotenoids involved in the bleaching and regeneration of the visual pigment.

cyclectomy cyclectomy (sI-klek´to-me, sik-lek´to-me)

Excision of a portion of the ciliary body.ciliectomy; [cyclo- + G. ektome, excision]

cyclencephaly cyclencephaly , cyclencephalia (sI-klen-sef´a-le, -se-fa´le-a)

Condition in a malformed fetus characterized by poor development and a varying degree of fusion of the two cerebral hemispheres.cyclocephaly, cyclocephalia; [cyclo- + G. enkephalos, brain]

cycles per second (cps) cycles per second (cps)

The number of successive compressions and rarefactions per second of a sound wave. The preferred designation for this unit of frequency is hertz.

cyclic cyclic (sI´klik, sik´lik)

1. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, a cycle; occurring periodically, denoting the course of the symptoms in certain diseases or disorders. 2. In chemistry, continuous, without end, as in a ring; denoting a c. compound.

cyclic AMP cyclic AMP

adenosine 3´,5´-cyclic monophosphate

3´,5´-cyclic AMP synthetase 3´,5´-cyclic AMP synthetase

adenylate cyclase

cyclic GMP cyclic GMP

cyclic guanosine 3´,5´-monophosphate

cyclitis cyclitis (sI-klI´tis)

Inflammation of the ciliary body. [G. kyklos, circle (ciliary body), + -itis, inflammation]
Fuchs' heterochromic c. Fuchs' syndrome
heterochromic c. a chronic inflammatory c. in which the iris of the affected eye becomes atrophic.
plastic c. inflammation of the ciliary body, and usually of the entire uveal tract, with a fibrinous exudation into the anterior and vitreous chambers.
purulent c. suppurative inflammation of the ciliary body.

cyclizine hydrochloride cyclizine hydrochloride (sI´kli-zen)

1-Diphenylmethyl-4-methylpiperazine hydrochloride;an antihistamine agent useful in the prevention and relief of motion sickness and symptoms caused by vestibular disorders.

cyclizine lactate cyclizine lactate

An agent with the same use and action as the hydrochloride.

cyclo- cyclo- , cycl-

1. Combining forms relating to a circle or cycle; or denoting an association with the ciliary body. 2. In chemistry, a combining form indicating a continuous molecule, without end, or the formation of such a structure between two parts of a molecule. [G. kyklos, circle]

cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride (sI-klo-ben´za-pren)

1-Propanamine, 3-(5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-ylidene)-N,N-diemthyl-, hydrochloride;a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant used to relieve acute muscular spasms.

cyclocephaly cyclocephaly , cyclocephalia (sI-klo-sef´a-le, -se-fa´le-a)

cyclencephaly [cyclo- + G. kephale, head]

cyclochoroiditis cyclochoroiditis (sI´klo-ko-roy-dI´tis)

Inflammation of the ciliary body and the choroid.

cyclocryotherapy cyclocryotherapy (sI´klo-krI´o-thar´a-pe)

Transscleral freezing of the ciliary body in the treatment of glaucoma.

cyclocumarol cyclocumarol (sI-klo-kyu´ma-rol)

4-Hydroxycoumarin anticoagulant No. 63; a synthetic anticoagulant compound, related to bishydroxycoumarin.

cyclodestructive cyclodestructive (sI´klo-dis-truk´tiv)

Relating to a procedure designed to damage the ciliary body in order to diminish the production of aqueous fluid in patients with glaucoma. See cyclocryotherapy, cyclodiathermy, cyclophotocoagulation.

cyclodialysis cyclodialysis (sI´klo-dI-al´i-sis)

Establishment of a communication between the anterior chamber and the suprachoroidal space in order to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma. [cyclo- + G. dialysis, separation]

cyclodiathermy cyclodiathermy (sI´klo-dI-a-ther´me)

Diathermy applied to the sclera adjacent to the ciliary body in the treatment of glaucoma.

cycloduction cycloduction (sI-klo-duk´shun)

Rotation of the eye around its visual axis.circumduction (2) , cyclotorsion; [cyclo- + L. duco, pp. ductus, to draw]

cycloelectrolysis cycloelectrolysis (sI´klo-e-lek-trol´i-sis)

Obsolete procedure in which electrolysis is applied to the ciliary body to reduce ocular pressure.

cycloguanil pamoate cycloguanil pamoate (sI-klo-gwahn´il)

Chloroguanide triazine pamoate; 4,6-diamino-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,2-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-s-triazine pamoate;a long-acting antimalarial agent that prevents the growth or survival of the pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic parasites.

cyclohexanesulfamic acid cyclohexanesulfamic acid (sI-klo-heks´an-sul-fam´ik)

cyclamic acid

cyclohexatriene cyclohexatriene (sI´klo-heks-a-trI´en)

Obsolete term for benzene.

cycloheximide cycloheximide (sI-klo-heks´i-mId)

3-[2-(3,5-Dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]glutarimide;an antibiotic obtained from certain strains of Streptomyces griseus; used in biochemical research to inhibit in vitro protein synthesis; also a fungicide and rat repellent.

cyclohexitol cyclohexitol (sI-klo-heks´i-tol)

inositol

cyclohexylsulfamic acid cyclohexylsulfamic acid (sI-klo-hek´sil-sul-fam´ik)

cyclamic acid

cycloid cycloid (sI´kloyd)

Suggesting cyclothymia; a term applied to a person who tends to have periods of marked swings of mood, but within normal limits. [cyclo- + G. eidos, resembling]

cyclol cyclol (sI´klol)

A cyclic dipeptide postulated as occurring in proteins; it does occur in some of the ergot alkaloids.

cyclonamine cyclonamine (sI-klo-na´men)

ethamsylate

cyclooxygenase cyclooxygenase (sI´klo-oks´e-jen-as)

prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase

cyclopea cyclopea (sI-klo´pe-a)

cyclopia

cyclopean cyclopean (sI-klo´pe-an)

cyclopian

cyclopentamine hydrochloride cyclopentamine hydrochloride (sI-klo-pent´a-men)

N,a-dimethylcyclopentaneethylamine hydrochloride; 1-cyclopentyl-2-methylaminopropane hydrochloride;a sympathomimetic amine, similar in action to ephedrine.

cyclopentane cyclopentane (sI-klo-pen´tan)

A closed ring hydrocarbon containing five carbon atoms, isomeric with pentene.

cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene

Phenanthrene, to the a side of which a three-carbon fragment is fused; as the perhydro (saturated) derivative, it is the basic structure of the steroids.

cyclopentaphene cyclopentaphene (sI-klo-pen´ta-fen)

cyclarbamate

cyclopenthiazide cyclopenthiazide (sI´klo-pen-thI´a-zId)

C₁₃H₁₈ClN₃O₄S₂;a benzothiadiazide diuretic.

cyclopentolate hydrochloride cyclopentolate hydrochloride (sI-klo-pen´to-lat)

2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl-1-hydroxy-a-phenylcyclopentaneacetate hydrochloride;an anticholinergic, spasmolytic drug, used in refraction determinations; causes cycloplegia and mydriasis; an atropine-like agent with brief duration of action.

cyclopeptide cyclopeptide (sI-klo-pep´tId)

A polypeptide lacking terminal -NH₂ and -COOH groups by virtue of their combination to form another peptide link, forming a ring.

cyclophenazine hydrochloride cyclophenazine hydrochloride (sI-klo-fen´a-zen)

10-[3-(4-Cyclopropyl-1-piperazinyl)propyl]-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenothiazine dihydrochloride;a tranquilizing drug.

cyclophorases cyclophorases (sI-klo-for´as-ez)

The group of enzymes in mitochondria that catalyze the complete oxidation of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water; essentially, those enzymes and coenzymes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

cyclophoria cyclophoria (sI-klo-fo´re-a)

Abnormal tendency for each eye to rotate around its anteroposterior axis, the rotation being prevented by visual fusional impulses. [cyclo- + G. phora, movement]

cyclophosphamide cyclophosphamide (sI-klo-fos´fa-mId)

N,N-Bis-(2-chloroethyl)-N´-(3-hydroxypropyl)phosphordiamidic acid cyclic ester monohydrate;an alkylating agent with antitumor activity and uses similar to those of its parent compound, nitrogen mustard (mechlorethamine hydrochloride); also a suppressor of B-cell activity and antibody formation, used to treat autoimmune diseases.

cyclophotocoagulation cyclophotocoagulation (sI´klo-fo´to-ko-ag-yu-la´shun)

Photocoagulation of the ciliary processes to reduce the secretion of aqueous humor in glaucoma. [cyclo- + photocoagulation]

cyclophrenia cyclophrenia (sI-klo-fre´ne-a)

Obsolete term for manic-depressive psychosis. [cyclo- + G. phren, the mind]

Cyclophyllidae Cyclophyllidae (sI-klo-fil´i-de)

An order of tapeworms that includes most of the common parasites of humans and domestic animals. [cyclo- + G. phyllon, leaf]

cyclopia cyclopia (sI-klo´pe-a)

A congenital defect in which the two orbits merge to form a single cavity containing one eye, its origin evidenced by fusion of the right and left optic primordia, and in which the nose is absent; usually combined with cyclencephaly.cyclopea, synophthalmia, synophthalmus; [G. Kyklops, fr. kyklos, circle, + ops, eye]

cyclopian cyclopian (sI-klo´pe-an)

Denoting or relating to cyclopia.cyclopean;

cycloplegia cycloplegia (sI-klo-ple´je-a)

Loss of power in the ciliary muscle of the eye; may be by denervation or by pharmacologic action. [cyclo- + G. plege, stroke]

cycloplegic cycloplegic (sI-klo-ple´jik)

1. Relating to cycloplegia. 2. A drug that paralyzes the ciliary muscle and thus the power of accommodation.

cyclopropane cyclopropane (sI-klo-pro´pan)

(CH₂)₃;an explosive gas of characteristic odor; in the past, widely used for producing general anesthesia.trimethylene;

cyclops cyclops (sI´klops)

An individual with cyclopia.monoculus (1) , monophthalmus, monops; [see cyclopia]

cycloserine cycloserine (sI-klo-ser´en)

d-4-amino-3-isoxazolidinone; cyclic anhydride of serine amide;an antibiotic produced by strains of Streptomyces orchidaceus or S. garyphalus with a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity.orientomycin;

cyclosis cyclosis (sI-klo´sis)

The movement of the protoplasm and contained plastids within the protozoan cell. [G., fr. kykloo, to move around]

Cyclospora Cyclospora (sI-klo-spor´ah)

A Cryptosporidium-like genus of coccidian parasites reported from millipedes, reptiles, insectivores, and a rodent species. C. is characterized by acid-fast oocysts with two sporocysts, each with two sporozoites. C. species is an undescribed but distinct species of C. that is implicated as the cause of a widespread, prolonged but self-limited human diarrhea in patients in North, Central, and South America; Caribbean countries; Southeast Asia; and eastern Europe previously reported as caused by cyanobacterium-like bodies.cyanobacterium-like bodies;

cyclosporin A cyclosporin A (sI-klo-spor´in)

cyclosporine

cyclosporine cyclosporine (sI-klo-spor´en)

C₆₂H₁₁₁N₁₁O₁₂;a cyclic oligopeptide immunosupressant produced by the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum Gams; used to inhibit organ transplant rejection.cyclosporin A;

cyclothiazide cyclothiazide (sI-klo-thI´a-zId)

6-Chloro-3,4-dihydro-3-(2-norbornen-5-yl)-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide;a diuretic and antihypertensive.

cyclothymia cyclothymia (sI-klo-thI´me-a)

A mental disorder characterized by marked swings of mood from depression to hypomania but not to the degree that occurs in bipolar disorder. [cyclo- + G. thymos, rage]

cyclothymiac cyclothymiac , cyclothymic (sI-klo-thI´me-ak, -thI´mik)

Relating to cyclothymia.

cyclotomy cyclotomy (sI-klot´o-me)

Operation of cutting the ciliary muscle. [cyclo- + G. tome, incision]

cyclotorsion cyclotorsion (sI´klo-tor´shun)

cycloduction

cyclotron cyclotron (sI´klo-tron)

An accelerator that produces high-speed ions (e.g., protons and deuterons) under the influence of an alternating magnetic field, for bombardment and disruption of atomic nuclei. Used to produce clinically useful positron-emitting radionuclides. [cyclo- + G. -tron, instrumental suffix]

cyclotropia cyclotropia (sI-klo-tro´pe-;a)

A disparity of ocular position in which one eye is rotated around its visual axis, with respect to the other eye. [cyclo- + G. trope, a turn, turning]

cyclozoonosis cyclozoonosis (sI´klo-zo-o-no´sis)

A zoonosis that requires more than one vertebrate host (but no invertebrate) for completion of the life cycle; e.g., various taenioid cestodes such as Taenia saginata and T. solium in which humans are an obligatory host; hydatid disease, a c. in which man is not an obligatory host. [cyclo- + G. zoon, animal, + nosos, disease]

cycrimine hydrochloride cycrimine hydrochloride (sI´kri-men)

1-Phenyl-1-cyclopentyl-3-piperidino-1-propanol hydrochloride;an anticholinergic drug used in the treatment of parkinsonism.

Cyd Cyd

Symbol for cytidine.

cyesis cyesis (sI-e´sis)

Obsolete term for pregnancy. [G. kyesis]

cyheptamide cyheptamide (sI-hep´ta-mId)

10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-5-carboxamide;an anticonvulsant.

cyl. cyl.

Abbreviation for cylinder, or cylindrical lens.

cylinder (cyl., C) cylinder (cyl., C) (sil´in-der)

1. A cylindrical lens. 2. A cylindrical or rodlike renal cast. 3. A cylindrical metal container for gases stored under high pressure. [G. kylindros, a roll]
axis c. obsolete term for axon.
Bence Jones c.'s slightly irregular, relatively smooth, rod-shaped or cylindroid bodies of fairly tenacious, viscid proteinaceous material in the fluid of the seminal vesicles.
crossed c.'s a lens used in refraction to determine the strength and axis of a cylindrical lens to correct astigmatism; a combination of concave and convex cylinders of like power whose axes are at right angles to each other.
Külz's c. coma cast

cylindraxis cylindraxis (sil-in-drak´sis)

Historical precursor of the term axon, based on an interpretation of the myelinated nerve fiber as a cylinder of which the axon formed the axis.

cylindrical cylindrical (si-lin´dri-kal)

Shaped like a cylinder; referring to a cylinder.

cylindroadenoma cylindroadenoma (sil´in-dro-ad-e-no´ma)

cylindroma

cylindroid cylindroid (sil´in-droyd)

false cast [G. kylindrodes, fr. kylindros, roll, cylinder, + eidos, appearance]

cylindroma cylindroma (sil-in-dro´ma)

A histologic type of epithelial neoplasm, frequently malignant, characterized by islands of neoplastic cells embedded in a hyalinized stroma which may represent a thickened basement membrane; may form from ducts of glands, especially in salivary glands, skin, and bronchi; in the salivary glands, also termed adenoid cystic carcinoma.cylindroadenoma; [G. kylindros, cylinder, -oma, tumor]

cylindrosarcoma cylindrosarcoma (sil´in-dro-sar-ko´ma)

Obsolete term for a sarcoma that manifests several foci of hyaline degenerative changes, such as those observed in cylindromas.

cylindruria cylindruria (sil-in-dru´re-a)

The presence of renal cylinders or casts in the urine.

cyllosoma cyllosoma (sil-o-so´ma)

One-sided congenital defect of the lower abdominal wall (eventration) with defective development of the corresponding lower limb. [G. kyllos, deformed, esp. clubfooted or bandylegged, + soma, body]

cymarin cymarin (sI´ma-rin)

K-Strophanthin-a, a glycoside of cymarose present in the seeds of Strophanthus kombé; the aglycone is strophanthin; a cardiotonic.

cymba conchae cymba conchae (sim´ba kong´ke) [NA]

The upper, smaller part of the external ear lying above the crus helicis. [G. kymbe, the hollow of a vessel, a cup, bowl, a boat]

cymbocephalic cymbocephalic , cymbocephalous (sim-bo-se-fal´ik, -sef´a-lus)

Relating to cymbocephaly.

cymbocephaly cymbocephaly (sim-bo-sef´a-le)

scaphocephaly [G. kymbe, the hollow of a vessel, a boat-shaped structure, + kephale, head]

cynanthropy cynanthropy (sI-nan´thro-pe)

A delusion in which one barks and growls, imagining himself to be a dog. [G. kyon, dog, + anthropos, man]

cynic cynic (sin´ik)

Doglike, denoting a spasm of the muscles of the face as in risus caninus. [G. kynikos, doglike]

cynocephaly cynocephaly (sI-no-sef´a-le)

Craniostenosis in which the skull slopes back from the orbits, producing a resemblance to the head of a dog. [G. kyon, dog, + kephale, head]

cynodont cynodont (sI´no-dont)

1. A canine tooth. 2. A tooth having one cusp or point. [G. kyon, dog, + odous (odont-), tooth]

cynophobia cynophobia (sI-no-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of dogs. [G. kyon, dog, + phobos, fear]

Cyon Cyon

Elie de, Russian physiologist, 1843-1912. See C.'s nerve.

cypridophobia cypridophobia (sI´pri-do-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of venereal disease or of sexual intercourse. [G. Kypris, Aphrodite, + phobos, fear]

Cyprinidae Cyprinidae (sI-prin´i-de)

A family of bony freshwater fishes including the goldfishes, carp, chubs, and minnows. [G. kyprinos, a carp]

cyproheptadine hydrochloride cyproheptadine hydrochloride (sI-pro-hep´ta-den)

1-Methyl-4-(5-dibenzo-[a,e]-cycloheptatrienylidine)-piperidine;a potent antagonist of histamine and serotonin, with antihistaminic and antipruritic actions.

cyproterone acetate cyproterone acetate (sI-pro´ter-on)

6-Chloro-1beta,2beta-dihydro-17-hydroxy-3´H-cyclopropa[1,2]pregna-1,4,6-triene-3,20-dione acetate;a synthetic steroid capable of inhibiting the biological effects exerted by endogenous or exogenous androgenic hormones; an antiandrogen.

Cys Cys

Symbol for cysteine (half-cystine) or its mono- or diradical.

cyst cyst (sist)

1. A bladder. 2. An abnormal sac containing gas, fluid, or a semisolid material, with a membranous lining. See also pseudocyst. [G. kystis, bladder]
adventitious c. pseudocyst (1)
allantoic c. urachal c
alveolar hydatid c. a hydatid c. of a multiloculate type, usually in the liver, caused by Echinococcus multilocularis, adults of which are in foxes; larvae (alveolar hydatid) are found chiefly in microtine rodents, but also among humans such as trappers and others handling pelts of infected foxes and other carnivores; growth is by exogenous budding and is not limited by an outer laminated membrane as in the hydatid c. from E. granulosus; necrosis, cavitation, contiguous spread, and death usually ensue.multilocular hydatid c., multiloculate hydatid c;
aneurysmal bone c. a solitary benign osteolytic lesion expanding a long bone or within a vertebra, consisting of blood-filled spaces, and separated by fibrous tissue containing multinucleated giant cells; such c.'s cause swelling, pain, and tenderness.benign bone aneurysm;
angioblastic c. mesenchymal tissue capable of forming blood in the embryo.
apical periodontal c. an inflammatory odontogenic c. derived histogenetically from Malassez' epithelial rests surrounding the root apex of a nonvital tooth.periapical c., radicular c., root end c;
apoplectic c. a pseudocyst formed of extravasated blood as in a stroke.
arachnoid c. a fluid-filled c. lined with arachnoid membrane, frequently situated near the lateral aspect of the fissure of Sylvius; usually congenital in origin.leptomeningeal c;
Baker's c. a collection of synovial fluid which has escaped from the knee joint or a bursa and formed a new synovial-lined sac in the popliteal space; seen in degenerative or other joint diseases.
Bartholin's c. a c. arising from the major vestibular gland or its ducts.
bile c. gallbladder
blood c. hemorrhagic c
blue dome c. 1. one of a number of small dark blue nodules or c.'s in the vaginal fornix due to retained menstrual blood in endometriosis affecting this region; 2. a benign retention c. of the mammary gland in fibrocystic disease, containing a pale slightly yellow fluid which gives a blue color to the c. when seen through the surrounding fibrous tissue.
bone c. See solitary bone c.
botryoid odontogenic c. a type of lateral periodontal c. that shows a multilocular growth pattern.
Boyer's c. a subhyoid c.
branchial c. a cervical c. arising from developmental persistence of ectodermal branchial grooves or endodermal pharyngeal pouches.branchial cleft c., cervical c. (1);
branchial cleft c. branchial c
bronchogenic c. a c. lined by ciliated columnar epithelium believed to represent bronchial differentiation; smooth muscle and mucous glands may be present.
bursal c. a retention c. in a bursa.
calcifying and keratinizing odontogenic c. calcifying odontogenic c
calcifying odontogenic c. a mixed radiolucent-radiopaque lesion of the jaws with features of both a c. and a solid neoplasm; characterized microscopically by an epithelial lining showing a palisaded layer of columnar basal cells, presence of ghost cell keratinization, dentinoid, and calcification.calcifying and keratinizing odontogenic c., Gorlin c;
cerebellar c. a c. usually occurring in the lateral cerebellar white matter; often a part of cerebellar astrocytoma.
cervical c. 1. branchial c 2. thyroglossal duct c
chocolate c. c. of the ovary with intracavitary hemorrhage and formation of a hematoma containing old brown blood; often seen with endometriosis of the ovary but occasionally with other types of c.'s.
choledochal c. c. originating from common bile duct; usually becomes apparent early in life as a right upper abdominal mass in association with jaundice.
chyle c. a circumscribed dilation of a lymphatic channel of the mesentery, containing chyle.
colloid c. a c. with gelatinous contents.
compound c. multilocular c
corpora lutea c.'s persistent corpora lutea with c. formation.
Cowper's c. a retention c. of a bulbourethral gland.
daughter c. a secondary c., usually multiple, derived from a mother c.
dental lamina c. a small keratin-filled c., usually multiple, on the alveolar ridge of newborn infants; derived from remnants of the dental lamina.
dentigerous c. an odontogenic c. derived from the reduced enamel epithelium surrounding the crown of an impacted or embedded tooth.follicular c. (2);
dermoid c. a tumor consisting of displaced ectodermal structures along lines of embryonic fusion, the wall being formed of epithelium-lined connective tissue, including skin appendages and containing keratin, sebum, and hair.dermoid tumor, dermoid (2) , inclusion dermoid, sequestration c;
dermoid c. of ovary a common benign cystic teratoma of the ovary, lined for the most part by skin, and containing hair and sebum, but also usually containing a variety of other well differentiated structures within a small inwardly projecting mass of solid tissue.
distention c. retention c
duplication c. a congenital cystic malformation attached to or originating from any part of the alimentary canal, from the base of the tongue to the anus, which reproduces the structure of the adjacent alimentary tract.
echinococcus c. hydatid c
endometrial c. a c. resulting from endometrial implantation outside the uterus, as in endometriosis.
endothelial c. a serous c. whose sac is lined with endothelium.
enterogenous c.'s mediastinal cysts derived from cells sequestered from the primitive foregut; may be classified histologically as bronchogenic, esophageal, or gastric.
ependymal c. a circumscribed distention of some portion of the central canal of the spinal cord or of the cerebral ventricles.neural c;
epidermal c. a c. formed of a mass of epidermal cells which, as a result of trauma, has been pushed beneath the epidermis; the c. is lined with stratified squamous epithelium and contains concentric layers of keratin.implantation c., inclusion c. (1);
epidermoid c. a spherical, unilocular c. of the dermis, comprised of encysted keratin and sebum; the c. is lined by a keratinizing epithelium resembling the epidermis derived from the follicular infundibulum.
epithelial c. a c. lined with epithelium.
eruption c. a form of dentigerous c. in the soft tissues in conjunction with an erupting tooth; seen on the alveolar ridge of children.
extravasation c. obsolete term for hemorrhagic c.
exudation c. a c. resulting from distention of a closed cavity, such as a bursa, by an excessive secretion of its normal fluid contents.
false c. pseudocyst (1)
fissural c. a c. derived from epithelial remnants entrapped along the fusion line of embryonal processes.inclusion c. (2);
follicular c. 1. a cystic graafian follicle; 2. dentigerous c
Gartner's c. a c. of the principal duct in the vestigial structures of the paroöphoron in the cervix or anterolateral vaginal wall, corresponding to the sexual portion of mesonephros in the male.
gas c. a c. with gaseous instead of the ordinary liquid or pultaceous contents.
gingival c. a c. derived from remnants of the dental lamina situated in the attached gingiva, occasionally producing superficial erosion of the cortical plate of bone; most are located in the cuspid-premolar region.
globulomaxillary c. (glo´bu-lo-maks´il-lar-e) a c. of odontogenic origin found between the roots of the maxillary lateral incisor and canine teeth.
glomerular c.'s c.'s formed by dilatation of Bowman's capsules, found in rare cases of congenital polycystic kidneys.
Gorlin c. calcifying odontogenic c
granddaughter c. a tertiary c. sometimes developed within a daughter c., as in the hydatid cyst of Echinococcus.
hemorrhagic c. a c. containing blood or resulting from the encapsulation of a hematoma.blood c., hematocele (1) , hematocyst, sanguineous c;
hepatic c.'s congenital c.'s thought to originate from an obstruction of biliary ductules; they may be solitary and range in size from small to enormous; polycystic disease may also occur.
heterotrophic oral gastrointestinal c. a c. of the oral cavity lined by gastric or intestinal mucosa from misplaced embryonic rests.
hydatid c. a c. formed in the liver, or, less frequently, elsewhere, by the larval stage of Echinococcus, chiefly in ruminants; two morphological forms caused by Echinococcus granulosus are found in humans: the unilocular hydatid c. and the osseous hydatid c.; a third form in humans is the alveolar hydatid c., caused by Echinococcus multilocularis.echinococcus c., hydatid (1);
implantation c. epidermal c
incisive canal c. a c. in or near the incisive canal, arising from proliferation of epithelial remnants of the nasopalatine duct; the most common maxillary development c.median anterior maxillary c., nasopalatine duct c;
inclusion c. 1. epidermal c 2. fissural c
involution c. a mammary c. occurring at the menopause, due to fibrocystic disease.
iodine c.'s obsolete term used to indicate the c.'s of Iodamoeba butschlii, characterized by a large iodine-positive glycogen vacuole.
junctional c. a c. of the testis arising from the structures connecting the rete testis with the epididymis.
keratinous c. an epithelial c. containing keratin.
Klestadt's c. nasoalveolar c
lacteal c. a retention c. in the mammary gland resulting from closure of a lactiferous duct.milk c;
lateral periodontal c. an intraosseous c., usually encountered in the cuspid-premolar region of the mandible, derived from the remnants of the dental lamina and representing the intraosseous counterpart of the gingival c.
leptomeningeal c. arachnoid c
lymphoepithelial c. a cervical c. arising from salivary gland epithelium entrapped in lymph nodes during embryogenesis. Also seen within the oral cavity.
median anterior maxillary c. incisive canal c
median palatal c. a developmental c. located in the midline of the hard palate.
median raphe c. of the penis a c. of the raphe penis resulting from incomplete closure of the urethral groove, becoming clinically evident in childhood or later.
meibomian c. chalazion
milk c. lacteal c
morgagnian c. vesicular appendices of uterine tube, under appendix
mother c. a hydatid c. from the inner, or germinal, layer, from which secondary c.'s containing scoleces (daughter c.'s) are developed; sometimes tertiary c.'s (granddaughter c.'s) are developed within the daughter c.'s; occurs most frequently in the liver, but may be found in other organs and tissues; symptoms are those of a tumor of the part affected.parent c;
mucous c. a retention c. resulting from obstruction in the duct of a mucous gland.mucocele;
multilocular c. a c. containing several compartments formed by membranous septa.compound c;
multilocular hydatid c. , multiloculate hydatid c. alveolar hydatid c
myxoid c. ganglion (2)
nabothian c. a retention c. that develops when a mucous gland of the cervix uteri is obstructed; of no pathologic significance.nabothian follicle;
nasoalveolar c. a soft tissue c. located near the attachment of the ala over the maxilla; probably derived from the lower anterior part of the nasolacrimal duct.Klestadt's c., nasolabial c;
nasolabial c. nasoalveolar c
nasopalatine duct c. incisive canal c
necrotic c. a c. due to a circumscribed encapsulated area of necrosis with subsequent liquefaction of the dead tissue.
neural c. ependymal c
neurenteric c.'s paravertebral c.'s commonly connected to the meninges or a portion of the gastrointestinal tract that develop due to incomplete separation of endoderm from the notochord during early fetal life; often symptomatic.
odontogenic c. a c. derived from odontogenic epithelium. [odont- + G. genos, birth, origin, + suffix -ic, pertaining to]
oil c. a c. resulting from loss of the epithelial lining of a sebaceous, dermoid, or lacteal c., or from the subcutaneous injection of oil or fat material.
omphalomesenteric c. cystic lesion found within the umbilical cord, presumed to develop from remnants of the omphalomesenteric duct early in gestation. May be found on antenatal ultrasound.omphalomesenteric duct c;
omphalomesenteric duct c. omphalomesenteric c
oophoritic c. ovarian c
osseous hydatid c. a morphological form of hydatid c. caused by Echinococcus granulosus, and found in the long bones or the pelvic arch of humans if the embryo is filtered out in bony tissue; in this site no limiting membrane forms and the c. grows in an uncontrolled fashion, producing cancellous structures and inducing fracture, followed by spread to new sites.
ovarian c. a cystic tumor of the ovary, either non-neoplastic (follicle, lutein, germinal inclusion, or endometrial) or neoplastic; usually restricted to benign c.'s, i.e., mucinous serous cystadenoma, or dermoid c.'s.oophoritic c;
paraphysial c.'s c.'s arising from vestigial remnants of the paraphysis; they are the possible origin of some third ventricular colloid c.'s.
parasitic c. a c. formed by the larva of a metazoan parasite, such as a hydatid or trichinal c.
parent c. mother c
paroophoritic c. a c. arising from the paroöpheron.
parvilocular c. a tumor composed of multiple small c.'s.
pearl c. a mass of epithelial cells introduced into the interior of the eye by a perforating injury.
periapical c. apical periodontal c
phaeomycotic c. a subcutaneous cystic granuloma caused by pigmented fungi, usually solitary and located on the extremities.
pilar c. a common c. of the skin and subcutis which contains sebum and keratin, and is lined by pale-staining stratified epithelial cells derived from follicular trichilemma.trichilemmal c;
piliferous c. a dermoid c. containing hair.
pilonidal c. See pilonidal sinus.
pineal c. a c. of the pineal gland; rarely of clinical importance.
posttraumatic leptomeningeal c. a persistent cystic accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid with progressive loss of bone and dura, occurring at the site of a previous fracture.
primordial c. a c. which develops in place of a tooth through cystic degeneration of the enamel organ prior to formation of calcified odontogenic tissue.
proliferating tricholemmal c. pilar tumor of scalp
proliferation c. , proliferative c. , proliferous c. a mother c. containing daughter c.'s; a c. with tumorous formation at one portion of the sac.
protozoan c. infectious form of many protozoan parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Balantidium coli, etc., usually passed in the feces and provided with a highly condensed cytoplasm and resistant cell wall.
pseudomucinous c. a c. containing a gelatinous fluid, formerly thought to differ significantly from mucin, occurring especially in the ovary.
radicular c. apical periodontal c
Rathke's cleft c. an intrasellar or suprasellar c. lined by cuboidal epithelium derived from remnants of Rathke's pouch.
residual c. the persistence of an apical periodontal c. that remains after tooth extraction.
retention c. a c. resulting from some obstruction to the excretory duct of a gland.distention c., secretory c;
rete c. of ovary a c. derived from the germinal cords in the hilum of the ovary.
root end c. apical periodontal c
sanguineous c. hemorrhagic c
sebaceous c. a common c. of the skin and subcutis containing sebum and keratin, and lined by epithelium derived from the pilosebaceous follicle. See epidermoid c., pilar c.
secretory c. retention c
seminal vesical c. a c., usually congenital, of the seminal vesicle.
sequestration c. dermoid c
serous c. a c. containing clear serous fluid, such as a hygroma.
simple bone c. solitary bone c
solitary bone c. a unilocular c. containing serous fluid and lined with a thin layer of connective tissue, occurring usually in the shaft of a long bone in a child.idiopathic bone cavity, osteocystoma, simple bone c., traumatic bone c., unicameral bone c;
Stafne bone c. lingual salivary gland depression
static bone c. lingual salivary gland depression
sterile c. a hydatid c. without brood capsules or viable scoleces.
sublingual c. ranula (2)
suprasellar c. craniopharyngioma
surgical ciliated c. a c. that arises from maxillary sinus epithelium implanted along a line of surgical entry.
synovial c. ganglion (2)
Tarlov's c. a perineural c. found in the proximal radicles of the lower spinal cord; it is usually productive of symptoms.
tarry c. a c. or collection of old blood having a tarry or black, sticky appearance; usually due to endometriosis.
tarsal c. chalazion
teratomatous c. a c. containing structures derived from all three of the primary germ layers of the embryo.
thyroglossal duct c. , thyrolingual c. a c. in the midline of the neck resulting from nonclosure of a segment of the ductus thyroglossus.cervical c. (2);
Tornwaldt's c. pharyngeal bursa
traumatic bone c. solitary bone c
trichilemmal c. pilar c
tubular c. tubulocyst
umbilical c. vitellointestinal c
unicameral c. unilocular c
unicameral bone c. solitary bone c
unilocular c. a c. having a single sac.unicameral c;
unilocular hydatid c. the commonest form of hydatid c. in man, caused by Echinococcus granulosus and found in the liver, lungs, or any other site where the hexacanth embryo may settle if it passes the hepatic or pulmonary capillary filters; characterized by large balloon-like forms lined internally with a germinative membrane, enclosed externally in a laminated membrane within a host-parasite capsule, and filled with fluid (hydatid fluid) and infectious scoleces of the young tapeworms (hydatid sand).
urachal c. a c. of the urachus which may communicate with the umbilicus or bladder, or give rise to a mid-line swelling.allantoic c;
urinary c. a c. containing extravasated urine.
utricular c. dilatation of the utricular lumen; usually unilocular.
vitellointestinal c. a small red sessile or pedunculated tumor at the umbilicus in an infant; it is due to the persistence of a segment of the vitellointestinal duct.umbilical c;
wolffian c. a c. lying in the broad ligaments of the uterus and arising from any mesonephric structures.

cyst- cyst-

See cysto-.

cystacanth cystacanth (sis´ta-kanth)

The fully developed larva of Acanthocephala, infective to the final host and with an inverted fully formed proboscis characteristic of the adult worm. [cyst- + G. akantha, thorn or spine]

cystadenocarcinoma cystadenocarcinoma (sist-ad´en-o-kar-si-no´ma)

A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed; the neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur; c.'s develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized.

cystadenoma cystadenoma (sist´ad-e-no´ma)

A histologically benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed; in some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic.cystoadenoma;
papillary c. lymphomato´sum adenolymphoma

cystalgia cystalgia (sist-al´je-a)

Pain in a bladder, especially the urinary bladder. [cyst- + G. algos, pain]

cystamine cystamine (sis´ta-men)

(H₂NCH₂CH₂)₂S₂; Decarboxycystine;forms when cystine is distilled. The disulfide of cysteamine.

cystathionase cystathionase (sis-ta-thI´o-nas)

cystathionine gamma-lyase

beta-cystathionase beta-cystathionase

cystathionine beta-lyase

gamma-cystathionase gamma-cystathionase

cystathionine gamma-lyase

cystathionine cystathionine (sis-ta-thI´o-nen)

^-OOC-CH (NH₃⁺) CH_2- S-CH₂ CH ₂-CH(NH₃)⁺ COO^-;the l-isomer is an intermediate in the conversion of l-methionine to l-cysteine; cleaved by cystathionases.

cystathionine beta-lyase cystathionine beta-lyase

An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of l-cystathionine to pyruvate, l-homocysteine, and NH₃. See also cystathionine gamma-lyase.beta-cystathionase, cystine lyase;

cystathionine gamma-lyase cystathionine gamma-lyase

A liver enzyme, requiring pyridoxal phosphate as coenzyme, that catalyzes the hydrolysis of l-cystathionine to l-cysteine and 2-ketobutyrate, releasing NH₃; also catalyzes formation of 2-ketobutyrate from l-homoserine, of pyruvate (and NH₃ and H₂S) from l-cysteine, and of thiocysteine, pyruvate, and NH₃ from cystine. A deficiency of this enzyme results in cystathioninuria. A step in methionine catabolism and in cysteine biosynthesis. See also cystathionine beta-lyase.cystathionase, cysteine desulfhydrase, cystine desulfhydrase, gamma-cystathionase, homoserine deaminase, homoserine dehydratase;

cystathionine beta-synthase cystathionine beta-synthase

An enzyme catalyzing the reversible hydrolysis of l-cystathionine to l-serine and l-homocysteine. A step in cysteine biosynthesis and in methionine catabolism. A deficiency of this enzyme leads to vascular thrombosis, dislocation of ocular lens, and abnormal development. See also cystathionine gamma-synthase.beta-thionase, cysteine synthase, serine sulfhydrase;

cystathionine gamma-synthase cystathionine gamma-synthase

O-succinylhomoserine (thiol)-lyase

cystathioninuria cystathioninuria (sis´ta-thI´o-nin-u´re-a) [MIM*219500]

A disorder characterized by inability to metabolize cystathionine, normally due to deficiency of cystathionase, with high concentration of the amino acid in blood, tissue, and urine; mental retardation is an associated condition; autosomal recessive inheritance.

cysteamine cysteamine (sis-ta´a-men)

Sulfhydryl compound used experimentally to produce ulcers in rats and as a radioprotective agent; antidote to acetaminophen.

cystectasia cystectasia , cystectasy (sis-tek-ta´ze-a, sis-tek´ta-se)

Dilation of the bladder. [cyst- + G. ektasis, a stretching]

cystectomy cystectomy (sis-tek´to-me)

1. Excision of the the urinary bladder. 2. Excision of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy). 3. Removal of a cyst. [cyst- + G. ektome, excision]
Bartholin's c. removal of a cyst of a major vestibular gland.vulvovaginal c;
partial c. removal of a part or segment of the bladder.
radical c. removal of the entire bladder, surrounding fatty tissues, and regional lymph nodes.
salvage c. removal of the bladder.
total c. removal of the entire bladder.
vulvovaginal c. Bartholin's c

cysteic acid cysteic acid (sis-ta´ik)

HOOC-CH(NH₂)CH₂-SO₃H;an oxidation product of cysteine, and a precursor of taurine and isethionic acid.3-sulfoalanine;

cysteine (C, Cys) cysteine (C, Cys) (sis´ta-en)

HS-CH₂CH(NH₃)⁺COO^-; 2-amino-3-mercaptopropionic acid;the l-isomer is found in most proteins; especially abundant in keratin.
c. desulfhydrase cystathionine gamma-lyase
c. synthase cystathionine beta-synthase

cysteine sulfinic acid cysteine sulfinic acid (sis´te-en-sul-fin´ik)

^-O₂S-CH₂CH (NH₃)⁺COO^-;a natural oxidation product of cysteine; an intermediate in the formation of taurine (via cysteic acid).

cysteinyl cysteinyl (sis´ten-il)

Aminoacyl radical of cysteine.

cysti- cysti-

See cysto-.

cystic cystic (sis´tik)

1. Relating to the urinary bladder or gallbladder. 2. Relating to a cyst. 3. Containing cysts.cystous;

cysticercoid cysticercoid (sis-ti-ser´koyd)

A larval tapeworm resembling a cysticercus but having a smaller bladder, containing little or no fluid, in which scolex of the future adult tapeworm is found; the larval form is typically found in insect intermediate hosts. [cysti- + G. kerkos, tail, + eidos, resemblance]

cysticercosis cysticercosis (sis´ti-ser-ko´sis)

1. Disease caused by encystment of cysticercus larvae (e.g., Taenia solium or T. saginata) in subcutaneous, muscle, or central nervous system tissues; c. is typically developed in swine and cattle, producing measly pork and beef. In humans, it results from the hatching of the eggs of Taenia solium in the intestines or by accidental ingestion of eggs from human feces; encystment in the brain may cause serious nervous damage, and encystment in the eye (usually the rear chamber) may cause ophthalmic damage. 2. Larval infections in animals with other taeniid tapeworm larvae.cysticercus disease;

Cysticercus Cysticercus (sis-ti-ser´kus)

Originally described as a genus of bladderworms, now known to be the encysted larvae of various taenioid tapeworms; the generic name is, however, retained as a convenience in referring to the larval encysted forms. See cysticercus.bladderworm; [G. kystis, bladder, + kerkos, tail]
C. bo´vis the cysticercus larva of Taenia saginata in cattle; the cause of measly beef.
C. cellulo´sae the cysticercus larva of Taenia solum in pigs; also the cause of human cysticercosis.
C. fasciola´ris the strobilocercus larva of Taenia taeniaeformis, found in the liver of mice, rats, and other rodents; adult worms infect cats and canids.
C. pisifor´mis the larva of Taenia pisiformis; it occurs in the liver and abdominal cavity of rabbits and hares; adult worms are found in dogs and other canids.
C. tenuicol´lis the cystic form of Taenia hydatigena; it is found in the liver and peritoneal cavity of sheep, cattle, pigs, and wild ruminants; adults are found in various predators.

cysticercus cysticercus , pl. cysticerci (sis-ti-ser´kus, -ser´se)

The larval form of certain Taenia species, typically found in muscles of mammalian intermediate hosts that serve as a prey of various predators; it consists of a fluid-filled bladder in which the invaginated cestode scolex develops. See also Taenia saginata, Taenia solium. [G. kystis, bladder, + kerkos, tail]

cystides cystides (sis´ti-dez)

Plural of cystis.

cystifelleotomy cystifelleotomy (sis´ti-fel-e-ot´-o-me)

Obsolete term for cholecystotomy. [cysti- + L. felleus, pertaining to bile, + G. tome, incision]

cystiform cystiform (sis´ti-form)

cystoid (1)

cystigerous cystigerous (sis-tij´er-us)

cystopherous

cystine cystine (sis´tIn)

HOOC-CH(NH₂)-CH₂-S-S-CH₂-CH(NH₂)COOH; 3,3´-dithiobis(2-aminopropionic acid);the disulfide product of two cysteines in which two -SH groups become one -S-S- group; if two cysteinyl residues in polypeptide chains form a disulfide linkage, then the two polymers are cross-linked; sometimes occurs as a deposit in the urine, or forming a vesical calculus. Cf. meso-cystine. dicysteine;
c. desulfhydrase cystathionine gamma-lyase
half c. refers to one-half of a cystine molecule or of a cystinyl residue in a protein or peptide.
c. lyase cystathionine beta-lyase

meso-cystine meso-cystine

An isomer of cystine in which the configuration about one of the a-carbons is d, about the other, l, so that the molecule as a whole possesses a plane of symmetry and is optically inactive. Note that meso-cystine is not dl-cystine. dl-cystine is a racemic mixture of dd-cystine and ll-cystine.

cystinemia cystinemia (sis-ti-ne´me-a)

The presence of cystine in the blood. [cystine + G. haima, blood]

cystinosis cystinosis (sis-ti-no´sis)

The most common of a group of diseases with characteristic renal tubular dysfunction disorders, termed collectively Fanconi's syndrome (2). There are various forms. An autosomal recessive hereditary disease of early childhood [MIM*219800] characterized by widespread deposits of cystine crystals throughout the body, including bone marrow and other tissues, with slight increase in the level of plasma cystine and cystinuria; this apparent abnormality in cystine metabolism is associated with a marked generalized aminoaciduria, glycosuria, polyuria, chronic acidosis, hypophosphatemia with vitamin D-resistant rickets, and often with hypokalemia; the latter abnormalities are probably due to deficient tubular reabsorption and are accompanied by a characteristic abnormality of the proximal convoluted tubule, shown by microdissection to be narrowed at the glomerular junction (swan-neck deformity). There is a milder form with onset in adolescence [MIM* 219900] and one with adult onset without kidney damage [MIM*219750]. Due to a defect in the transport of cystine across lysosomal membranes.cystine disease, cystine storage disease, De Toni-Fanconi syndrome, Lignac-Fanconi syndrome; [cystine + G. -osis, condition]

cystinuria cystinuria (sis-ti-nu´re-a) [MIM*220100]

Excessive urinary excretion of cystine, along with lysine, arginine, and ornithine, arising from defective transport systems for these acids in the kidney and intestine; renal function is sometimes compromised by cystine crystalluria and nephrolithiasis; occurs in certain heritable diseases, such as Fanconi's syndrome (cystinosis) and hepatolenticular degeneration. There are several forms, all with autosomal recessive inheritance. [cystine + G. ouron, urine]

cystinyl cystinyl (sis´tin-il)

Aminoacyl radical of cystine.

cystiphorous cystiphorous (sis-tif´er-us)

cystopherous

cystis cystis , pl. cystides (sis´tis, sis´ti-dez)

See cyst, pouch, sac. [G. kystis]
c. fel´lea gallbladder
c. urina´ria urinary bladder

cystistaxis cystistaxis (sis-ti-stak´sis)

Obsolete term for oozing of blood from the mucous membrane of the bladder. [cysti- + G. staxis, trickling]

cystitis cystitis (sis-tI´tis)

Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [cyst- + G. -itis, inflammation]
bacterial c. bladder inflammation caused by bacteria.
c. col´li inflammation of the neck of the bladder.
c. cys´tica c. glandularis with the formation of cysts.
emphysematous c. inflammation of the bladder wall caused by gas-forming bacteria, usually secondary to diabetes mellitus.
eosinophilic c. bladder inflammation with many eosinophils in urinary sediment as well as bladder wall.
follicular c. chronic c. characterized by small mucosal nodules due to lymphocytic infiltration.
c. glandula´ris chronic c. with glandlike metaplasia of transitional epithelium.
hemorrhagic c. bladder inflammation with macroscopic hematuria. Generally the result of a chemical or other traumatic insult to the bladder (chemotherapy, radiation therapy).
incrusted c. bladder inflammation with deposition of inorganic minerals on luminal wall. There generally is evidence of chronic inflammation.
interstitial c. a chronic inflammatory condition of unknown etiology involving the mucosa and muscularis of the bladder, resulting in reduced bladder capacity, pain relieved by voiding, and severe bladder irritative symptoms. See also Hunner's ulcer.
viral c. bladder inflammation due to a viral infection.

cysto- cysto- , cysti- , cyst-

Combining forms relating to: 1. The bladder. 2. The cystic duct. 3. A cyst. Cf. vesico-. [G. kystis, bladder, pouch]

cystoadenoma cystoadenoma (sis´to-ad-e-no´ma)

cystadenoma

cystocarcinoma cystocarcinoma (sis´to-kar-si-no´ma)

A carcinoma in which cystic degeneration has occurred; sometimes used incorrectly as a term for cystadenocarcinoma.cystoepithelioma;

cystocele cystocele (sis´to-sel)

Hernia of the bladder usually into the vagina and introitus.colpocystocele, vesicocele; [cysto- + G. kele, hernia]

cystochromoscopy cystochromoscopy (sis´to-kro-mos´ko-pe)

Examination of the interior of the bladder after administration of a colored dye to aid in the identification or study of the function of the ureteral orifices.chromocystoscopy; [cysto- + G. chroma, color + skopeo, to view]

cystocolostomy cystocolostomy (sis-to-ko-los´to-me)

cholecystocolostomy [cysto- + G. kolon, colon, + stoma, mouth]

cystoduodenostomy cystoduodenostomy (sis´to-du´o-de-nos´to-me)

Drainage of a cyst, usually pancreatic pseudocyst, into duodenum.duodenocystostomy (2); [cysto- + duodenum, + G. stoma, mouth]
pancreatic c. surgical or endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocyst into duodenum.duodenocystostomy (3);

cystoenterocele cystoenterocele (sis-to-en´ter-o-sel)

Hernial protrusion of portions of the bladder and of the intestine, usually into the vagina and introitus. [cysto- + G. enteron, intestine, + kele, hernia]

cystoenterostomy cystoenterostomy (sis´to-en-ter-os´to-me)

Internal drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts into some portion of the intestinal tract. [cysto- + G. enteron, intestine, + stoma, mouth]

cystoepiplocele cystoepiplocele (sis-to-e-pip´lo-sel)

Hernial protrusion of portions of the bladder and of the omentum. [cysto- + G. epiploon, omentum, + kele, tumor]

cystoepithelioma cystoepithelioma (sis´to-ep-i-the-le-o´ma)

cystocarcinoma

cystofibroma cystofibroma (sis´to-fI-bro´ma)

A fibroma in which cysts or cystlike foci have formed.

cystogastrostomy cystogastrostomy (sis´to-gas-tros´to-me)

Drainage of a cyst, usually pancreatic pseudocyst, into the stomach. [cysto- + G. gaster, stomach, + stoma, mouth]

cystogram cystogram (sis´to-gram)

Radiographic demonstration of the bladder filled with contrast medium.
voiding c. cystourethrogram

cystography cystography (sis-tog´ra-fe)

Radiography of the bladder following injection of a radiopaque substance. [cysto- + G. grapho, to write]
antegrade c. antegrade urography in which the contrast medium is injected into the urinary bladder.

cystoid cystoid (sis´toyd)

1. Bladder-like, resembling a cyst.cystiform, cystomorphous; 2. A tumor resembling a cyst, with fluid, granular, or pulpy contents, but without a capsule. [cysto- + G. eidos, appearance]

cystojejunostomy cystojejunostomy (sis´to-je-ju-nos´to-me)

Drainage of a cyst, usually pancreatic pseudocyst, into the jejunum. [cysto- + jejunum, + G. stoma, mouth]

cystolith cystolith (sis´to-lith)

vesical calculus [cysto- + G. lithos, stone]

cystolithalopaxy cystolithalopaxy

Removal of bladder calculi by intravesical crushing and then irrigating to remove fragments. [cysto- + G. lithos, stone, + lapaxis, and emptying out]

cystolithiasis cystolithiasis (sis´to-li-thI´a-sis)

The presence of a vesical calculus.vesicolithiasis; [cysto- + G. lithos, stone, + -iasis, condition]

cystolithic cystolithic (sis-to-lith´ik)

Relating to a vesical calculus.

cystolithotomy cystolithotomy (sis´to-li-thot´o-me)

Removal of a stone from the bladder through an incision in its wall.vesical lithotomy; [cysto- + G. lithos, stone, + tome, incision]

cystoma cystoma (sis-to´ma)

A cystic tumor; a new growth containing cysts. [cyst- + G. -oma, tumor]

cystometer cystometer (sis-tom´e-ter)

A device for studying bladder function by measuring capacity, sensation, intravesical pressure, and residual urine. [cysto- + G. metron, measure]

cystometrogram (CMG) cystometrogram (CMG) (sis-to-met´ro-gram)

A graphic recording of urinary bladder pressure at various volumes. [cysto- + G. metron, measure, + gramma, a writing]

cystometrography cystometrography (sis´to-me-trog´ra-fe)

cystometry

cystometry cystometry (sis-tom´e-tre)

A method for measurement of the pressure/volume relationship of the bladder.cystometrography; [see cystometer]

cystomorphous cystomorphous (sis-to-mor´fus)

cystoid (1) [cysto- + G. morphe, form]

cystomyoma cystomyoma (sis´to-mI-o´ma)

A myoma in which cysts or cystlike foci have developed.

cystomyxoadenoma cystomyxoadenoma (sis-to-mik´so-ad-e-no´ma)

An adenoma in which there are cysts or cystlike foci in association with myxomatous change in the stroma.

cystomyxoma cystomyxoma (sis´to-mik-so´ma)

A myxoma in which cysts or cystlike foci have formed.

cystopanendoscopy cystopanendoscopy (sis´to-pan-en-dos´ko-pe)

Inspection of the interior of the bladder and urethra by means of specially designed endoscopes introduced in retrograde fashion through the urethra and into the bladder. [cysto- + panendoscope]

cystoparalysis cystoparalysis (sis-to-pa-ral´i-sis)

cystoplegia

cystopexy cystopexy (sis´to-pek-se)

Surgical attachment of the gallbladder or of the urinary bladder to the abdominal wall or to other supporting structures.ventrocystorrhaphy; [cysto- + G. pexis, fixation]

cystopherous cystopherous (sis-tof´er-us)

Containing cysts.cystigerous, cystiphorous; [cysto- + G. phoreo, to carry]

cystophotography cystophotography (sis´to-fo-tog´ra-fe)

Photographing the interior of the bladder.

cystoplasty cystoplasty (sis´to-plas-te)

Any reconstructive operation on the urinary bladder. Cf. ileocystoplasty, colocystoplasty. [cysto- + G. plastos, formed]

cystoplegia cystoplegia (sis-to-ple´je-a)

Paralysis of the bladder.cystoparalysis; [cysto- + G. plege, a stroke]

cystoprostatectomy cystoprostatectomy (sis´to-pros-ta-tek´to-me)

Surgical removal of bladder, prostate, and seminal vesicles simultaneously.

cystopyelitis cystopyelitis (sis´to-pI-el-I´tis)

Inflammation of both the bladder and the pelvis of the kidney. [cysto- + G. pyelos, trough (pelvis), + -itis, inflammation]

cystopyelonephritis cystopyelonephritis (sis-to-pI´el-o-nef-rI´tis)

Inflammation of the bladder, the pelvis of the kidney, and the kidney parenchyma. [cysto- + G. pyelos, trough (pelvis), + nephros, kidney, + -itis, inflammation]

cystoradiogram cystoradiogram (sis´to-ra´de-o-gram)

Radiographic demonstration of the bladder and ureters.

cystoradiography cystoradiography (sis´to-ra-de-og´ra-fe)

Radiography of the urinary bladder.

cystorrhaphy cystorrhaphy (sis-tor´a-fe)

Suture of a wound or defect in the urinary bladder. [cysto- + G. rhaphe, a sewing]

cystorrhea cystorrhea (sis´to-re-a)

A mucous discharge from the bladder. [cysto- + G. rhoia, a flow]

cystosarcoma cystosarcoma (sis´to-sar-ko´ma)

A sarcoma in which the formation of cysts or cystlike foci has occurred.
c. phyllo´des a circumscribed or infiltrating fibroadenomatous tumor of the breast or other organs that may be partly cystic; the stroma is cellular and resembles a fibrosarcoma; the tumor can be either benign or malignant.

cystoscope cystoscope (sis´to-skop)

A lighted tubular endoscope for examining the interior of the bladder. [cysto- + G. skopeo, to examine]

cystoscopy cystoscopy (sis-tos´ko-pe)

The inspection of the interior of the bladder by means of a cystoscope.

cystospasm cystospasm (sis´to-spazm)

Bladder spasm, unintentional, painful contraction of the bladder, often without micturition.

cystostomy cystostomy (sis-tos´to-me)

Creation of an opening into the urinary bladder.vesicostomy; [cysto- + G. stoma, mouth]

cystotome cystotome (sis´to-tom)

1. An instrument for incising the urinary bladder or gallbladder. 2. A surgical instrument used for incising the capsule of a lens.capsulotome;

cystotomy cystotomy (sis-tot´o-me)

Incision into urinary bladder or gallbladder.vesicotomy; [cysto- + G. tome, incision]
suprapubic c. opening into the bladder through an incision or puncture above the symphysis pubis.

cystoureteritis cystoureteritis (sis´to-yu-re-ter-I´tis)

Inflammation of the bladder and of one or both ureters.

cystoureterogram cystoureterogram (sis´to-yu-re´ter-o-gram)

Radiographic demonstration of the bladder and ureters.

cystoureterography cystoureterography (sis´to-u-re´ter-og´ra-fe)

Radiography of the bladder and ureters.

cystourethritis cystourethritis (sis´to-yu-re-thrI´tis)

Inflammation of the bladder and of the urethra.

cystourethrocele cystourethrocele (sis´to-yu-re´thro-sel)

Hernia of the urinary bladder and urethra. [cysto- + urethra + G. kele, hernia]

cystourethrogram cystourethrogram (sis-to-yu-reth´ro-gram)

An x-ray image made during voiding and with the bladder and urethra filled with contrast medium to demonstrate the urethra.voiding cystogram;

cystourethrography cystourethrography (sis´to-yu´re-throg´ra-fe)

Radiography of the bladder and urethra during voiding, following filling of the bladder with a radiopaque contrast medium either by intravenous injection or retrograde catheterization.

cystourethroscope cystourethroscope (sis-to-yu-re´thro-skop)

An instrument combining the uses of a cystoscope and a urethroscope, whereby both the bladder and urethra can be visually inspected.

cystous cystous (sis´tus)

cystic

Cystoviridae Cystoviridae (sis´to-vir´i-de)

Provisional name for a family of monotypic bacterial viruses, the type species of which is phage &Uphi;6. Virions are 73 nm in diameter, isometric, have lipid envelopes, and adsorb to the sides of pili of Pseudomonas species. Capsids are of cubic symmetry, and the genomes are of double-stranded RNA in three pieces (MW 13 x 10⁶). [G. kystis, bladder]

cystyl-aminopeptidase cystyl-aminopeptidase (sis´til-am-i-no-pep´ti-das)

Oxytocinase;an enzyme that degrades cystine-containing peptides, such as oxytocin.

Cyt Cyt

Symbol for cytosine.

cyt- cyt-

See cyto-.

cytapheresis cytapheresis (sI´ta-fe-re´sis)

A procedure in which various cells can be separated from the withdrawn blood and retained, with the plasma and other formed elements retransfused into the donor. [cyt- + G. aphairesis, a withdrawal]

cytarabine cytarabine (sI´tar-a-ben)

arabinosylcytosine

cytase cytase (sI´tas)

An obsolete term, coined by Metchnikoff, for alexin or complement, which he held to be a digestive secretion of the leukocyte.

Cytauxzoon Cytauxzoon (sI-tawk´zo-on)

Theileria [cyt- + G. zoon, animal]
C. fe´lis Theileria felis

cytauxzoonosis cytauxzoonosis (sI-tawks´zo-o-no´sis)

Former name for theileriosis.

-cyte -cyte

Suffix meaning cell. [G. kyton, a hollow (cell)]

cytidine (C, Cyd) cytidine (C, Cyd) (sI´ti-den)

A major component of ribonucleic acids.1-beta-d-ribofuranosylcytosine, cytosine ribonucleoside;
c. diphosphate choline cytidine diphosphocholine
c. phosphate See cytidylic acid.

cytidine 5´-diphosphate (CDP) cytidine 5´-diphosphate (CDP)

An ester, at the 5´ position, between cytidine and diphosphoric acid.

cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) cytidine diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) (sI´ti-den-dI´fos-fo-ko´len)

An intermediate in the formation of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin); formed by the action of cytidine 5´-triphosphate on phosphocholine, linking the choline phosphate group to the a-phosphate of the cytidine 5´-triphosphate to give a pyrophosphate.activated choline, cytidine diphosphate choline;

cytidine diphosphoglyceride (CDP-glyceride) cytidine diphosphoglyceride (CDP-glyceride) (sI´ti-den dI´fos-fo-gli´cer-Id)

An intermediate in the formation of phospholipids (e.g., cardiolipin formed by the action on CTP and 1,2-diacylglycerols by a cytidyl transferase, releasing CDP-glyceride and pyrophosphate.

cytidine diphosphosugar (CDP-sugar) cytidine diphosphosugar (CDP-sugar)

An activated form of a sugar.

cytidine 5´-triphosphate (CTP) cytidine 5´-triphosphate (CTP)

An ester, at the 5´ position, between cytidine and triphosphoric acid.

cytidylic acid cytidylic acid (sI-ti-dil´ik)

Cytidine monophosphate (five are possible, depending on the site of attachment of the phosphate to the ribosyl OH's); a constituent of ribonucleic acids.

cytisine cytisine (sit´I-sin)

A toxic selective nicotinic cholinergic alkaloid from the seed of Laburnum anagyroides and other Leguminosae. Used in pharmacological studies of nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the brain.baptitoxine;

cyto- cyto- , cyt-

A cell. [G. kytos, a hollow (cell)]

cytoanalyzer cytoanalyzer (sI-to-an´a-lI-zer)

An electronic optical machine that screens smears containing cells suspected of malignancy. [cyto- + analyzer]

cytoarchitectonics cytoarchitectonics (sI´to-ar-ki-tek-ton´iks)

cytoarchitecture [cyto- + G. architektonike, architectural]

cytoarchitectural cytoarchitectural (sI-to-ar-ki-tek´chur-al)

Pertaining to cytoarchitecture.

cytoarchitecture cytoarchitecture (sI´to-ar´ki-tek-chur)

The arrangement of cells in a tissue; the term commonly refers to the arrangement of nerve-cell bodies in the brain, especially the cerebral cortex.architectonics, cytoarchitectonics;

cytobiology cytobiology (sI´to-bI-ol´o-je)

cytology

cytobiotaxis cytobiotaxis (sI´to-bI-o-tak´sis)

cytoclesis [cyto- + G. bios, life, + taxis, arrangement]

cytocentrum cytocentrum (sI-to-sen´trum)

A zone of cytoplasm containing one or two centrioles but devoid of other organelles; usually located near the nucleus of a cell.cell center, central body, centrosome, cinocentrum, kinocentrum, microcentrum; [cyto- + G. kentron, center]

cytochalasins cytochalasins (sI-to-kal´a-zinz)

A group of substances derived from molds that disaggregate the microfilaments of the cell and interfere with the division of cytoplasm, inhibit cell movement, and cause extrusion of the nucleus; used for investigations in cell biology. [cyto- + G. chalasis, a relaxing]

cytochemistry cytochemistry (sI´to-kem-is-tre)

The study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., often by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.histochemistry;

cytochrome cytochrome (sI´to-krom)

A class of hemoprotein whose principal biological function is electron and/or hydrogen transport by virtue of a reversible valency change of the heme iron. C.'s are classified in four groups (a, b, c, and d) according to spectrochemical characteristics; many variants exist, particularly among bacteria and in green plants and algae, one being a variant of the c type cytochrome called cytochrome f. The mitochondrial system of c.'s provides electron transport through cytochrome c oxidase to molecular oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor (respiration). [cyto- + G. chroma, color]

cytochrome aa3 cytochrome aa₃

cytochrome c oxidase

cytochrome b cytochrome b

A cytochrome of the respiratory chain. A deficiency of this cytochrome leads to chronic granulomatous disease.

cytochrome b5 cytochrome b₅

A cytochrome in the endoplasmic reticulum; a deficiency of this cytochrome results in a form of hereditary methemoglobinemia.

cytochrome b5 reductase cytochrome b₅ reductase

An enzyme catalyzing the reduction of 2ferricytochrome b₅ to 2ferrocytochrome b₅ at the expense of NADH; has a role in fatty acid desaturation; a deficiency can lead to hereditary methemoglobinemia (type I, only observed in erythrocyte cytosol; type II, deficiency in all tissues; type III, deficiency in all hematopoetic cells).

cytochrome c cytochrome c

The mobile cytochrome that transports electrons from Complex III to Complex IV of the respiratory chain.

cytochrome cd cytochrome cd

cytochrome oxidase (Pseudomonas)

cytochrome c3 hydrogenase cytochrome c₃ hydrogenase

A hydrogenase enzyme catalyzing reduction of 2ferricytochrome c₃ by H₂ to 2ferrocytochrome c₃ and 2H⁺.

cytochrome c oxidase cytochrome c oxidase

A cytochrome of the a type, containing copper, that catalyzes the oxidation of 4ferrocytochrome c by molecular oxygen to 4ferricytochrome c and 2H₂O. A part of Complex IV of the respiratory chain. A deficiency of one or more of the polypeptides of this complex results in neuronal loss in brain leading to psychomotor retardation and neurodegenerative disease.cytochrome aa₃, indophenol oxidase, indophenolase;

cytochrome c reductase cytochrome c reductase

NADH-dehydrogenase

cytochrome c2 reductase cytochrome c₂ reductase

NADPH-cytochrome c₂ reductase

cytochrome oxidase (Pseudomonas) cytochrome oxidase (Pseudomonas)

An enzyme with action identical to that of cytochrome c oxidase, but acting on ferrocytochrome c₂.cytochrome cd;

cytochrome P-450SCC cytochrome P-450_SCC

Cholesterol monooxygenase (side chain cleaving). [450 nm, the absorption maximum that the CO compound of the reduced pigment exhibits]

cytochrome peroxidase cytochrome peroxidase

A hemoprotein enzyme catalyzing the reaction between H₂O₂ and 2 ferrocytochrome c to yield 2ferricytochrome c and 2H₂O.

cytochrome reductase cytochrome reductase

NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase

cytochylema cytochylema (sI´to-kI-le´ma)

The more fluid portion of the cytoplasm. [cyto- + G. chylos, juice]

cytocidal cytocidal (sI-to-sI´dal)

Causing the death of cells. [cyto- + L. caedo, to kill]

cytocide cytocide (sI´to-sId)

An agent that is destructive to cells. [cyto- + L. caedo, to kill]

cytoclasis cytoclasis (sI-tok´la-sis)

Fragmentation of cells. [cyto- + G. klasis, a breaking]

cytoclastic cytoclastic (sI-to-klas´tik)

Relating to cytoclasis.

cytoclesis cytoclesis (sI-to-kle´sis)

The influence of one cell on another.biotaxis (2) , cytobiotaxis; [cyto- + G. klesis, a call]

cytocuprein cytocuprein (sI-to-ku´pre-in)

Former terms for copper-containing proteins found in human erythrocytes and other tissues. See superoxide dismutase, ceruloplasmin.cerebrocuprein, erythrocuprein, hemocuprein, hepatocuprein;

cytocyst cytocyst (sI´to-sist)

Rarely used term for the bladder-like remains of the red blood cell or tissue cell that encloses a mature schizont. [cyto- + G. kystis, bladder]

cytodiagnosis cytodiagnosis (sI´to-dI-ag-no´sis)

Diagnosis of the type and, when feasible, the cause of a pathologic process by means of microscopic study of cells in an exudate or other form of body fluid.

cytodieresis cytodieresis (sI´to-dI-er´e-sis)

cytokinesis [cyto- + G. diairesis, division]

cytogene cytogene (sI´to-jen)

plasmagene

cytogenesis cytogenesis (sI-to-jen´e-sis)

The origin and development of cells. [cyto- + G. genesis, origin]

cytogeneticist cytogeneticist (sI´to-je-net´i-sist)

A specialist in cytogenetics.

cytogenetics cytogenetics (sI´to-je-net´iks)

The branch of genetics concerned with the structure and function of the cell, especially the chromosomes.The field arose as a fusion of 19th century cytology and 20th century genetics (which properly began in 1903 with articulation of the chromosome theory of inheritance). Subsequently, the field concerned itself with detailing the behavior of chromosomes and their functional subunits-the genes-during reproduction, and with relating that behavior statistically to characteristics of the resulting cells or animals. Modern molecular cytogenetics involves the microscopic study of chromosomes that have been arranged as karyotypes. Individuals can be classified according to characteristic banding patterns that appear when the karyotypes are exposed to certain dyes. In addition, DNA probes may be applied to locate specific gene sequences. Cytogenetic techniques are used to test for inborn errors of metabolism, for disorders such as Down syndrome, and to determine sex in cases where anatomy is inconclusive.

cytogenic cytogenic (sI-to-jen´ik)

Relating to cytogenesis.

cytogenous cytogenous (sI-toj´e-nus)

Cell-forming.

cytoglucopenia cytoglucopenia (sI´to-glu-ko-pe´ne-a)

An intracellular deficiency of glucose. [cyto- + glucose + G. penia, poverty]

cytohyaloplasm cytohyaloplasm (sI-to-hI´a-lo-plazm)

Obsolete term for hyaloplasm.

cytoid cytoid (sI´toyd)

Resembling a cell. [cyto- + G. eidos, resemblance]

cytokeratins cytokeratins (sI-to-ker-a-tinz)

A class of intermediate filament proteins; several are associated with the epithelium that lines internal body cavities while others are specific for hard tissue such as nails and hair.

cytokine cytokine (sI´to-kIn)

Hormone-like low molecular weight proteins, secreted by many different cell types, which regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses and are involved in cell-to-cell communication. See interferon, interleukin, lymphokines. See entries under various growth factors [cyto- + G. kinesis, movement]
c. network a group of c.'s which together modulate and regulate key cellular functions.Cytokines are released by stromal cells of the spleen and thymus; by epithelial, endothelial, and mast cells; and by fibroblasts and lymphocytes. They are involved in mediating immunity and regulating lymph activity, and themselves act as hemopoietic growth factors, so in this sense can be said to serve both antiviral and antitumor functions. They also promote allergic reactions. Because T-cell function is boosted by cytokines, these proteins are used to evaluate immune activity.

cytokinesis cytokinesis (sI´to-ki-ne´sis)

Changes occurring in the protoplasm of the cell outside the nucleus during cell division.cytodieresis; [cyto- + G. kinesis, movement]

cytolemma cytolemma (sI-to-lem´ma)

cell membrane [cyto- + G. lemma, husk]

cytolipin cytolipin (sI-to-lip´in)

A glycosphingolipid, specifically a ceramide oligosaccharide; c. H , a lactosylceramide, may display immunological properties under certain conditions; c. K is probably identical with globoside. Cf. ceramide lactosidase.

cytologic cytologic (sI-to-loj´ik)

Relating to cytology.

cytologist cytologist (sI-tol´o-jist)

One who specializes in cytology.

cytology cytology (sI-tol´o-je)

The study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell.cellular biology, cytobiology; [cyto- + G. logos, study]
exfoliative c. the examination, for diagnostic purposes, of cells denuded from a neoplasm (or other type of lesion) and recovered from the sediment of the exudate, secretions, or washings from the tissue (e.g., sputum, vaginal secretion, gastric washings, urine).cytopathology (2);

cytolymph cytolymph (sI´to-limf)

Obsolete term for hyaloplasm.

cytolysin cytolysin (sI-tol´i-sin)

A substance i.e., an antibody that effects partial or complete destruction of an animal cell; may require complement. See also perforin.

cytolysis cytolysis (sI-tol´i-sis)

The dissolution of a cell. [cyto- + G. lysis, loosening]

cytolysosome cytolysosome (sI-to-lI´so-som)

A variety of secondary lysosome that contains the remnants of mitochondria, ribosomes, or other organelles.autophagic vacuole;

cytolytic cytolytic (sI-to-lit´ik)

Pertaining to cytolysis; possessing a solvent or destructive action on cells.

cytoma cytoma (sI-to´ma)

An obsolete and undesirable general term to indicate any neoplasm composed almost entirely of neoplastic cells, with virtually no stroma or formation of histologic structures. [cyto- + G. -oma, tumor]

cytomatrix cytomatrix (sI-to-ma´triks)

cytoplasmic matrix

cytomegalic cytomegalic (sI-to-meg´a-lik)

Denoting or characterized by markedly enlarged cells. [cyto- + G. megas, big]

cytomegalovirus (CMV) cytomegalovirus (CMV) (sI-to-meg´a-lo-vI´rus)

A group of viruses in the family Herpesviridae infecting man and other animals, many of the viruses having special affinity for salivary glands, and causing enlargement of cells of various organs and development of characteristic inclusions in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Infection of embryo in utero may result in malformation and fetal death. They are all species-specific and include salivary gland virus, inclusion body rhinitis virus of pigs, and others.human herpesvirus 5, visceral disease virus; [cyto- + G. megas, big]

cytomembrane cytomembrane (sI-to-mem´bran)

cell membrane

cytomere cytomere (sI´to-mer)

The structure separating the portions of the contents of a large schizont in the course of schizogony, as in some of the sporozoans undergoing exoerythrocytic asexual division. C.'s are caused by complex invaginations of the surface of the schizont, which isolates them; ultimately, c.'s complete the budding process in the formation of large numbers of merozoites. [cyto- + G. meros, part]

cytometaplasia cytometaplasia (sI´to-met-a-pla´ze-a)

Change of form or function of a cell, other than that related to neoplasia. [cyto- + G. metaplasis, transformation]

cytometer cytometer (sI-tom´e-ter)

A standardized, usually ruled glass slide or small glass chamber of known volume, used in counting and measuring cells, especially blood cells. [cyto- + G. metron, measure]

cytometry cytometry (sI-tom´e-tre)

The counting of cells, especially blood cells, using a cytometer or hemocytometer.
flow c. a method of measuring fluorescence from stained cells that are in suspension and flowing through a narrow orifice, usually in combination with one or two lasers to activate the dyes; used to measure cell size, number, viability, and nucleic acid content with the aid of acridine orange, Kasten's fluorescent Feulgen stain, ethidium bromide, trypan blue, and other selected staining reagents.flow cytophotometry;

cytomicrosome cytomicrosome (sI-to-mI´kro-som)

See microsome. [cyto- + G. mikros, small, + soma, body]

cytomorphology cytomorphology (sI´to-mor-fol´o-je)

The study of the structure of cells.

cytomorphosis cytomorphosis (sI´to-mor-fo´sis)

Changes that the cell undergoes during the various stages of its existence. See also prosoplasia. [cyto- + G. morphosis, a shaping]

cyton cyton (sI´ton)

Obsolete term for perikaryon.

cytopathic cytopathic (sI-to-path´ik)

Pertaining to or exhibiting cytopathy.

cytopathogenic cytopathogenic (sI´to-path-o-jen´ik)

Pertaining to an agent or substance that causes a diseased condition in cells, in contrast to histologic changes; used especially with reference to effects observed in cells in tissue cultures.

cytopathologic cytopathologic , cytopathological (sI´to-pa-tho-loj´ik, -loj´i-kal)

1. Denoting cellular changes in disease. 2. Relating to cytopathology.

cytopathologist cytopathologist (sI´to-pa-thol´o-jist)

A physician, usually skilled in anatomical pathology, who is specially trained and experienced in cytopathology.

cytopathology cytopathology (sI´to-pa-thol´o-je)

1. The study of disease changes within individual cells or cell types. 2. exfoliative cytology

cytopathy cytopathy (sI-top´a-the)

Any disorder of a cell or anomaly of any of its constituents. [cyto- + G. pathos, disease]

cytopempsis cytopempsis (sI-to-pemp´sis)

transcytosis [cyto- + G. pempis, sending through]

cytopenia cytopenia (sI-to-pe´ne-a)

A reduction, i.e., hypocytosis, or a lack of cellular elements in the circulating blood. [cyto- + G. penia, poverty]

cytophagous cytophagous (sI-tof´a-gus)

Devouring, or destructive to, cells.

cytophagy cytophagy (sI-tof´a-je)

Devouring of other cells by phagocytes. [cyto- + G. phago, to devour]

cytophanere cytophanere (sI´to-fa-ner)

A radial spine seen in certain cysts of Sarcocystis, as in rabbit and sheep tissue cysts. [cyto- + G. phaneros, visible, evident, open]

cytopharynx cytopharynx (sI´to-far´inks)

An organelle in certain flagellates and ciliates that serves as a gullet through which food material passes from the cytostome to the cell interior; food passed is collected in food vacuoles, into which digestive enzymes are secreted.

cytophilic cytophilic (sI-to-fil´ik)

cytotropic [cyto- + G. philos, fond]

cytophotometry cytophotometry (sI´to-fo-tom´e-tre)

A method of measuring the absorption of monochromatic light by stained microscopic structures (e.g., chromosomes, nuclei, whole cells) with the aid of a photoelectric cell; also used to measure emitted light from such objects by fluorescence in combination with selected fluorochrome dyes. [cyto- + G. phos, light + metron, measure]
flow c. flow cytometry

cytophylactic cytophylactic (sI´to-fI-lak´tik)

Relating to cytophylaxis.

cytophylaxis cytophylaxis (sI´to-fI-lak´sis)

Protection of cells against lytic agents. [cyto- + G. phylaxis, a guarding]

cytophyletic cytophyletic (sI´to-fI-let´ik)

Relating to the genealogy of a cell. [cyto- + G. phyle, a tribe]

cytopipette cytopipette (sI´to-pi-pet´)

A slightly curved, blunt end pipette usually made of glass and fitted with a rubber bulb to provide gentle negative pressure for the collection of vaginal secretions for cytological examination.

cytoplasm cytoplasm (sI´to-plazm)

The substance of a cell, exclusive of the nucleus, which contains various organelles and inclusions within a colloidal protoplasm. See also protoplasm, hyaloplasm, cytosol. [cyto- + G. plasma, thing formed]
ground-glass c. uniform finely granular eosinophilic c. seen in hepatocytes in carriers of hepatitis B virus, and also in epidermal cells in keratoacanthoma.

cytoplasmic cytoplasmic (sI-to-plaz´mik)

Relating to the cytoplasm.

cytoplasmon cytoplasmon (sI-to-plaz´mon)

The total extranuclear genetic information of a eukaryotic cell excluding that of mitochondria and plastids.

cytoplast cytoplast (sI´to-plast)

The living intact cytoplasm that remains following cell enucleation. [cyto- + G. plastos, formed]

cytopoiesis cytopoiesis (sI-to-poy-e´sis)

Formation of cells. [cyto- + G. poiesis, a making]

cytopreparation cytopreparation (sI´to-prep-a-ra´shun)

Laboratory preparation of a cellular specimen for cytologic examination.

cytopyge cytopyge (sI-to-pI´je)

The anal orifice (cell "anus") found in certain structurally complex protozoa, such as the rumen-dwelling ciliates of herbivores, through which waste matter is ejected. [cyto- + G. pyge, buttocks]

cytoryctes cytoryctes , cytorrhyctes (sI-to-rik´tez)

Old term for inclusion bodies, under body. [cyto- + G. oryktes, a digger]

cytosides cytosides (sI´to-sIdz)

Ceramide disaccharides. See glycosphingolipid.

cytosine (Cyt) cytosine (Cyt) (sI´to-sen)

4-Amino-2(1H)-pyrimidinone;a pyrimidine found in nucleic acids.
c. arabinoside (CA, AraC) 1. a synthetic nucleoside used as an antimetabolite in the treatment of neoplasms. 2. incorrect term for arabinosylcytosine.
c. ribonucleoside cytidine

cytosis cytosis (sI-to´sis)

1. A condition in which there is more than the usual number of cells, as the c. of spinal fluid in acute leptomeningitis. 2. Frequently used with a prefixed combining form as a means of describing certain features pertaining to cells; e.g., isocytosis, equality in size; polycytosis, abnormal increase in number. [cyto- + G. -osis, condition]

cytoskeleton cytoskeleton (sI-to-skel´e-ton)

The tonofilaments, keratin, desmin, neurofilaments, or other intermediate filaments serving to act as supportive cytoplasmic elements to stiffen cells or to organize intracellular organelles.

cytosmear cytosmear (sI´to-smer)

cytologic smear

cytosol cytosol (sI´to-sol)

Cytoplasm exclusive of the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and other membranous components. [cyto- + "sol," abbrev. of soluble]

cytosolic cytosolic (sI-to-sol´ik)

Relating to or contained in the cytosol.

cytosome cytosome (sI´to-som)

1. The cell body exclusive of the nucleus. 2. One of the osmiophilic bodies that are 1 mum or less in diameter, have concentric lamellae, and occur in the great alveolar cells of the lung.multilamellar body; [cyto- + G. soma, body]

cytostasis cytostasis (sI-tos´ta-sis)

The slowing of movement and accumulation of blood cells, especially polymorphonuclear leukocytes, in the capillaries, as in a region of inflammation; obstruction of a capillary as the result of accumulated leukocytes. [cyto- + G. stasis, standing]

cytostatic cytostatic (sI-to-stat´ik)

Characterized by cytostasis.

cytostome cytostome (sI´to-stom)

The cell "mouth" of certain complex protozoa, usually with a short gullet or cytopharynx leading food into the organism, where it is collected into food vacuoles, then circulated inside the body, eventually to be excreted through the cytopyge. [cyto- + G. stoma, mouth]

cytotactic cytotactic (sI-to-tak´tik)

Relating to cytotaxis.

cytotaxis cytotaxis , cytotaxia (sI-to-tak´sis, -tak´se-a)

The attraction (positive c. ) or repulsion (negative c. ) of cells for one another. [cyto- + G. taxis, arrangement]

cytothesis cytothesis (sI-toth´e-sis)

The repair of injury in a cell; the restoration of cells. [cyto- + G. thesis, a placing]

cytotoxic cytotoxic (sI-to-tok´sik)

Detrimental or destructive to cells; pertaining to the effect of noncytophilic antibody on specific antigen, frequently, but not always, mediating the action of complement.

cytotoxicity cytotoxicity (sI´to-tok-sis´i-te)

The quality or state of being cytotoxic.
antibody-dependent cell-mediated c. (ADCC) a form of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity that functions only if antibodies are bound to the target cell.
lymphocyte-mediated c. the toxic or lytic activity of T-lymphocytes, which may or may not be mediated by antibodies. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes may cause lysis of cells by production of cytolytic proteins such as perforin. B cells may cause lysis of cells by antibody-complement binding to a target cell. Natural killer cells are cytotoxic without prior sensitization. Toxicity by lymphocytes may also be mediated by antibodies; there are three kinds of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes: those that are antigen-specific as a result of previous allergization (immunization), killer cells, and natural killer cells. See also antibody-dependent cell-mediated c.

cytotoxin cytotoxin (sI´to-tok´sin)

A specific substance, which may or may not be antibody, that inhibits or prevents the functions of cells, causes destruction of cells, or both. [cyto- + G. toxikon, poison]

cytotrophoblast cytotrophoblast (sI-to-trof´o-blast)

The inner layer of the trophoblast.Langhans' layer;

cytotropic cytotropic (sI-to-trop´ik)

Having an affinity for cells.cytophilic;

cytotropism cytotropism (sI-tot´ro-pizm)

1. Affinity for cells. 2. Affinity for specific cells, especially the ability of viruses to localize in and damage specific cells. [cyto- + G. tropos, a turning]

cytozoic cytozoic (sI-to-zo´ik)

Living in a cell; denoting certain parasitic protozoa.

cytozoon cytozoon (sI-to-zo´on)

A protozoan cell or organism. [cyto- + G. zoon, animal]

cytozyme cytozyme (sI´to-zIm)

An obsolete term for thromboplastin. [cyto- + G. zyme, leaven]

cyturia cyturia (sI-tu´re-a)

The passage of cells in unusual numbers in the urine. [G. kytos, cell, + ouron, urine]

Czapek Czapek

Friedrich J.F., Czechoslovakian botanist, 1868-1921. See C.'s solution agar; C.-Dox medium.

CZE CZE

Abbreviation for capillary zone electrophoresis.

Czerny Czerny

Vincenz, German surgeon, 1842-1916. See C.'s suture; C.-Lembert suture.